Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The city of Qayen is one of the cities of Khorasan. It was opened during the reign of Caliph Uthman bin Affan (may God be pleased with him) in the year 29 AH by the Arab leader Abdullah bin Badil bin Warqa. It is like a fern in its size, and Qayen is a Turkish word that means watermelon cantaloupe. It is the largest city in Qahistan and its palace. It has three gates. It is a populous and populated city, and their orchards are few and its villages are scattered. It has Qahnaduz, which is a fortified city with a moat around it and a fort called Numan. It has a Friday mosque with a shrine on it, with a great arch that was not larger than it in Khorasan, and it is not proportional to the size of the mosque. And on all the houses of the city are domes, and in it there is a palace. Sultan, located between Nishapur, Isfahan, and Herat, and is considered one of the fourth provinces of the seven provinces of Khorasan. It is bordered on the eastern and northern side by the city of Wuzan, at a distance of eighteen farsakhs, which the caravan passes in four days, which is arduous. From the south, it is bordered by the city of Herat, at a distance of thirty farsakhs, and from the city of It is a distance away from the city of Cain Two stages, and thus its location is between Nishapur, Isfahan, and Herat, one of the main cities of Khorasan. Its people have character, customs, and traditions that differ from the rest of the cities of Khorasan. Their tongue is brutal and their country is dirty, Their water is little from Al-Qana, which is small, narrow, not pleasant, and the air is cold. From it is carried fine linen, which is the land of Khorasan and a treasury of Kerman. From it is carried the Najahi clay, which is carried to all the horizons for food, and it is a strange white clay. Some medicines are made in it that meet local needs. As for life. Intellectual The city of Cain gave birth to a group of scholars who had a major role in intellectual life, as it is credited with creating many People of knowledge and jurisprudence, and whoever is affiliated with it is called a Qaini and sometimes a Qaini.

The Himyarite King Shamriharash is attributed to being one of the unified people of ancient Yemen, and the founder of a central authority in the south of the Arabian Peninsula until the borders of his state extended from the Red Sea in the west to Hadhramaut in the east and Najran in the north.

Our research came to shed light on an important type of Sumerian cuneiform texts from the Ur III Period (2004_2012 B.C.), which are known as the texts of the baskets of tablets (pisan-dub-ba) and belonging to the city of Iri-sagrig, that city rich in types of texts with multiple contents, and after collecting these the texts, analyzing them and knowing their contents and dates, we found that they carry one general wording, and they were written on the regular texts and in the form of mud shapes known as bulla. The purpose of writing these texts, which were tied with strings at the mouths of the baskets of tablets, was to find out what is inside those baskets of texts, what are their contents, and the period of time they belong to, and who is responsible for preserving them. All these matters constitute an important aspect of the archiving and preservation processes. which indicate the accuracy and organization of the administrative institutions in the Ur III Period in general, and the institutions of the city of Iri-sagrig in particular.

The French presidential elections of 1981 are considered significant events in France's history, as they resulted in the election of the first socialist president in the Fifth French Republic. This outcome was a result of political competition between individuals with different ideological orientations.
The researcher presented and discussed these historical events in a scholarly manner by addressing some key issues, including:
What are the features of the political and electoral system in France? Who were the prominent competing figures? What were the political and ideological orientations of the candidates? Did the candidates' election programs play a role in the results? Did the personality of François Mitterrand influence the election results?
It can be said that the French elections witnessed unprecedented political competition and polarization. Several factors contributed to this competition and the electoral results, including the electoral system in France, which is based on competition among multiple candidates, with the winner needing an absolute majority. This allowed various political parties and individuals from different backgrounds to participate extensively in the competition, intensifying the rivalry and making it challenging to determine the election outcome in the first round. Consequently, the elections proceeded to a second round, which witnessed alliances and alignments based on political orientations.
It is worth noting that personal factors played a significant role, particularly through François Mitterrand, who had an influential role in securing the elections in his favor. He is considered one of the first generation and a seasoned politician with a political role that extended from the Fourth Republic all the way to the Fifth Republic, the founding of which he witnessed. Furthermore, he had exceptional relationships with most of his competitors. On the other hand, Valéry Giscard, who lost the elections, faced challenges due to his divergence from most political parties and movements.

