Journal of Juridical and Political Science

Throughout history, there were few nations have succeeded in taking advantage of its geographical position, "such as Turkey". On its territory, a number of human civilizations was succeeded. Istanbul was as a center for three of the most powerful empires in the world (Romania, Byzantine, and Ottoman). Turkey occupies a unique status in the Middle East, because it is an important part that cannot be separated from this area geographically, historically and culturally. Turkey has geo-political and geo-economic given facts that political decision makers could exploit and thus transform Turkey into a strong regional contributor and a geopolitical balance factor in the Middle East.Turkey also occupies a central position in transferring energy resources from the Middle East into European markets boosting its strategic rank in the area. Turkey is a political, economical, and social model in the Middle East by means of the "soft power" that have been able to express through economic interactions and the practice of mediation roles in the geographical neighborhood .

Government employees undergo, or are subject to, different positions in the course of their jobs. This comes as a result of working in a public utility governed by the legislations, rules, and principles. The most important of which is guarantee the regularity of service and the employee’s quick response to various kind of development. As the employee occupies a legal status rather than a contractual status. Internal placement (Submission) is one of other job statues such as reassignment, delegation, deputation and promotion, etc. The meaning of a placement (Submission) is that the employee performs the same work and function in a similar level and degree but at another public administration for a specified period of time while remaining nominated to the cadre of his original institution. The research aims to disambiguate the confusion, interference and overlapping in this career status and the similar ones. Because of the practical problems arisen due to the failure of Iraqi legislator to regulate bases and legislations for this kind of issue as well as practice its provision in the Civil Service Act, and the application of similar rules of functional status upon the employee and vice versa. On the basis of this research, we have come to the conclusion that the Iraqi legislator did not use this term properly. Accordingly, the Iraqi legislator needs to regulate the rules of this career status and its provisions due to the large number of employees undergoing such condition. As well as its prevalence which cause a confusion in public administrations. The enactment of provisions in the civil service legislation may disambiguate its status and empower the submitted employee to get its rights and to do its duties and hold them the responsibility when there is a duty breach. We also call for the Iraqi legislator to change the term "internal placement" into "internal delegation" as the linguistic term of placement is not consistent with its terminological concept.

The geographical and human vulnerability factors are fundamental weakness point in Iraq. They constitute effective pressure elements on makers of foreign policy. As this point of weakness could be used effectively by geographical neighboring countries such as Turkey and Iran, which would give a high probability of escalation of external interference levels whenever social or political crises are happened. The first weakness factors that characterize the strategic reality of Iraq lies in its geographical location, which can be diagnosed through the quality of the long borders and the lack of strategic depth as well as lacking of marine views represented the knot in the Iraqi foreign policy. Iraq's dependence on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flowing outside its territory. Moreover, their tributaries will make Iraq vulnerable to bargains on the use of waters of these rivers, which affected the agricultural reality as an economic power. This means that the geographic weakness would have an influence upon the decline in the economic power. Since the power of the state is measured through a comprehensive analysis of its all elements, the manpower is also considering the study of geographical strengths. Especially, t many of the elements of economic strength depends on the human quantum and kind for Iraq. We find that the ethnic, sectarian and religious diversity of a society is often a weak element affecting the power of the state, especially that this diversity was as a bridge neighboring countries crossed by to intervene in the affairs of Iraqi politics.

Since the beginning of the protests in Syria the French government criticizes bitterly the policy of president Bashar al-Assad. Though relation between both countries was very good before the Syrian crisis. As France plays a very important role by encouraging the government to establish the Syrian Opposition National Council led by Borhan Galeon and it is the first western country to acknowledge it as a representative for the Syrian opposition. In the midst of the criticisms from the French government to the Syrian government, the French minister of foreign affairs, Alain Juppe, announced after two months of the beginning of the protests that the Syrian government lost its legitimacy. However, French government was disappointed by the opposition split as it could not unify its courses in spite of the conferences held . In spite of all fiery statements of French officials against the Syrian government, these statements were backed off with the oncoming of presidential elections on may of 2012. Fearing of being immersed in the crisis which may affect negatively the popularity of Sarkozy . When François Hollande became the president of France , France kept on supporting Syrian opposition. But, French attitude became more severe against Syrian government by accusing it using chemical weapon in Ghota region on 21/august/ 2013. Hollande called for the necessity of using the military forces to topple the Regime. France will be one of the participant countries. Still, there was a retreating attitude for France due to the America-Russian agreement on destroying the chemical weapons. The future of the French interests whether in Syria or in the Middle East will be at risk if the violence continues, especially in Lebanon and Syria as they are France gate into the region .

This research deals with a new and modern approach for the projects implementation and for huge investments. This is known internationally for the purpose of execution of the great government contracts. Its implementation requires technical possibilities for too high financial resources that a person, a company or an economic entity cannot afford. Thus, several parties shall resort to a kind of association method, or temporary consensual Union. Those multilateral may constitute a consensual coalition. Its members may be natural or juridical persons. Such investments are often for the implementation of government projects for the interest of the developing countries. The implementation is often done through consensual association composed of a coalition of giant investment companies, their nationality often belongs to the economically advanced countries or world first countries.

USA war raised, against what Washington calls as terrorism, many important questions where contradicting answers have been debated. In light of the intensive USA propaganda trying to add a apostolic character on this war, this war has succeeded to some extent in mixing a tangle of conflicts. So, it is necessary to re- emphasize the process of the facts in order to fasten them tightly to face the storm that propaganda launched specifically after the events of September of 2001 which is the actual start of the current century and its consequences.

