Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

BANO HAZAN is one of the ancient Arab tribes, whose lands occupied an important part of the Arabian Peninsula parts pre Islam, they remained attached to their in Islam because of their importance of natural resources and strategic location, and they achieved good relations and alliances with many of the neighboring Arab tribes, through which they were able to settle in their homes and invest the bounties of their lands in order to achieve an appropriate economic level.

Nineveh lived a historic era of footed (Assyrians, in 1080 BC). The governments that left a trace or a variety of diverse influences documented and recorded their presence on its soil. Likewise, Mosul was known as the fortress of the Arab Islamic Army From the West Bank of the Tigris River, it was located at the Islamic conquests of the island and the mountains of the Kurds (16 H / 637 CE - 21 Ht / 641 AD). Then there was the house of the emirate and the mosque and the plans of the Arab tribes, so it arrived between Iraq and the island and was said between the banks of the Tigris (Nineveh Assyria on the east bank of it), And from these historical eras that u Mosul was the Zanki presence by Emaduddin Zanki (who was ruled by the city of the Seljuks during the Abbasid period of succession) in 521 AH / 1132 AD and the group of monuments and monuments built, including the Nuri Mosque and its long minaret Al-Hadba (height 65 m) Zanki, who decided in 566 AH / 1170 AD to erect a mosque more large than the Omari (Mosque of the conquest), which was narrowed by worshipers, was the second mosque took its position on the right coast of Mosul, on the West Bank of Tigris good, planned a rectangular chapel (143 m) Its ceiling is made of marble columns that reach the bowl that is empty of the gulf And in the presence of Noureddine, who prayed in it and arranged the staff of the worker and the reserved posts for its permanence. It was one of the most famous Islamic landmarks of the Mosul. It also announced the establishment of a school in the same location, in addition to the mosque and the lighthouse which became the corner. (According to the archaeological statistics, the longest sloping towers of seventeen sloping towers in the world). The architecture of the layout is divided into two sections: the first is a solid stone base (8 m) and the upper And at an altitude of 7 m above the hump in the form of seven units of precise decoration diameter (3 m) and high (20 m) distinctive addition to the two internal ladder as an architectural architectural idea to treat the weight of the light and the height of the gravity of the earth and the deviation that was known Bahdba later, due to climatic factors also groundwater, It has been a prominent figure over the past nine centuries (listed by the World Fund for Antiquities and Heritage in the list of the most hundred threatening effects in the world) tells the story of the genius of architect Ibrahim Al-Musli and his intelligence in the treatment of altitude and the study of weather and wind direction and take into account, (Most recently demolished and reconstructed in full with the school in 1944), is the only original trace left over from the entire building, so that all of them extended the hand of black destruction to eliminate the entire history of what ruins the historical city (such as the urban city and the city). The destruction of the contents of the Museum of Nineveh, the destruction of the contents of the libraries) by gangs calling the criminal was the site of the last bomber at the withdrawal of the humiliation of the hands of the Iraqi Liberation Forces in (25 Ramadan 2017) ending the story of a profound civilization impacted by the features of time and achievements of the rulers spread for centuries , And so e The focus of our research, which focused on the review of the mosque and the lighthouse, was the planning, engineering, maintenance and renovation stages until the recent announcement of the World Heritage Center, with funding from the United Arab Emirates, the reconstruction of the mosque and the minaret and the surrounding land within a five-year work plan and a fifty- As well as the leader Noureddine Zanki, and the introduction and conclusion and recommendations for the registration of the impact of international organizations overseeing the treasures of the world, and officially documented the declaration that the minaret was one of the longest towers slanted globally, To define the impact this has Matardt the city's historic and archaeological sabotage and blow up the most historic monuments and treasures.

The Karbala incident and the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, peace be upon him, was a prominent event in Islamic and human history, which left its mark on the political, military, intellectual and social aspects of Islamic history, which provided the motivation for a large number of compilers to address this historical event in independent books or in the folds of their works in narrative or analysis and from Among those distinctions that came in the second half of the seventh century AH through writing a book (Tahdheeb Al-Kamal in the Names of Men), which is considered an encyclopedia in the science of men, wounding and modification. To two basic matters, one of which is the importance and status of the owner of the translation, and the second is the abundance of the material approved for the translator for him, as is the case for his translation of Imam Hussein, peace be upon him. Rather, he used to formulate the phrases in an elaborate formulation indicating the extent of the culture and capacity that the author enjoyed, as he referred to every resource on which he relied. The life of the Imam, which started from his birth and the hadiths of the Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family, about him until his martyrdom. The merit when he was translating for Imam Hussain was not only concerned with his lineage and his marital status, but he mentioned most of the stories related to the killing of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). He mentioned the miracles that occurred after the martyrdom of Hussain bin Ali (peace be upon them both). In conclusion, it can be said that the book Tahdheeb Al-Kamal needs a comprehensive study and a constructive critical analysis of all its texts in support and fullness and comparing them with the texts that were advanced and late for them, and at the same time it did not favor or weaken any narration wherever Found, and I mean that for our research.