Some historians are influenced by prevailing cultures, or by certain intellectual trends, and these influences dictate that they deviate from the methodology of historical research and the principle of historical objectivity.
This reading of history may lead to focus on dark and gloomy aspects, leaving out bright sides, or exaggerating the depiction of the abnormal negative aspects and generalizing them until the reader thinks that what he or she reads is a true representation of past.
Some historians turn away from authentic sources and reliable references,
adopt statements characterized by malice and hatred, or stray from the path of fairness and historical objectivity. The harm is greater if the writer or historian has an academic status, as others will receive his intellectual product as accepted facts.

The feudal system is the uniqueness of the group ownership of the land and the slaves, and the other meaning is a political system that social and economic wars based on the acquisition of land and regulate the relationship between the feudal lord and of the feudal system, was affected by the feudal Ayoubi a series of changes, including the political and economic situation and the crises that occur in addition to the epidemics that result in a shortage of peasants, as well as the some of the Ayyubid sultans once ascension to the throne are working to make changes in the distribution of Alaqtaat to seize the fiefs princes Sultan, the former of which the Mmaenm, so it turns out that the feudal system of the Ayyubid was genetically, and it was the military feudalism as a substitute for salary in exchange for military service and was the owner of feudalism responsibilities such as providing unit fully equipped army of Sultan wartime as well as building castles, and maintain irrigation projects and also collect taxes to the state and fees imposed on the section .

The nature of the study gives a quick picture of the life of an intellectual figure who made many contributions in the field of classification and investigation of Ismaili and Fatimid history, as well as research and investigation. The life of Mustafa Ghalib and his scientific productions are not covered by this study as much as it is an introductory study of this great scholar in addition to identifying aspects of his methodology in the fields of classification and investigation. Mustafa Ghalib is a historian and investigator whose work is distinguished by objectivity, scientific sobriety, and his extensive knowledge, and he follows the events of Ismaili and Fatimid history without being influenced. Despite the pressing political factors, he lists the events in a coherent manner with high professionalism, which distinguishes him from his peers. Opening words: Mustafa Ghaleb Ismaili Methodism

Mohammed Mustafa Miro is considered one of the important political figures in Syria, he left a clear impact on the political, economic, and social life during his tenure as Prime Minister. His experience qualified him to hold this position after he held several positions. He was Assistant Secretary-General of the Arab Teachers Union for Foreign Relations Affairs. He was appointed as governor of the city of Daraa in 1980 AD, then governor of the city of Hasakah in 1986 AD, then governor of Aleppo in 1993 AD, then he assumed the presidency of the Council of Ministers in Syria on March 13, 2000 AD, and he remained in his position until 10 September 2003 AD, and he made attempts to reform economic and social conditions, as well as his attempts to consolidate relations with regional, Arab and international countries.

Mujahid Al-Shazli Al-Makki and what that personality carried of a prominent and effective national stock in the service of the Algerian cause during the French occupation, as he spent most of his life between preparing a generation of Algerian youth capable of assuming his national responsibilities towards his country, so Tunisia was the starting point for preparing a generation He understood his national and reformist role through his presidency of the Association of Algerian Zeitoun Students And between the definition of the Algerian issue on several levels, whether Arab, international or even Asian, by following a prominent literary style in newspapers, forums and lectures, or through the friendship that brought him together with various Arab and Asian ministers and kings, as well as his representation of Algeria in the conference of Islamic peoples held in Karachi in 1951, and his presentation of the memorandum of the Algerian Liberation Front to the Bandung Conference in 1955, In addition, he had an influential role outside his national cause represented in supporting the struggle of the Palestinian people against the Zionists, especially the 1948 war by urging the Algerians to support their Arab and Palestinian brothers. At the same time, his role cannot be overlooked after the independence of Algeria, as he assumed several positions within Educational institutions, as well as his participation in several lectures through which he learns about the suffering the Algerian people have experienced at the hands of the French authorities.

