Bio Med Vision Journal

Background and Objectives: Upgrading from schools to university is a pivotal stage for many students. however,
the conversion of situation and appearance of new responsibilities will expose university students to extreme stress such as increased academic workloads and involvement in public speaking. The assessment of prevalence and its correlates of anxiety among students at the University of Mosul, College of Pharmacy was the aim in this study, involving 253 participants.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted for short period of time from 20th to 27th of January 2024 in online base. The data collection form consists of two parts: Socio-demographic assessment, and an anxiety questionnaire from Texas Tech University.Results: The study revealed a mean total anxiety score of 23.89 ± 7.06. A significant gender difference was observed, with 28.5% of participants experiencing low anxiety and 71.5% experiencing high anxiety. Similarly, the mean anxiety
score was 7.85 ± 3.56, with 82.6% showing no tendency toward anxiety and 17.4% having a tendency toward anxiety.
Significant gender differences were also noted in anxiety scores. Furthermore, anxiety was positively correlated (r =0.563, p < 0.05).Conclusion: This study found high anxiety levels among pharmacy students, with most showing no anxiety tendency. Females exhibited higher anxiety levels than males. Education level did not correlate with anxiety, as shown in statistical analysis.

Background: The parotid gland is the most common site of salivary gland tumors, the majority of these tumors are
not malignant, Warthin tumors are the second most common type of cancer after pleomorphic adenomas. At present,
tobacco is not classified as carcinogenic for the salivary gland due to inadequate research on the association between
smoking and salivary gland tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the connection between smoking and
parotid gland tumors (PTG) in a state-scale study.Materials and Methods: A group of (438) population-based controls that are individually matched and 200 incident
PGT patients who were diagnosed between 2007 and 2020 were included in the sample. An analysis was conducted to
evaluate the danger of PGT correlated with different smoking factors by using odds ratios (ORs) and accompanying 95%
confidence intervals (95% CI) around rates, and the statistical significance was determined by a P value of ≤0.05.Results: Cigarette smoking was found to be associated with a PGT development with an odds ratio (OR) of (1.5)
(95% CI), (1.0156–2.3003). The risk was higher when there was an increase in smoking intensity, in which (OR) 2,2
and [95% CI] (1.1012–4.3952), p value = 0.0255. Whereas smoking duration (OR) 2,1 and 95% confidence intervals
(1.0379–4.1819). Histological type analysis revealed remarkably high risks for pleomorphic adenomas (Chi-squared:
Significance level: P < 0.0001).Conclusions: The current study indicates that smoking is associated with the risk of PGT and has multiple causal
relationships: extremely high ORs; the intensity and duration of tobacco use were found to have significant dose-response
relationships.

Background: Clinical learning is a crucial component of nursing education, as it provides students with the opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real-life healthcare settings. However, nursing students often face obstacles
during their clinical experiences that can hinder their learning and professional development. The study aim to explore
the obstacles that nursing students confront during clinical training.Materials and Methods: A qualitative phenomenological study design was used to reach the study’s aim. The study
was conducted in Mosul city and included 20 nursing students who were selected purposefully. A semi-structured
interview with open-ended questions was used to collect the data, and content analysis was used to analyze the data.Results: Three themes were extracted from participants that represent the main obstacles to effective clinical training
for nursing students: inadequate clinical supervision, inadequate readiness of students, and an inappropriate clinical
environment.Conclusion: Overcoming these obstacles requires collaborative efforts from nursing education institutions, clinical
instructors, healthcare facilities, and nursing students themselves. Strategies such as improving supervision and mentorship programs, increasing patient exposure opportunities, providing cultural competency training, implementing stress
management techniques, and creating supportive learning environments can help address these challenges.

Giardia lamblia is a microscopic parasite belonging to the genus Giardia, renowned for its complex antigenic mechanisms. This parasite predominantly inhabits the small intestine, leading to a range of symptoms, including diarrhea,
abdominal pain, and discomfort, affecting both humans and various animals such as dogs, cats, cattle, and sheep. The
transmission of Giardia lamblia occurs through contaminated food, surface water, and fecal matter. The parasite spreads
primarily through the fecal-oral route when hands contaminated with infected feces is exposed to the mouth, or when
the infected cysts are ingested directly or indirectly.Giardia lamblia goes through two primary life stages after entering the host: the vegetative trophozoite phase and the
cyst phase. The parasite takes 9 to 15 days to begin incubating before symptoms appear. Giardiasis is usually diagnosed by
stool analysis, employing direct smear techniques with wet or saline preparations. A duodenal biopsy may be necessary
in certain rare cases after a positive serological test since duodenal aspiration has been shown to identify up to 80%
more cases than stool analysis, making it essential for successful treatment and prevention plans.
Numerous diagnostic techniques are available to determine whether Giardia lamblia is present. To find cysts or
trophozoites in stool samples, concentration techniques and direct fixation methods are used. Cysts are typically visible
on wet preparation slides, although the trophozoite stage is more likely to be visible on permanent mounts. Furthermore,
the parasites and their antigens are found using sophisticated diagnostic methods such enzyme immunoassay and
immunofluorescence, respectively.
There are various potent antibiotics used in the treatment of giardiasis. Known by its brand name Flagyl, metronidazole
is the most generally prescribed antibiotic. On the other hand, adverse reactions like nausea and a metallic aftertaste are
reported. Tinidazole, another potent antibiotic that is taken in a single dose, with adverse effects that are comparable to
those of metronidazole. In order to avoid negative responses, patients receiving therapy with metronidazole or tinidazole
must abstain from alcohol.
The pathogen Giardia lamblia is the source of giardiasis and poses a significant hazard to human and animal health. The
spread of giardiasis and its effects can be considerably decreased by being aware of the parasite’s life cycle, employing
suitable diagnostic techniques, and adhering to recommended treatment regimens.

Identified killer toxin proteins from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterized by HPLC, Therefore, electrophoresis
was performed to extract and characterize the protein on a polyacrylamide gel by method SDS – PAGE,The protein bands
appeared on the gel, and determined was k28 which secreted by S. cerevisiae depend on molecular weight, which was
estimated at 5 kilodalton. It was used in subsequent studies, and the confirmed this toxin by using HPLC which compared
with the standard sample. Using bioinformatics In the analysis of the results, were identified the atomic structure and
the crystalline shape of the three-dimensional protein by Pymol analysis program and also determined the K28 protein
sequence which consists of 2040 nucleotides that code for the amino acids that forming the protein, and then translated
protein sequence into the amino acids that forming the protein. It have ability to kill other yeast species and control
yeasts that cause the spoilage of beverages and industrial foods.