Oman was famous for its unique geographical location, which made it one of the largest ports on the Indian Ocean pre and post Islam, the link between the East and the West, a "huge" commercial center for many local and imported goods from the countries of the East such as India and China, the countries of East Asia on the one hand, and the countries of the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa and the Mediterranean basin on the other hand. So this study aims to introduce the most famous ports of Oman in light of the writings of geographers and travelers from the first century to the seventh century AH, shedding light on the commercial prosperity of these ports. The ports of the Omani coast are distinguished by a distinct commercial location at the entrance of the Arabian Gulf, where it is mediating the trade which is coming from the east and west, as well as controlling the trade in the Arabian Gulf, in addition to the Gulf of Oman being located on the edge of the monsoon region of the utmost importance in maritime navigation . The ports of the Omani coast are the first ports that meet inland to the Arabian Gulf, or abroad, which has earned it wide importance and fame. The geographical sources contributed to providing the research with a lot of information. The books of countrymen and travelers are among the most valuable sources that included many important knowledge and news. It dealt with the roads and paths of countries and their designation, in addition to their interest in many civilizational issues that dealt with various fields. It gave us a clear picture of the economic conditions that Amman has reached throughout history, especially since travelers have relied in writing their news on viewing, looking at the official documents of the State and some blogs and works written by those who preceded them in this regard.

The textile industry has been known in Mesopotamia since antiquity, as clothing was one of the basic requirements of the Sumerians along with their needs for housing, and other life requirements. It made it an unimportant profession in the country, after which there were references to the textile industry in the fifteenth century AD, and at the beginning of the seventeenth century, until its activity in the thirties of the nineteenth century, then government attention to it, whether during the Ottoman rule or national rule and until the year 1964.

Most of the ancient and modern historians point out that the codification of Islamic sciences- including the science of interpretation - began in the Abbasid era, that modern studies have proven that the beginnings of codification go back to much before the Abbasid era, and that some written traces have been found since the era of the Messenger and his companions from whom the generation of followers took, but it is likely that these written traces remained limited.
Books classified in the interpretation were lost, as were most of the books that were classified in history and Hadith in the Umayyad era. The advanced Muslim scholars, as well as some of the later scholars knew the interpretations of the Qur’an in different narrations, and only a small remnant has reached us from the Qur’anic interpretations that were taken directly from the oldest interpretations, which date back to the first half of the second Hijri century.
A number of early Muslims were embarrassed to engage in the interpretation of the Qur’an, and this is the case of the Caliph Abu Bakr, Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, and some of the followers such as Saeed Ibn Al-Musayyib, but the news and indications indicate that the first attempts to interpret the Qur’an go back to the beginning of Islam. The interpretations of these scholars include the interpretation of historical and jurisprudential explanations and depictions of the unseen world, in addition to many explanations of a linguistic nature that enter into the study of language vocabulary.
Most of the interpretations that were developed in the first and second Hijri centuries were affected by the school of Ibn Abbas, and among these interpretations are the interpretation of Mujahid, Akrima and Al-Hasan Al-Basri. Many Isra'iliyat entered the domain of interpretation, because of the large number of Christians (Ahl al-Kitab) embraced Islam, and their minds were still holding news not related to the legal rules, such as the news of the beginning of creation and the beginning of beings, as well as a lot of stories. The souls at that time were inclined to hear the details of what the Qur’an refers to in terms of Jewish or Christian events, so the followers were lenient, so they were pushed into many Isra'iliyat with no criticism.

Acquires the subject of intellectual movement in the cities of Islamic importance , especially in the history of Arab thought and humanist and entails revealed the role of Arab scientists and their activity intellectual and their contribution to the building of Arab civilization and Islamic and intensify the nature of the tender human great thought and civilization in various aspects, that draws armies of the Islamic and the operations of liberation in the Levant, especially in the cities of the coast and after the stabilization cases there revealed to us about a lot of Arab scientists in these cities have had a large share in supplying the Arab civilization and Islamic in the various disciplines of science and scientists and the city Arsuf share the largest of this contribution Civilization was not limited to the city of Arsuf, but the benefit of their knowledge spread to other cities and countries , to which they moved, built schools, and spread the world.
The research came with a summary, an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. The first research dealt with the geography of the city, which included its name, geographical location, and other topics related to its geography . The second topic dealt with councils and scientific lessons in Arsuf and the subject of scholars of jurisprudence and interpretation, while the third topic dealt with hadith scholars and other novels

The Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations were characterized for long periods of their history by instability, due to the problem of borders between them, which led to the outbreak of many disputes and conflicts throughout modern history, although Iraq and Kuwait are two countries governed by the inevitability of geographical and historical adhesion, but the relations between them passed With periods of ebb and flow since the declaration of Kuwait's independence until Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the dangerous repercussions that followed this occupation. That occupation led to the severing of relations between the two sides, in addition to adding more problems between them and directly contributing to raising tension and hostility, especially since Iraq considered the lands of Kuwait an integral part of its lands. But it should be noted that Iraq's invasion of Kuwait did not come from a vacuum, but was the result of several local, regional and international factors. In addition to the political, economic and social aspects. The Iraq-Iran war left several consequences that burdened Iraq with external debts that made its financial capabilities worse day after day, due to spending Military on weapons in that war.