The Letters are considered one of the most important sources for studying ancient societies, due to the detailed information they contain on topics that are difficult to obtain from other cuneiform sources, such as laws, contracts, loans, and historical and religious writings, according to what is included in that letter. Our letter for this study addressed the issue of religion with benefit, and it is considered one of the commercial letters that clarified The interest rate approved at that time for a certain type of loan also reflected to us the nature of the economic reality at that time, especially that loans increase in society in the event of bad economic conditions that force members of society to deal with loans at interest.

signs, which lexicographers in the Middle Assyrian period called tenû and distinguished them from the simple signs from which they were derived by their inclination to varying degrees.
In this research, we will discuss the origin of the term tenû and present the most important opinions that have interpreted its meanings. Then we will address the first beginnings of the appearance of italic signs in cuneiform writing , explaining the direction of the shape of the signs and the degrees of their inclination. Then we will present all italic signs according to their occurrence in dictionaries, with their symbolic and phonetic values and their most important meanings, in addition to The italic signs mentioned within the compounds, taking the standard signs of the new Sumerian and new Assyrian tow period as applied models in this research, and finally we will list the most important results that we have reached.

After the American occupation of Iraq in 2003, hundreds of newspapers and magazines appeared, as well as television channels, whether independent or affiliated with parties or different political movements. Al-Mada newspaper, which was published on August 5, 2003, is one of the most prominent newspapers that appeared in Iraq, and it quoted Its pages covered news and various topics in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, and social life. It is considered one of the independent newspapers in the country and is headquartered in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad. This newspaper has an institution called Beit Al-Mada for Culture and Arts, which holds cultural seminars every week, as far as the topic is concerned. Political, economic, and social. Al-Mada newspaper had proposals and opinions in this regard. It dealt with the economic conditions witnessed by Iraq and addressed some economic issues. In addition, it addressed the conditions of Iraqi society and the changes it was exposed to, and the emergence of new phenomena in society, especially since Iraq witnessed... After the year 2003

The Republic of Turkey witnessed a bitter cultural conflict, centered around ways of renaissance and reform, and how to reconcile Islamic culture with the imported Western culture, due to the intense Westernization processes in Turkey, and for more than half a century a conflict with cultural dimensions within Turkish society, between the conservative trend that rejects and resists all change. In the traditional nature of the Ottoman country, and the renewal trend, which, although it was influenced by Western culture, it considered innovation in thought, jurisprudence, and values to be among the laws and laws that give vitality and life components to Islamic civilization, and part of the renewal trend went to consider being influenced by Western culture as a natural succession between cultures and the best immunity. To address cultural assimilation, identity crisis, and alienation.

The policy of General ( Sir F. Regimald Wingate) played a major and effective role in Sudan, during his assumption of the position of Governor-General for the period between the years (1900 - 1916 AD), where his rule extended for seventeen years, and his administrative and political style had an effective impact on the developments witnessed by the Sudanese government. During the British-Egyptian occupation in 1899 AD.
General Wingate was considered the founder of actual British rule in Sudan, as he took many measures in which he prioritized British interests and secured British influence, which led to his administrative, political and social dominance, which led to the creation of senior administrative, military and civilian positions in areas of life such as political and social. This development was accompanied by reforms in the educational systems through the establishment of Gordon College, government and missionary schools, and the Scientific Institute. It was also accompanied by the development of social services in both the municipal and health sectors, which led to the consolidation of British influence and the formation of a British basic base that ensured the continuation of British rule in Sudan.