Human Development scale, in any society, is measured by the extent of women's participation in political life. Iraqi women suffered from, such as many of the women of countries of the third world, real crisis concerning their participation in the country political life since the era of the national government in 1921. Several factors have played a role in minimize the volume of women's participation in political life because of militarizing the society throughout the eight-year war and its consequences leading to marginalize her function. However, women granted the electoral Quotient in the new Iraqi constitution after 2003. The research's hypothesis is that there are number of fundamental changes undergone by the Iraqi society that led to maximize the women's participation, especially after the year 2003. Despite this contribution demonstrated the constitutional arrangements, but women are governed by sectarian and political equipoise and leading axes for the parties and blocs, which is rare to find a Women's voice.

The legal principle of crimes and punishments is the product of a long historical development. For its social and political importance, its protection for the offender and the victim and achieving a balance between the individual and society, it has been stipulated in international and regional human rights treaties and in the constitutions and laws of penalties of countries. As it became indisputably one of the most important national, regional and international principles recognized as a means of protecting the human rights from persecution. Under this principle, the act, whether negative or positive, do not acquire decriminalization only by the provisions of the Penal Act, provided that the text of the term has been issued before the commission of the act, even if it is incompatible with the rules of morality, religion or justice or was harmful to society. Accordingly, all other sources such as conventions , the principles of natural law or the rules of justice shall be eliminated. The drafting of criminal legislations shall be precise and clear. When some crimes are described as an International . They have the Criminal description out of international criminal law. The provisions of this law differs from those of national criminal laws as a nascent law. As there is no a legislative authority at the international level to pass legal rules of criminal . Thus, it is born from the womb of human suffering, including the accumulation of customs, traditions and conventions related to war which it soon turned into a collective treaties, that did not take into account the application of a legal principle of crimes and punishments by the concept applied in the national criminal laws, and this lead to a breach of international criminal justice. Therefore, it is necessary to establish legal criminal system that is more effective in terms of reporting the general criminal principles and identifying the elements of international crimes and assets of investigation, trial and sentencing and execution of judgments and in accordance with considerations of the international community of an international criminal legal system.

The constitutional protection for fundamental rights and freedoms witnessed several developments in the Algerian constitutions often associated with constitutional amendments In Algeria, in the era of Socialist Party, more attention paid to individual rights of social and economic character. While in the era of pluralistic society, the developments witnessed the rebounding in which collective freedoms, over the expense of individual freedoms of social and economic character, were boomed.

The legal status for the dealings of the corporations' founders at both stages, before and after, of incorporation. This status represents the bases adopted by those founders, in making their dealings before incorporation. Depending on their personal names or, by conditional stipulation, for others' interest. Or on the basis of a pledge on behalf of another i.e. by proxy or that those dealings be based on the suspense condition which is the establishment of the company or revoked condition which is not establishing this company. Law shall be the company's commitment for founders' dealings , in both stages. Others shall not object to contracting with the company, during the early stages of incorporation, claiming invalidity of the company for any reason, especially if the other, third party, was acting in good faith. At the second stage, after incorporation, represented by the issuance of the company's incorporation certificate This certificate gives the company a legal personality and makes it eligible for exercising its business, acquiring rights and assuming obligations.

The legal status for the dealings of the corporations' founders at both stages, before and after, of incorporation. This status represents the bases adopted by those founders, in making their dealings before incorporation. Depending on their personal names or, by conditional stipulation, for others' interest. Or on the basis of a pledge on behalf of another i.e. by proxy or that those dealings be based on the suspense condition which is the establishment of the company or revoked condition which is not establishing this company. Law shall be the company's commitment for founders' dealings , in both stages. Others shall not object to contracting with the company, during the early stages of incorporation, claiming invalidity of the company for any reason, especially if the other, third party, was acting in good faith. At the second stage, after incorporation, represented by the issuance of the company's incorporation certificate This certificate gives the company a legal personality and makes it eligible for exercising its business, acquiring rights and assuming obligations.

The legal status for the dealings of the corporations' founders at both stages, before and after, of incorporation. This status represents the bases adopted by those founders, in making their dealings before incorporation. Depending on their personal names or, by conditional stipulation, for others' interest. Or on the basis of a pledge on behalf of another i.e. by proxy or that those dealings be based on the suspense condition which is the establishment of the company or revoked condition which is not establishing this company. Law shall be the company's commitment for founders' dealings , in both stages. Others shall not object to contracting with the company, during the early stages of incorporation, claiming invalidity of the company for any reason, especially if the other, third party, was acting in good faith. At the second stage, after incorporation, represented by the issuance of the company's incorporation certificate This certificate gives the company a legal personality and makes it eligible for exercising its business, acquiring rights and assuming obligations.

The legal status for the dealings of the corporations' founders at both stages, before and after, of incorporation. This status represents the bases adopted by those founders, in making their dealings before incorporation. Depending on their personal names or, by conditional stipulation, for others' interest. Or on the basis of a pledge on behalf of another i.e. by proxy or that those dealings be based on the suspense condition which is the establishment of the company or revoked condition which is not establishing this company. Law shall be the company's commitment for founders' dealings , in both stages. Others shall not object to contracting with the company, during the early stages of incorporation, claiming invalidity of the company for any reason, especially if the other, third party, was acting in good faith. At the second stage, after incorporation, represented by the issuance of the company's incorporation certificate This certificate gives the company a legal personality and makes it eligible for exercising its business, acquiring rights and assuming obligations.