Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The research focused on studying a period that witnessed the re-arrangement of international relations until 1939 and important developments that cast a shadow on a critical stage in the history of the contemporary world, as conditions were soon created to enter into
alliances and blocs that led to the division of Europe into two opposing camps. However, fulfilling this prompted the direction of understanding the reasons for the Italian-German rapprochement, and revealing its motives that ultimately led to their understanding and formation of the pact of friendship and alliance known as the Rome-Berlin Axis, which emerged as a result of international developments and the conflict of ideologies between the major countries.
The 1919 Paris Peace Conference resulted in treaties that included decisions that became the subject of great discontent and rejection at the official and popular levels in Germany and Italy. In this regard, the latter two’s adoption of totalitarian regimes contributed to strengthening that rejection, at a time when the ideological conflict with communism and capitalism represented one of the factors that contributed to fanning the flame of international alliances. At that time, German leader Adolf Hitler succeeded in exploiting political developments within the scope of his Nazi aspirations, at a time when Italy sought to establish a military alliance with Germany, which contributed to the complexity of the political scene and raised fears of a possible war in Europe.

Muslims constitute between one and a half percent of American society, and Islam is the third largest religion in the country after Christianity and Judaism. The large ethnic groups among American Muslims are those with Asian and Arab roots, as well as populations of African descent. Muslims succeeded in living among a society with a Protestant majority, after a long struggle and many challenges that accompanied the process of proving their identity and obtaining civil rights, the most important of which is the right to vote. But it can be said that the Muslim community’s awareness of the importance of coming together during the American elections, whether presidential, legislative or even local, as a unified voice came late, as only recent years have witnessed a persistent movement for Muslims to engage in political work to run for public positions that serve their common causes.

Historical formulas are one of the systems of recording history adopted by the ancient Iraqis if they gave each year a name representing an incident that occurred either in the previous year or at the beginning of the current year and they began using this method since the Akkadian era until the end of the ancient Babylonian era with the fall of the city of Babylon in 1595 BC and in the Kashi era the history was the age of the kings and remained followed to the Seleucid era when the year 311 BC was taken as a fixed covenant dated by the exception of a short period in which I use the date of my age The rule of kings and that was in the time of the first Lagash dynasty in the middle of the third millennium BC, while the Assyrians used the Assyrian (Lamo) method in naming each year of the king's reign after a senior state official in a periodic body.
The important sources adopted by researchers in the civilization of Mesopotamia to determine the sequence of rulers, kings and ruling dynasties that ruled in ancient Iraq since the farthest ages of history to the last eras are the legacy of the ancient scribes of proof or lengthy tables with the names of the ruling dynasties and the order of their chronology and important tables of historical incidents that they were dating from and proof of the names of some contemporary dynasties and other texts that were used to adjust the sequence of historical roles and determine the age of kings.

Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger of God, Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. As for what follows...
There are many opinions of late and contemporary thinkers about the term state and its essence. Islamic thinkers began to be interested in theorizing about the Islamic state after the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate Some of them considered this interest as a result of the Islamists being influenced by the concepts that prevailed in Western culture, including the concept of the state, and this was due to the lack of interest of Muslims before this period in theorizing the issue of the state.
However, most of their concern was power, because the dispute between Muslims was a dispute over power and not the state, and that is why I chose the book (The Concept of the State, by the Moroccan thinker Abdallah Al-Arawi), I decided to read this book and came up with some conclusions, which is a mini-research under the title (The concept of the state according to the thinker Abdullah Al-Arawi, an intellectual study). The author discussed Western studies, theories, and doctrines. Then he went back to explaining the positive state and its nature, and tried to describe and diagnose these theories according to the level of perception and the level of reality. He criticized opinions and embraced other opinions in an attempt to come up with clear conclusions that show the concept and view of each doctrine of the state.
There are those who see the state as a tool and mechanism to serve the individual in his worldly life, and there are those who see it as an aim to refine the individual’s behavior and make him human, and there are those who link it to the economic field, and there are those who see it as a device for suppression and deterrence of the animal nature in man.
In addition to other theoretical viewpoints of the state, the author dealt with all of them with study, analysis, and criticism. The book consists of six chapters, but in my research I focused on the theory of the positive state, the formation of the state, the critical theory of the state, and the traditional state in the Arab world