Sumer University Journal for humanity science

Child begging has become a pressing issue affecting many societies, including Iraqi society, due to its numerous negative consequences. Despite the presence of multiple factors contributing to the spread of this phenomenon, its growing prevalence demands careful examination. This study addresses the issue of child begging in the city of Al-Rifai from a spatial analysis perspective, identifying key locations where child beggars are concentrated, exploring the underlying causes of the phenomenon, and assessing its social, economic, psychological, and security-related impacts on the city's residents.
The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical method to explore the dimensions and implications of the issue. In addition, a social survey was conducted through direct interviews with a random sample of child beggars. The findings revealed a high concentration of child begging in densely populated areas, commercial zones, and marketplaces. Al-Sharq neighborhood ranked highest in terms of child beggar presence (18.6%), while Al-Karama and Al-Muallimeen neighborhoods recorded the lowest rates (3.7% each). The study concludes with a set of proposed solutions and recommendations aimed at mitigating the phenomenon.

This study aims to analyze the historical development of the developmental policy of Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib (PBUH) as manifested in the texts of "Nahj al-Balagha," and to investigate the extent to which this policy was affected by the transformations and changes of his era. The research employed a historical-analytical methodology and content analysis, examining the sermons, letters, and maxims attributed to the Imam in "Nahj al-Balagha" and categorizing them into key historical phases: the pre-Caliphate period, the early Caliphate and state-building phase, and the period of internal conflicts and crisis management.
The findings conclude that Imam Ali's (PBUH) developmental policy was characterized by steadfast adherence to core principles derived from Islam, such as comprehensive justice, the upholding of rights, accountability, concern for the welfare of the populace, and combating corruption. Simultaneously, this policy exhibited clear development and adaptation in its priorities, level of detail, language used, and application mechanisms, responding to his evolving role (from advisor to ruler) and the emerging challenges of each phase. Consequently, his developmental policy transitioned from an emphasis on articulating general principles and offering counsel during the pre-Caliphate period, to the formulation and implementation of
detailed and practical administrative, financial, and security policies upon his assumption of the Caliphate, particularly during the era of internal strife. This phase distinctly highlighted his exceptional ability to balance the exigencies of state administration in times of peace and war with the preservation of the foundations of just development, a capacity clearly manifested in mature administrative documents like his directive to Malik al-Ashtar.

The social life of any society reflects the characteristics of the environment in which various classes and groups interact. Depending on the nature of that society, these groups encompass diverse sects that exhibit a wide range of behavioral patterns, intellectual orientations, and religious beliefs. While they may differ in motivations in some areas, they align in others, all operating under the framework of prevailing political and cultural systems. Within the context of these systems and their integration, numerous customs, traditions, and behavioral norms have emerged—some rooted in religious aspects and others in broader social contexts .
A particularly noteworthy trait of the Egyptian personality, dating back to ancient times, is the formation of a clear conception of the individual’s country, government, and the prevailing intellectual customs of the era. This study explores
the phenomenon of worldly intercessions—both spiritual and temporal—within Egyptian society during the Fatimid period (297–567 AH / 909–1171 CE), as part of the social history of popular beliefs. These practices were characterized by a widespread belief in the power of certain individuals or sacred symbols (such as saints, imams, and shrines), as well as material objects (such as amulets and incantations), to bring about worldly benefits including healing, provision, and protection from harm .

The reception, and other connotations determined by the context and confirmed by the accompanying speech clues. The research followed the descriptive analytical approach based on lexical, contextual, and phonetic connotations.
This research aims to study the structures of the active participle and their connotations in the poetry of Al-Kumait bin Zaid Al-Asadi. Al-Kumait left a poetic achievement worthy of study and research that indicates a creative faculty possessing good capabilities in shaping the language. The structures of the active participle appeared abundantly in his collections in all their standard and non-standard forms, reaching (Two hundred and eighty-seven) individual triliteral and non-triliteral passive passive verbs, with various connotations, some of which indicate renewal and occurrence, some of which indicate