This study focuses on thirteen verses of poetry mentioned by Ibn Iyâs in the introductions or conclusions of different parts of the book 'Badâʾiʿ az-Zuhûr fî waqâʾiʿ ad-Duhûr'. We noticed that through these few verses, Ibn Iyâs succinctly captures the essence of why he wrote 'Badâʾiʿ az-Zuhûr fî waqâʾiʿ ad-Duhûr'. This research delves into these verses, exploring their meanings and contents, comparing them with the information Ibn Iyâs provides in his book.

Starting with a brief overview of Ibn Ayâs and 'Badâʾiʿ az-Zuhûr fî waqâʾiʿ ad-Duhûr', the study then presents a general look at the poetry in the book. We subsequently showcase the verses earmarked for analysis in the order they appear in the book. The investigation involves revisiting the content of 'Badâʾiʿ az-Zuhûr fî waqâʾiʿ ad-Duhûr' to understand how Ibn Iyâs effectively condenses his prose into these selected verses of poetry.

The trial and execution of Iraqi Jews in light of American documents
The Contemporary Political History of the Iraq has Witnessed Many Loud and Important Events, Including Internal Ones that fundamentally , affect the nature of society, this study attempts to Shed light on one of the Most Important Internal Issues that the Baathist Government Faced From 1969 Until 1975, and the Repercussions of that Issue on iraqi Minorities.
This Study is a Secrious Attempt to Understand the nature of the Governments policy towards Internal Problems and ways to solve Them , the Study dealt with the Accusations and rumors that the Baathsit government threw at Iraqi Minorities.
The minorities were living in a state of Tension and pressure from the government , as this Incident took a Large part from the Internatonal Community and had a Pillitical dimension that had Political repercussions on iraq, Especially foreign Interventions and the secret efforts of the United State of America to interfere in iraqs internal affairs , and it is Position on Executions and trials in 1969.
This Research tries to focu on the Attitude of United State to the Execution of those Iraqi Jews, through the diplomatic Messages and Statements Issued by Department of State.

The social and intellectual environment had formed the first factor impacted on Wardi early life. The social sciences development was decisive element of the educational progress of Wardi. Kadhimya holy city had played a vital role of Wardi to acquire his first culture. Its cultural gatherings had contributed to help Wardi to know some aspects of the religious and secular knowledge. His studies in Iraq and Lebanon and the United States formed the sociological scholarship of Wardi who become one of the prominent Arab socioligists. Ibn Kaldun, Max Weber,Talcot Parsons and Elile Durkheim were the basic background of Wardi understanding of Iraqi society.

This paper is an attempt to understand the early life of Wardi until his studies in the USA.

The dragon is considered one of the terrifying mythological forms, and researchers have used the word dragon to refer to the composite creature that includes the snake and the lion in the structure of its body. Among its types are the dragon Labo, the Mashkhushu, the Ushamkalu, and the Bushmo. These names appear in literary texts and sometimes with mention of the gods as they are their symbolic animals, as well as with demons. The idea became widespread. The legendary creature, the dragon, because there are a large number of myths that mention multiple types of dragons. The myths in Mesopotamia are considered the first to promote the idea of the dragon, and the first beginnings were in the myth of the Babylonian creation with the character of the goddess Tiamat, who fought the legendary war against the army of the god Marduk. Dragons were depicted in various forms. Several according to their purposes and function.

Gold was counted among the precious metals in Mesopotamia, and gold was used in many fields and industries in Mesopotamia. Gold was mentioned in several cuneiform texts, including literary texts, as it was mentioned in myths, epics, debate literature, and elegies, and gold was also mentioned in wisdom literature and letters. Literary texts showed the importance of gold in the civilization of Mesopotamia and its use in various aspects of the lives of the people of Mesopotamia. They also showed the places from which gold was brought, and showed its importance to the gods by wearing it on the ankles or by making statues of the gods from gold, as the myths showed. The texts also showed The use of gold in literary texts to describe the beauty of a person or to describe the beauty of his personality, as in one of the letters, a person described his mother’s qualities by likening him to gold. Likewise, gold was one of the important axes in Mesopotamia due to the distinctive qualities it carries, including its permanence and bright, shiny color.

