Basic Education College Magazine For Educational and Humanities Sciences

The research aims to conduct a spatial analysis of agricultural holdings in Iraq for the year 2022, in order to determine the area of holdings and the holders, with a focus on the distribution of these holdings at the urban and rural levels. The research relied on some statistical and quantitative methods by extracting and analyzing the average size and area of agricultural holdings and dividing them into four levels according to the standard degree equation to understand the relationship between agricultural holdings and the participation of both males and females in the agricultural sector, to provide a clear vision of how holdings are distributed at the level of Iraqi governorates by drawing cartographic maps using the Arcgic 103 program. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of spatial variation in the areas of agricultural holdings in Iraq, as the largest areas of agricultural holdings were in Nineveh Governorate with an area of (3,887,950) dunums and a relative importance of (28%), while the smallest areas were in Karbala Governorate with an area of (135,851) dunums and a percentage of (1%) This disparity is due to the difference in the areas of agricultural land between the governorates, as Nineveh has large areas of arable land, while Karbala has relatively smaller areas. These differences are also affected by several geographical and economic factors related to natural resources and agricultural infrastructure in each governorate.

American-Ottoman relations were not harmonious since their inception and formation، due to American interests opposing the Ottoman presence، whether in Asia، Africa، or Europe. When Abdul Hamid II ascended to power in the Ottoman Empire، relations began to mutate and take shape according to the developments witnessed in the global arenas، whether developments that It was brought about in preparation for the war and those tensions at the level of international policies and decisions that would change the policies of the region in general، and in light of that، among the American diplomatic pressure on the Ottoman Empire was to push Sultan Abdul Hamid II to bring about a number of changes at the level of his foreign and internal policies، including an attempt Repelling the American attack represented by Jewish pressure in the Arab region specifically، and taking the Islamic religion as a target for that attack، as Sultan Abdul Hamid II adopted a project to rebuild the structure of the Islamic religion and revive the religion through the Islamic renaissance after the American powers represented by the Jews and the European powers، most importantly the British state، tried to overthrow The Ottoman Empire by weakening and attacking the Islamic religion... The idea of the Islamic University in Istanbul came to attack the American and British plans، as the Arab region in general witnessed reformist Islamic movements in the modern era calling for the revival of the Islamic heritage and a return to the sources of the true Islamic religion، by the most prominent Arab Islamic scholars and intellectuals in that era، represented by the beginning of the twentieth century، who adopted the intellectual movement due to their conviction that Muslims were far from the true foundations that Islam brought، so these calls، which represented the intellectual awakening of Muslims، were like a cry for the Arabs، considering that the stage of weakness، colonialism، and exploitation by the West of them was returning. Mainly due to Muslims losing their strength and being by losing their basic values. This is why the call to adhere to the Islamic religion has become an urgent necessity due to the Islamic peoples falling under colonialism، which wanted، from the first moment، to obliterate the Arab-Islamic identity and crush the components of nationalism، including the Arabic language and the Islamic religion، and make them the focus of Western intellectual control. Which prevailed at the end of the nineteenth century، the most important of which was American thought. Many Islamic reform movements have emerged، the most prominent of which was the Islamic University in Astana project، which was adopted by Sultan Abdul Hamid II، after the idea was presented to him by the scholar Jamal al-Din al-Afghani. Then، in turn، he adopted the project and founded the Islamic University in Astana and called to it the most important and prominent Muslim scholars، including Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. Abdul Rahman Al-Kawakibi and a large group that included major Muslim scholars، whose goal was to revive the Islamic heritage، win over the Islamic nation، and unify its efforts against the American-Jewish strategy that Sultan Abdul Hamid II realized after the American administration’s attempts to interfere in the affairs of Armenian nationals in the Ottoman Empire، and regardless of Sultan Abdul Hamid’s goals. Al-Hamid II and his true intentions in establishing the Islamic University، but it achieved great scientific achievements and the goals that its founders، scholars، worked to achieve، helped Arab Muslims and the Arab nation as a whole to stand up to attempts at enslavement and exploitation، first and foremost the Ottomans themselves، as it was a curse on them and on their arbitrary ideas and policies aimed at the Ottomanization of the Arab peoples. The Arab arena witnessed the birth of a conscious، educated generation that was able to lead Arab movements and revolutions that frightened the colonial countries that tried to colonize and occupy it، was the United States of America، especially after World War