The Ilkhanid state underwent profound political transformations following the assassination of Sultan Baydu in 1295 CE. His death created a power vacuum that a politically and militarily oriented elite exploited to reshape centers of authority and influence. At the forefront of this elite was Ghazan Khan, who, with the support of prominent military leaders such as Nawruz, succeeded in seizing power. Baydu’s assassination marked a pivotal moment, revealing the fragility of the internal balance between Persian and Mongol forces.
The new elite sought to consolidate Ghazan Khan’s rule through a series of administrative, financial, and religious reforms. Ghazan’s conversion to Islam was a crucial step aimed at garnering the support of the local Muslim population and providing religious legitimacy to his reign. He also reorganized the military by integrating Persian elements alongside Mongol forces, thereby strengthening internal political loyalty. Simultaneously, the administrative apparatus was notably infused with Persian expertise, granting the state a more entrenched bureaucratic character.
This period was characterized by a struggle between traditional Mongol factions, who clung to their ancient customs, and the emerging elite, who viewed change as essential for stability. External challenges, such as conflicts with the Mamluks and neighboring states, also played a role in temporarily unifying the internal front under the leadership of the new political elite.
Overall, Baydu’s assassination was a turning point that paved the way for profound shifts in the nature of Ilkhanid governance, with the rise of a political elite more conscious of the need to blend Mongol and Islamic identities to ensure political continuity.

This research presents a detailed overview of this modern branch of linguistic studies in terms of its origins and the pioneers from various linguistic schools that preceded it. It also discusses the foundational sciences and their various concepts and terminologies. It becomes clear that text linguistics, or text grammar, is essentially the result of multiple contributions from scholars with diverse backgrounds—ranging from linguists specializing in language studies to contributors from various other fields such as psychology, anthropology, philology, rhetoric and poetry, stylistics, and more.

This study aims to define the concept of the masculinity pattern and trace its historical development up to the modern era, focusing on its connection to the poetry of Mihyar al-Daylami. The masculinity pattern is clearly reflected in his poetry, particularly in the genre of boasting, where the poetic self elevates itself above others and exalts its own status in an attempt to marginalize them. This occurs as a response to provocation by others, which prompts the poetic self to defend itself.
The masculinity pattern also appears in another form when the poet, having previously looked down upon others, finds himself in need of them materially. In such cases, the masculine pride concedes its core trait—self-exaltation—and sacrifices its dignity in pursuit of financial gain. Over time, as circumstances changed, this once-proud masculinity suffered wounds and defeatism, particularly due to past attitudes the poet held toward others, whom he had once belittled and looked down upon.
As a result of all this, the masculine figure ends up marginalized and broken.

The study of place in poetry is an attempt to prove the importance and poeticity of literary texts. It should be noted that place is one of the elements of poetry and not all of place, which cannot be isolated and looked at individually. That is, creativity in employing place in the text is seen as an integrated creative text. It reveals the poet's degree of awareness in expressing the intensity of the conflict through this use. Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib is one of those men whose star has emerged and shone since the middle of the first half of the eighth century AH, and he has become the focus of the cultural movement in Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Andalusia. He was known as a politician, historian, publisher, and poet. He has many works that reflect to us the breadth of his knowledge and his comprehensive culture. These works were divided into: history, literature, mysticism, music, medicine... etc., but only a few of them have reached us. Because of the importance of place in poetry and the importance of the poet in his time, this title was chosen. (The imagined place in the collection of Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib al-Salmani) The goal is to identify the specificity of the imagined place in the poetry of Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib and to evoke the artistic formation of the place according to the poet. The method used is the method. Descriptive. Analytical and based on the study of the imagined place and its poetics in the collection of Lisan al-Din bin al-Khatib al-Salmani.

