Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an Internet-standard protocol for managing devices on IP networks. Many kinds of devices support SNMP, including routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs). The ways you can use SNMP range from the mundane to the exotic: it's fairly simple to use SNMP to monitor the health of routers, servers, and other pieces of network hardware, but it can also use it to control network devices and even send pages or take other automatic action if problems arise.
This paper is aimed toward system administrators who would like to begin using SNMP to manage their servers or routers and but who lack the knowledge or understanding to do so. We try to give a basic understanding of what SNMP is and how it works; beyond that, we show how to put SNMP into practice, using a number of widely available tools.

This paper focuses on the role of two minor characters , the maids , in two of Shakespeare's works : Twelfth Night and Othello . It shows how they influence the whole action of both plays .
The paper is divided into an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion. The introduction provides a brief explanation of the effective role of the maids in these plays and how the minor character can be sometimes equally important to the sequence of events as the major one .
The first section deals with Twelfth Night . The role of the maid is represented in this play by Maria , the servant of the countess Olivia . Maria creates a second plot to the play through her plan of the forged letter .
The character of the maid in the second section is represented by Emilia , the servant of Desdemona in Othello . She steals the handkerchief of her lady to satisfy her husband . This handkerchief becomes the tangible proof that leads to the murder of her lady Desdemona and the tragic end of the play .
The conclusion summarizes the outcomes of the research .

Instructional texts exhibit certain characteristics that make them interesting for natural language processing, and particularly for natural language generation. Instructional texts are widely available and understandable by many readers and are usually well structured. Compared to other narrative texts, they can be represented more objectively. This representation is generally viewed by means of rhetorical relations between states and operations of instructional texts. More specifically, it is commonly and productively viewed as a hierarchy of operations. Consider the following examples:
Telephone instruction
When instructed, remove phone by firmly grasping top of handset and pulling out. Return to seat to place calls.
Stay safe of wheels
Wear a safety helmet, your helmet is your most important piece of kit. It will help to protect your head if you fall off your bike! You should never ride without it, even the top cyclists wear them and they come in loads of cool designs!.
Rhetorical relations can be described functionally in terms of the purposes of the writer and the writer's assumptions about the reader. Each rhetorical relation is defined in terms of a distinctive set of constraints on the information presented in the segments related and those segments combinations, on the reader belief states, and on the effect that the writer is attempting to achieve with the relation.
Rhetorical relations are the central constructs of Rhetorical Structure Theory (henceforth RST). RST is a theory of text organization which provides an extensive set of rhetorical relations, a set from which writers systematically choose the particular forms that they feel will produce most effective and communicative texts.
Instructional texts exhibit a rich micro-rhetorical structures integrated into the syntactic-semantic structures of instructions.
The current study addresses this issue in the context of expressing procedural relations between actions in instructional text, i.e., in written procedural directions. It is hypothesized that expressing rhetorical relations in instructional texts might add new dimensions to the understanding of instructions. However, this set of relations is rather limited to the whole spectrum of RST relations.