Darius I was one of the most prominent kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 522 BC to 486 BC. He is considered one of the greatest kings in Persian history, and his reign was full of architectural, political, and administrative achievements. Born into a noble family, Darius ascended to the throne after leading a successful campaign against a group of rebels who challenged his authority. He is known for expanding the Achaemenid Empire to include large parts of the ancient world, making it one of the largest empires in history. He led the armies of the empire in several successful wars, including campaigns against the Egyptians and Greeks, which helped to strengthen the borders and establish Persian control over new regions. Darius established an effective administrative system to organize the vast empire, dividing it into several provinces administered by satraps, which helped improve resource management and tax collection. He is also considered the founder of new legislation that included improving existing laws and developing new legal systems. He imposed clear laws that included the rights of citizens, regulating trade, and punishments for crimes. He also had a policy that sought to give greater rights to the people of the empire, which helped achieve social stability.

This research aimed to (1) identify the persuasive writing skills required for fifth-grade preparatory female students, (2) design a strategy based on the textual approach, and (3) investigate the effect of this strategy on developing persuasive writing skills among those students.To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed two methodologies: a descriptive method to identify the skills and construct the strategy, and an experimental method to determine the effect of the proposed strategy on skill development.The research population consisted of academically outstanding preparatory schools for girls in Najaf Al-Ashraf, Iraq, during the academic year 2023- 2024. There were four schools in total. The sample included 70 female students, divided equally into two groups: 35 in the experimental group and 35 in the control group, selected randomly. The researcher ensured statistical equivalence between the two groups in terms of age, parental education level, and IQ test results.The experiment lasted for an entire academic year. At the end of the experiment, the researcher administered a persuasive essay writing test to measure the students’ persuasive writing skills.
The results revealed that the students in the experimental group, who were taught using the proposed strategy, significantly outperformed the control group students, who were taught using the traditional method.The researcher recommended adopting the proposed strategy in teaching composition and made several suggestions for future research, including:
 Conducting a study to examine the relationship between the textual approach and persuasive writing.
 Conducting a study to explore the effect of the proposed strategy on literary appreciation or rhetorical sensitivity.

This research moves towards monitoring the discourse of criticism of criticism by Dr. Abdul Azim Al-Soltani, due to the prominent importance of this term in his discourse, whether at the level of theory or application, as Al-Soltani is considered one of the few critics who devoted great effort in the field of criticism of criticism, so he wrote more than three books, in addition to research and articles, meaning that the area of criticism of criticism constitutes an independent discourse in monitoring the movement of literary criticism, evaluating it, and controlling its cognitive and methodological foundations from which literary criticism proceeds, because every critical discourse needs another discourse that examines the aspects of strength and weakness, in addition to shedding light on the ideological and systemic issues that creep into critical discourse, and in this space comes the importance of criticism of criticism as an inspector or censor of criticism that preceded it in existence.

The novel (The Volcano) by the Iraqi writer (Hamid Al-Harizi) is one of the novels that belongs to the genre of (short novel), which was published in 2024, as it is considered one of the very modern novels that simulate the political, social and economic conditions in Iraq, especially those events that took place in Iraq during the uprising by the youth in 2019 to protest against the repressive and dystopian policies practiced by the authority against the people, which was known as (the October uprising).
We did not find a title that suits the research as much as our chosen title (Dystopia of Power and Utopia of the People in the novel Volcano) because the term ‘dystopia’ is one of the terms used today through which we can embody those policies practised by the authority against the people, as the novel mentions two faces that exist in one society, one representing (the authority-dystopia) and the other (the people-utopia), and the other (the people-utopia). Between what the authority imposes and what the society and the individual wants are vast distances, and so is the case between dream and reality, between idealism and non-idealism, between justice and injustice, between class differences and equality, these vast distances and differences in demands and between what actually exists on the ground and what should be the case as the individual has a supernatural power to claim his stolen rights and defend his right that his blood has been wasted, so we chose this title to be able to present dystopia and utopia clearly

The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of Cognitive Reading Strategies (CRSs) by 5 EFL second year students majoring in English at Al Mustaqbal University/ College of Arts and Humanities. Qualitative paradigm was adopted and two data-collection methods were utilized and served as the main sources of data: Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) and in-depth interview. Narrative analysis was adopted for the purpose of data analysis. The results of this study revealed that the respondents showed limited usage for the CRSs. In addition, the respondents frequently used two strategies only (using dictionary and rereading) out of twelve strategies proposed by O’Malley and Chamot (1990). Moreover, five important strategies were not reported to be used by the participants (using prior knowledge, grammatical analysis, paraphrasing, using context clues, and decoding).