In Sufi literature, the concept of narcissism is reinterpreted to transcend the superficial notion of self-love, becoming a means to search for divine truth. Here, narcissism is used as a symbol for the soul's journey in discovering its true self, which is, in reality, a reflection of the divine self. Sufis believe that when a person deeply contemplates
themselves, they are, in fact, seeking God, because the human soul is a mirror that reflects the attributes of the Creator , n this context, narcissism becomes a path.
to spiritual awareness, where the Sufi realizes that self-love is not an end in itself but a starting point for a deeper understanding of existence. In Sufi literature, narcissism expresses an attraction toward the divine self, which manifests in the human soul. This attraction does not mean detachment from the world but rather an openness to absolute truth

The Holy Quran is the divine, sacred, and miraculous scripture revealed to the heart of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his household). Its sanctity derives from the sanctity of its recipient (the Prophet) and its sender—Almighty God. When discussing the Quran, delving into its depths, or interpreting its meanings, it is essential to consider its sacred status and avoid any disparagement, including indirectly endorsing views that attribute a human origin to it, as this contradicts its holiness. This issue has been observed in the works of some Arab writers who have referred to the Quran as the "Quranic phenomenon." We have cited their articles from their books in this research and defended the Holy Quran—our sacred scripture—through a neutral and scholarly dialogue, God willing The research consists of two main section
1.The Quranic Phenomenon and an Introduction to the Holy Quran (divided into two subsections).
.( Questions of the Universe and Creation in the Holy Quran( divided into two subsections

Museums in general, and the Iraqi Museum in particular, are considered a very important cultural manifestation, as they represent the cultural interface of the country’s history, as it contains within it cultural treasures that bear witness to the amount of civilization and intellectual development that has existed on this land. Unfortunately, these museums have not received sufficient attention or even sufficient awareness about them, and have not received sufficient attention or even sufficient awareness about them. This matter is limited only to society, but even the directly related educational institutions did not give attention to museums that is consistent with the extent of the root and intellectual connection between them. Therefore, I tried to clarify in my research the scientific link between those educational institutions and museums, trying as much as possible to diagnose the problems in this matter and suggest solutions that might be It is correct if taken into consideration.

American Jews have played an important role in supporting the Zionist entity since its establishment in Palestine in 1948. Their support was not limited to the economic aspect only, but also to other aspects such as the political and social aspects. They were able to direct the policy of American presidents to support the interests of the Zionist entity in Palestine by supporting their election campaigns financially and in the media. Perhaps one of the most prominent contemporary Jewish figures who played an important role in influencing American presidents is Sheldon Adelson.

Punishment in Islam is a purposeful educational method, not just revenge or random punishment. Islamic law, as stated in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, has established a comprehensive punitive system whose goal is to reform the individual and society, and achieve justice and fairness. In this research, we will address the educational dimensions of punishment in the Holy Quran and how it achieves its lofty goals.

Arabic scholars and commentators have expressed their semantic opinions on many morphological issues. Some of them were accurate and sound opinions that were consistent with the Quranic objectives and constituted a reliable basis and reference for clarifying the intended Quranic morphological meaning. Others were inaccurate, did not conform to the Quranic semantic objectives, and could not be relied upon to accurately understand the meaning. This research attempted to shed light on the inaccurate morphological semantic opinions that were not consistent with the Quranic semantics, such as their saying that the verb "istajaba" means "ajaba" and they were understood as one meaning without any semantic difference between them. This saying cannot be accepted at all because it contradicts the Quranic contexts on the one hand, and the semantic rule established by morphologists that an increase in a morphological structure often indicates an increase in its meaning on the other hand. Another example is the opinion that the construction of "na'mah" (with a fat-ha on the letter "nun") as a noun once denotes a single blessing in the Holy Quran, which is a worldly blessing that is despised by God. This meaning cannot be accepted and accepted absolutely. Because the formula Na'mah (with the first letter of the word open) is not a noun of time, nor does it indicate a single blessing, nor is it despised by God Almighty, rather it
indicates an absolute source, and its meaning is: comfort, luxury, and comfortable living, not a single blessing..

The research addresses the most important events that took place in the Karbala incident, as well as the most significant confusion that the German orientalist, Heinz Halm, fell into. This was evident in his book, "The Shiites," in which he briefly discussed the Battle of Karbala. However, despite this brevity, he made several errors. We presented, critiqued, analyzed, and responded to these errors using both Sunni and Shiite sources. We also demonstrated the reasons for the orientalist's falling into these doubts and errors.

