Ninevah Journal for Legal Studies

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies—one of the defining features of the modern industrial revolution—has brought with it a range of actual and potential challenges across various aspects of life. The ability of AI to operate autonomously, without direct human intervention, complicates efforts to regulate or control its actions. As a result, AI has raised questions of both legal and religious responsibility. This study explores the legal accountability arising from the use of AI technologies, particularly in light of the inadequacies within current legal frameworks to fully address this modern phenomenon. In response to these gaps, the research argues for the application of Islamic law and jurisprudence to help regulate the ethical and responsible use of AI. Many religious institutions and scholars have begun to engage with the ethical and legal implications of AI. Therefore, it is essential to establish clear boundaries that uphold moral values, ensure adherence to Islamic legal principles, and promote the responsible use of AI in ways that serve the public interest. Additionally, this study emphasizes the potential for AI to be used constructively within Islamic sciences and examines its impact on religious values and teachings.

This study aims to shed light on tenure and its role in the development of real estate investment, as the realisation of the investment policy in the country is linked to specific laws that address important issues related to investment and directly affect it, including real estate ownership laws and the regulation of real estate exploitation. An inductive and deductive approach was adopted in order to solve the study's problem. Understanding the definition of tenure, its elements and legal aspects is critical to overcome the complexities of real estate transactions. Legal protection of tenure, effective dispute resolution, and updated laws and regulations are necessary to foster a favourable environment for property investment. Legal protection of tenure is essential to preserve the rights of holders and ensure stability in real estate transactions, and an examination of lawsuits and possession applications has highlighted the importance of efficient and fair dispute resolution to maintain confidence in the real estate market. The study came up with a number of findings and recommendations, the most important of which are that real estate tenure is an important aspect of real estate investment that plays an important role in shaping the investment landscape, and real estate tenure is an essential aspect of real estate investment that affects market dynamics and investor behaviour. The most important recommendation of the research is to expand the scope of tenure protection to include all types of tenure in order to encourage real estate investment, impose public order and prevent holders from resorting to force to protect their tenure, thus enabling stakeholders to contribute to a strong and flexible real estate market that benefits investors and the economy as a whole.

This research is concerned with studying and investigating the principle of the obligatory force of the contract، represented by the effect arising from the consent of the contracting parties on the subject-matter of the contract، and its becoming into effect، so that neither party can revoke the contract، except by the common consent of the parties، or by a text of law. In conformity with the new French law of the contract، issued according to the ordinance n° 2016-131 dated February 10، 2016 concerning reforms of the law of contract، general regime and proof of obligations. Whereas the Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951 also imparted the obligatory force on the contract from one hand. But it allows the contracting parties to revise or revoke the contract by their consent or provision of law. The problem of the research lies in trying to benefit the Iraqi civil law from the renegotiation to revise or modify the contractual terms، if an unforeseen fortuitous event occurs، and to add it to the second paragraph of the article (146) of the Iraqi civil law. As well as suggesting some relevant recommendations to the Iraqi legislator.

The starvation of civilian populations is a method employed by various states in armed conflicts to break popular resistance and compel submission to political or military demands. This tactic can take multiple forms, including economic blockades, the bombing and destruction of food supply chains, and the obstruction of humanitarian aid delivery. Such methods have been employed by the Zionist entity in its ongoing conflict with the Palestinian people in Gaza, particularly following Operation "Flood of Al-Aqsa." These actions have resulted in the deaths of numerous civilians, including children, the elderly, women, and infants, in clear violation of international norms and laws that prohibit the use of starvation as a method of warfare. International humanitarian law unequivocally forbids the use of starvation against civilians, recognizing it as an unlawful and inhumane act. This study aims to examine the legal framework prohibiting starvation in armed conflict and to highlight the violations occurring in contemporary contexts, with a particular focus on the Gaza Strip.

It is uncommon for the citizens of a single country to be unified solely by a shared sense of nationalism based on common origin, language, religion, or historical background. In reality, the population of most countries is composed of diverse groups, each affiliated with a particular nationality, reflecting differences in ethnicity, language, or religion. As a result, societies are often divided into distinct communities known as \"minorities.\"
Minorities are groups of citizens who are numerically smaller than the majority population within a given country. They are distinguished by unique ethnic, religious, or linguistic characteristics, yet they maintain a strong sense of unity and solidarity aimed at preserving and promoting their distinct identity.

Climate change is an anthropogenic phenomenon and an inevitable consequence of the tremendous industrial and technological advancements that have occurred over the last three centuries. These developments were mainly driven by some nations whose industrial activities have contributed to climate change due to gas emissions. In spite of its positives, the significant industrial advancement has also inflicted harm on the global climate, negatively impacting the environment and posing a serious threat to human existence. However, this threat varies across countries, with some countries that are more affected than others. Consequently, environmental climate justice seeks to restore balance and attempt to repair the damage through international cooperation and participation between countries and holding high-emitting countries accountable, for the benefit of those most affected by climate change.
.

This study examines the French Council of State’s February 27, 2025 ruling on the A69 highway project, analyzing the judicial decision within the framework of environmental justice. The research highlights the crucial role of administrative courts in protecting the environment by scrutinizing administrative decisions affecting environmental resources. It demonstrates how the ruling marked a turning point in French judicial jurisprudence by adopting objective standards that balance public interest, economic development, and environmental protection. The study also reviews the judicial procedures surrounding the dispute and the legal foundations of the judgment, emphasizing the principle of overriding public interest and comprehensive environmental assessment. The research concludes that the Council of State’s decision strengthens environmental justice and affirms the judiciary’s role as a guardian of environmental rights. Recommendations include advancing environmental legislation, enhancing civil society participation, and supporting judicial environmental training.

This dissertation primarily aims to examine the possibility of establishing a secure and attractive investment climate in post-conflict countries and to highlight the role of governmental and political systems in such states in rebuilding investor confidence and rehabilitating public institutions affected by conflict and involved in investment. The thesis addresses the substantial challenges host countries face in identifying optimal strategies to reform the post-conflict environment, with particular emphasis on the importance of attracting large-scale foreign investment, given its critical necessity for the reconstruction of areas devastated by war and conflict. Previous studies indicate that existing approaches have often been partial and lacked the adoption of a comprehensive reform strategy. This study seeks to fill this gap in the legal literature by conducting an in-depth exploration of the impact of conflicts and wars on foreign investments and by proposing a comprehensive reform program.