This study tried to prove the idea of convergence in the historical transmission and the prevailing belief about the Mahdid issue, including the transmission in particular of the noble prophetic hadiths and the news, so the research was to prove the support of the sources adopted by the work of public and private books on the topic and the collection of news that it presented briefly in his book. of confirming the news from its sources Which was adopted in its transmission and proof with analysis from the books of the two groups, especially that the compiler is from the Maliki school of thought and was mostly consistent with the front doctrine of belief according to the historical transmission and considered according to what was mentioned by it relied on the noble Prophet’s hadith which clarified the case of Imam Mahdi from his birth 255 ah He mentioned his mother, proving his lineage and being the son of Imam al-Askari, proving his imam, and talking about news of backbiting and signs of reappearance and their distance from the era of reappearance and its events. The importance is such as this was put forward by a Maliki scholar and historian whose presentation is a fair proposal. Knowing the conditions of the A comparative analytical 855ah study.

The research sheds light on water, which has played a vital role since man set foot on the surface of the earth, and which has become a key factor in the survival and progress of human civilizations throughout history,Human civilizations flourished through the ages in the valleys of large rivers, as is the case in the civilization of Mesopotamia and it is not different from the civilizations that arose in the country of Syria. This is due to their distinguished geographical locations and the abundance of their water, which formed a factor of attraction for many peoples who inhabited it and built the finest civilizations there. On the other hand, many civilizations collapsed due to the depletion of water resources or because of their misuse, especially as it is one of the basics of agriculture and its development. Water gave self-confidence to man and gave him the strength to take responsibility and work to exploit it by the indigenous people.

The study of translations of important studies in Islamic history, especially through missing books, and this means that the researcher to enter the stomach of books and research between the lines and scrutiny and scrutiny in this, especially in the genealogies, that this information is the translation itself trying to hurt and modify; Because it is due to the researcher to mix up, he must make sure to say: And so, in his book Doan and make sure the length of time lived by the author of the statement as well as the distinction between similar names, there are many similar names, and there seems to be the researcher's difficulty in searching for the year of death and the city that He lived by it and the sciences he studied and compiled If this is not feasible, he must go to his sheikhs and disciples so that his account of this effort is true and correct, and on these conditions a research was started on a more precise subject in the title, which is the Nisaburian judges who took over the judiciary in Nishapur through the missing book of Nishapur. There are many judges of the Nisaborin did not take over the judiciary in their city, but became judges in cities and other places in the Muslim world at the time.

The library has made a great contribution to the upbringing and education of the writer and researcher and its enrichment of information, in addition to its role in gaining the society for knowledge and knowledge. The library is one of the service and cultural symbols in societies, cities, and universities. At the beginning of the matter, the clay figure was used to preserve baskets of clay or reeds, or in pottery jars or boxes. It is mentioned that the first libraries were the library of Assyria Banibal, and then they provided us with Islamic information. The rulers of Islamic countries also took care of libraries and supplemented them with rare books. The Abbasid era is considered the most important era in terms of interest in libraries and preserving them as the library and the library. It began to develop little by little from a simple place to a more detailed place, where the Kirkuk library has been affected by development until it reached its highest place today and expanded and filled its shelves with books and stores for various stores and books.

This study aims to research the hierarchical composition of the maritime institution in the Ayyubid era (570-652 AH / 1174-1254 AD), in terms of the categorical arrangement of the hierarchical positions in that institution, as well as addressing everything related to the elements that made up the navy in the Ayyubid state since The establishment and even its fall, and to highlight the impact of those positions and ethnic elements on the strength and weakness of the Ayyubid navy during its development stages, as well as to objectively stand on the names of the most important marine translations that had a clear imprint in achieving the Ayyubid naval victories against the Crusaders, whether in the coasts of Egypt or the Syria .

The social and religious life in the city of Shiraz emerged in an important environment and reality, and the important thing about it is the penetration of scholars in it, and their role in public life. Persia before the Arab and Islamic conquest suffered a lot from the grip of humiliation, oppression and force imposed by the political system and the social and economic reality that left negative effects On the returns and conditions of the people of that country. And when the Muslim Arabs conquered that country, and Islam spread in it, the conditions of its people began to change, so their moods were described, their minds softened, and their minds strengthened, until the country enjoyed an abundance of security, safety, stability, justice and equality. This conquest had its positive effects, as the life of that country was transformed as a result of the new environment created by the conquering Arabs, and the Arabic language replaced the Persian language. The city of Shiraz, the great city of Persia, has been fortunate in this scientific renaissance, until it has become an important center of the intellectual movement in the Arab Islamic state.