The current research aims to define the strategy of the three-step interview in the development of literary taste in the fifth grade literary students to achieve this, Al-Shabab Preparatory School for Boys was chosen as a field for. the resiarch experiment,The total number of students.( (50) students of the fifth .grade literary, and distributed randomly in two groups (control and experimental), 25 students in the experimental group and( 25 )students in the control growp.,the experimental group studied literature and texts in the three-step interview strategy, while the control group studied literature and texts in the traditional way.,After the researcher identifi the scientific material to .studied in tha experiment, the behevioral goals, which amounted to (80) bihavioral goels.,The research used statistical means: T-test for two independent samples, Ka-square (Ka 2), end Alpha-cronbach. correlation, coefficient, At the end of the experiment, the research found. that the students of the experimentel. group ware superior .to the studints in the literary group. the differinces. ware statistically. significant between the exparimental and control groups and the experimental group at 0.05.

Since the beginning of India's independence, the partition was an ally of that newborn state, which raised the fears of some minorities and the desire of others to take the same step, especially since the Indian government did not embrace those minorities in most cases, which led to many attempts at secession, due to language, religion or other, the most prominent of which was the Sikh movement in Punjab. The demands of the Sikhs were simple at first, but they quickly increased and branched out, with the hope of obtaining self-rule. The response of the Indian government was very harsh to the point that it did not respect the religious privacy of the temple and did not differentiate between civilians and militants. The material, moral and human losses affected both parties, as the Sikh leaders lost their lives, and the Prime Minister later suffered the same fate, which led to massive chaos in India, especially towards the Sikhs. The security apparatus was not up to the responsibility, and did not treat the people professionally and neutrally, but rather the feeling of religious identity overwhelmed them .

The study addressed the issue of population aging in Iraq and its demographic, social, and economic impacts, focusing on the expected changes in the age structure of the population by (2050). Data indicates that the proportion of the elderly in Iraq (65 years and older) will increase from 3.4% in 2023 to (7.2%) by (2050), reflecting a demographic shift toward an aging society. This shift poses significant challenges to the healthcare system, social security, and the economy, including inadequate health services, as government spending on the health sector has decreased to approximately (4.2%) of the state’s total expenditure, a weak social security system, and a lack of specialized care programs. Additionally, changes in family structure, such as the decline in the size of extended families and increased female participation in the labor market, may reduce traditional family support for the elderly. The study recommended the adoption of effective policies to address these challenges, including improving healthcare services, strengthening the social security system, and promoting the active participation of the elderly in society.

Islamic The aim of the research was to investigate the impact of using formative assessment on the academic achievement of female students in the subject of science. This study was conducted using an experimental approach on a sample consisting of 60 female students in the second intermediate grade, divided into two groups: 30 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group. Instructional plans incorporating formative assessment techniques were applied in science lessons, covering topics such as the kingdom of animals, the kingdom of plants, and living organisms.
The results demonstrated the effectiveness of formative assessment methods in improving the performance of female students, as a significant increase in the average grades was observed between the pre-test and post-test. It was also noted that the educational program applied had a substantial impact on academic achievement, with an estimated effect size of 0.94, indicating a significant enhancement of the students' abilities.
Moreover, formative assessment methods proved effective in promoting learning through continuous feedback, contributing to the development of critical thinking skills and academic achievement. Additionally, these methods enhanced the interaction between students and teachers, leading to improved learning environments and better educational outcomes.
The results emphasized the importance of tailoring education to the individual needs of students, as the experimental group showed significant improvement due to the adaptation of teaching methods and assessment techniques. Therefore, the research recommended the use of formative assessment methods across all grades and educational stages to promote active learning and improve outcomes, as well as conducting training programs for teachers to familiarize them with formative assessment strategies and how to effectively implement them in classrooms, thereby enhancing their skills and equipping them to use these methods appropriately.