This research presents an in-depth analytical legal study on the topic of “The Effect of General Amnesty on Punishment.” General amnesty is considered one of the key legislative tools granted by the state—represented by its legislative authority—with the aim of retroactively removing the criminal nature of certain acts, thereby leading to the termination of criminal proceedings and the extinction of the associated penalties. The research is divided into two main sections: the first addresses the concept of general amnesty, its legal nature, and distinguishes it from special and judicial amnesties, in addition to outlining its constitutional and legislative foundations. The second section is dedicated to the application of the general amnesty law and its legal effects, particularly on criminal proceedings and the different types of penalties.

The present paper aims to investigate the use of speech acts that critically illustrate how the act of bias, depicted by “hate speech” enclosed within the British Broadcast media. The study of critical discourse analysis approaches indicates a gathering of attitudes and a standpoint which is possible to be probed jointly in the form of analysis of the behaviour of language in society. The researchers utilize two models of analysis, one which frames Searle’s (1979) “Speech act theory” and the other which shapes the theme of “hate speech” as an act of bias: “Hate –Speech Intensity
Scale” by (Bahador, 2020). Results of the analysis show that “assertive” speech acts are the dominant types when comparing them to the “expressive” and “declarative” ones. This is due to the fact that they(assertive) help to give effective communication and clarity to the claims. By creating ideas, giving evidence-based reasoning and conveying commitment to truth, assertive speech acts play a significant role in displaying critical stance in the discourse of broadcast media. Assertive speech acts depict confidence in their perspectives and they are observed as confrontational in the situation of indicating forceful attitudes. The significant type of hate speech represented by “negative actions” in this data collection involves rhetorics which comprise negative “non –violent” actions accompanied with certain groups of people or certain characters. Thus, these “non-violent” actions offer a critique of the contexts under analysis.

English phonetic transcription presents considerable difficulties for most EFL learners, because they initially expose to English through tradtional English spelling rather than phonetic symbols. This study investigates the challenges faced by Iraqi EFL college learners in transcribing English diphthongs and triphthongs. The present study is conducted to answer the following questions: (1) What challenges do Iraqi EFL learners encounter in accurately transcribing diphthongs and triphthongs? (2) What are the common mistakes made by Iraqi EFL learners in transcribing English words containing diphthongs and triphthongs?. To address these questions, the following hypotheses were formulated: (1) Iraqi EFL learners face significant challenges in transcribing English diphthongs and triphthongs; (2) Iraq EFL Learners often struggle to differentiate between the phonetic symbols representing diphthongs and triphthongs. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed, using a test developed by the researcher and administered to a sample of 25 students from the Department of English at Al-Imam Kadhim College during the 2024–2023 academic year. The findings reveal that Iraqi EFL learners encounter substantial difficulties in transcribing these vowel sounds. While students performed better on recognition tasks, they struggled considerably with production tasks, particularly when required to provide full phonetic transcriptions. Furthermore, the results indicate that learners found diphthong transcription easier than triphthong transcription.

The current research aims to identify the level of stubbornness in kindergarten children and the differences in stubbornness in challenge among children according to the sex variable (males - females). The researchers prepared a scale for stubbornness in challenge after reviewing previous studies and the theoretical framework. The scale consisted of 20 paragraphs. The researchers used the correlational approach. The study sample consisted of (80) children, (40) male children and (40) female children from the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad, the first and second Rusafa. Using appropriate statistical treatments, the study concluded that the children do not have stubborn defiance and that males are slightly higher than females in stubborn defiance.

This study examines the problematic prohibition of naming Imam Mahdi (may God hasten his reappearance) in Shiite narratives. The prohibition contained in some texts against mentioning his name conflicts with other narratives that explicitly state his name (Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Askari). The study aims to analyze this contradiction using a critical approach, reviewing the various jurisprudential opinions (such as absolute prohibition, restriction to the time of fear, or limitation to the Minor Occultation) and evaluating their evidence. The study also examines Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr's (may God sanctify his soul) thesis on "the hiddenness of the title," which proposes a compromise solution by distinguishing between the hidden real name and the pseudonym announced during the Greater Occultation. The study concludes that the prohibition of naming is linked to historical contexts (such as protection from Abbasid persecution), but it also carries doctrinal dimensions related to the mystery of the Occultation. While the proposal for "the hiddenness of the title" is an innovative proposal for unifying the narratives, it requires further textual support