Lamps are one of the most common lighting means in the ancient World, it was used in the early stages in the history of human and remined so until modern ages.

lamps used to be mentioned frequently in Arabic dictionaries using several terms , all of them refer to the same thing , which giving light , that is in addition to the mention of the term in the holy Quran and prophet ,s , sayings that refer to the same meaning, such as referring to the light of the sun, the moon and the stars as well, lamps has different terms to refer to them in the Akkadian and Sumerian languages, also giving the same meaning as the aid that grants the light.

The Following is an explanation to the different terms that refer to lamps in the Arabic, the Holy Quran, the Akkadian and Sumerian Dictionaries

The shrine belongs to Al-Qasim Al-Akbar bin Al-Imam Al-Hassan bin Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon them). The influence of religion in social life has great importance and a distinguished role in the civilization of Iraq from ancient times to the present time.
And that the religious buildings began with simple plans, and after passing through roles and a series of architectural developments, taking into account its adaptation and taking into account the doctrinal changes between prehistoric and post-historic ages, while preserving the main shrine in its original essence.
The shrine of Abu Al-Jasem (peace be upon him) is among the circles of religious buildings in the city of Al-Musayyib, which took on a religious character and what he uttered in terms of plan, design and architectural style.

The ancient dialects and languages in Italy were known through the production of a group of researchers with a time, place, and multiple means that interacted with each other to produce a historical event that occurred. 'All changes that occur in society are related to human life, which is part of the historical event.' And with the development of human life and the overlapping of societies, several dialects appeared. And languages for communication and understanding. This in turn led to the invention of writing, which went through several stages of time before it reached acceptance and ease of use in order to denote tangible meanings and implications in daily life. Through the development of the Greek alphabet, which the Romans worked to develop and modify in proportion to its interest. Which led to the spread of the Latin language, especially after the Roman Empire took control of parts of the countries of the West and the East.

The Iraqi people suffered from a serious crisis, which is the grain crisis and the loss of the bread at the beginning of 1947, which led to an increase in popular discontent with Iraqi government, that exceeded the limits of silence and turned into an explosion in the face of the government, which was a result of the government's wrong economic policy, and its permission to export quantities A large amount of grain to satisfy the feudal lords and agricultural owners, and despite the bad agricultural season as a result of the lack of rain and the spread of locusts, and despite the warnings addressed to the government about the impact of export on the seriousness of the situation, so there were demands to prevent the export of grain in that year, but the government continued with that wrong policy , which ultimately affected the livelihood of the people.
This crisis was reflected in the sessions of the Council of Representatives, who dealt with its factors by developing solutions to overcome it, and a number of deputies explained the seriousness of the crisis in the country and its negative effects on the political work of the Iraqi government. In a related context, administrative and financial corruption became widespread in the government apparatus and the negative consequences that affected the general economic situation in the country. This issue became threatening the country due to its contact with the necessary interests of the people, and this phenomenon took an important aspect in the sessions of the Iraqi Council of Representatives.

Writing is one of the industries that the old governments attached great importance and a high position to, as it played a prominent role in political and cultural life, as it became one of the means to spread religion and a pillar of the state's foundations, building and development, so it took an evolutionary dimension and this development came as a result of the multiplicity and expansion of the state's interests, and for this reason writing has become an important place As I returned to one of the most honorable positions after the caliphate, and it is considered one of the highest industries, and a means of governance due to the expansion of the Islamic state, and this job took the development until I returned to one of the most important and prestigious jobs in the Kingdom of Granada, and many people of knowledge, virtue and literature practiced the job of writing.