The current research aims to identify the impact of digital transformation on the quality of education in the College of Basic Education from the students' point of view, as well as to identify the significance of the differences in the impact of digital transformation on the quality of education in the College of Basic Education from the students' point of view according to the specialization variable (scientific-human). To verify these goals, the researcher followed the descriptive approach in addition to using the questionnaire tool, which was prepared for this purpose. The tool, which consisted of (27) paragraphs, was distributed to a sample of the research community, which amounted to (200) male and female students from the College of Basic Education - Al-Mustansiriya University. Among the most prominent results reached by the study is that students in the College of Basic Education at Al-Mustansiriya University believe that the infrastructure and digital resources are appropriately available and meet their educational needs, which contributed to improving the quality of the educational process and facilitating access to sources of knowledge. There are also no statistically significant differences between students of scientific and human specializations in their assessment of the availability of
infrastructure and digital resources, which indicates the fairness of distributing these resources among different specializations and ensuring that everyone benefits from them equally, in addition to a set of other results related to the research topic. In light of these results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations.

The study aimed to identify the extent to which deans of colleges at Sumer University practice self-management and administrative creativity in their management, from the perspective of department heads. The research sample consisted of (20) department heads distributed across the university's colleges. For the practical aspect, the researcher used the descriptive approach and also relied on the statistical package (SPSS). The results of the study revealed that deans of colleges at Sumer University possess high levels of self-management, in addition to high levels of administrative creativity. There is a relationship between the dimensions of the two variables, as it was found that there is a positive, direct correlation between the dimensions of self-management and administrative creativity.

The study aimed to identify administrative empowerment and its relationship to the job performance of professors at Anbar University from their point of view. The descriptive approach was used by distributing a questionnaire to a sample of (326) male and female professors. The results showed that the administrative empowerment of professors at Anbar University from their point of view is high, as indicated. Results: There were no statistically significant differences due to the effect of gender in all areas, except for the areas of independence, delegation of powers, and the tool as a whole, which were in favor of male professors. The results also showed that there is a statistically significant positive correlation between the areas of administrative empowerment and the job performance of professors at Anbar University from their point of view. The study proposed a number of recommendations about the level of awareness of empowerment of decision makers in the Ministry of Higher Education, which could contribute to developing policies for granting powers and authorities to professors in universities, and increasing interest in training and incentives for professors on an ongoing basis to maintain their performance to the best of their ability

The aims this research to identify the obstacles to using educational media in teaching science at the primary level from the perspective teachers. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive research approach. The research sample size reached (90)male and female teachers in the Al-Rifai Education Department for the academic year(2024-2025). The research tool was a questionnaire on the obstacles to using educational media, prepared by the researcher according to the likert scale. It consisted of (45) paragraphs with a five-point scale distributed over (7) areas. After processing the date statistically, the researcher concluded that: Obstacles to using educational media were present at a moderate level, and at a minimal level among the science teachers in the research sample , and that the factors(gender and years of service) did not affect the degree of availability of obstacles to using educational media.

This research aims to investigate the effect of the semantic mapping strategy on the development of critical thinking skills among university students. The researcher selected the University of Kufa / College of Education / Department of Quranic Sciences and Islamic Education as the field for the current study.
The research sample consisted of 53 first-year students, with 27 students assigned to the experimental group, who were taught educational psychology using the semantic mapping strategy, and 26 students assigned to the control group, who were taught the same subject using the traditional method. After scoring the responses and statistically analyzing the data, the results revealed the effectiveness of the semantic mapping strategy in developing critical thinking skills among first-year students in the subject of educational psychology.

This research deals with the experience of forming Rotary clubs in Iran, and determining their activities within Iranian society and their connections with external forces, through the analytical and descriptive framework of the approach adopted in presenting this material.
The study provides an insight into the main motives behind the formation of this club, its contributions to internal issues, and mentions some of its figures. The study relied mainly on SAVAK documents that did not neglect anything stray or included in the movements of the members of that club and identifying the main points about the policies of its supporters and their sources of funding. It also discussed the position of the club and its members on the ruling regime in Iran. The study reached several results at the end, which were included in the conclusions at the end of the study.