Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The most important reason that made me concerned with the theory of the semantic
triangle is the confusion I have noticed amongst Arab scholars regarding limitations of
the theory itself and its value compared with other theories of meaning.
My paper is divided into three sections: the first is concerned with illustrating
what the theory is by tracing its historical origins in the western linguistic traditions, the
second reveals the most important criticized aspects of the theory, and the third deals
with how the Arab scholars received the theory.

This research is under the title of (( Replies of Nadhir AlJayash to the
grammarians in the chapter of Innand its sisters from his book )) Sharh
AlTasheel which is called Tamheed AlQawaid Bsharh Tasheel Alfawaid
this research is restricted to study his replies in the chapter of Inn and its
sisters because I found many replies in the whole book what I mentioned in
my study represents the personality of Nadhir AlJayash and so states his
knowledge and ability to deduce the judgments and replying to the contrary
ones where his explanation of Tasheel Ibn Malik regards one of the widest
explanations and almost the only one of his books we have got the
importance of my research lies in this point therefore I highlight on a
brilliant person who was forgotten by passing time.

The purpose of the search systematic disclosure of consistency which is between:
(The Untold Story of the implicit and remaining), and its relationship to rhetoric Is he
related to match or contrast? And how it leads to the absorption of texts, revealing a
load sense in light of (tram / surplus / double meaning)? Does can be adopted
systematically in the detection of double meaning in literary texts in general and poetry
in particular?, and so does the dilemma search is limited to the interpretation
(Hermenyutiqa) is the ruler in developed curricula?, and how to reach these approaches
to the different meanings and lead to a fork ways to make understanding of those texts
in which the complexity and ambiguity and blind to the interpreter / reader Keen to
understand the meaning important? Can only be held emerging curriculum for
directions: theological, and philosophical, and knowledge, leading to the disclosure is
consistent with cognitive orientations (epistemological) in the detection of intellectual
tonnage in line with the philosophy that embrace them, and reflected in the reasons for
the employment of each approach separately within the format pursues intellectual
shifts in these approaches the theoretical detects that leads to shaping the curriculum
and mechanisms that rely on Applied practice that leads to the application captured in
monetary practice theory, and the point is that the curriculum dealing with the (hidden /
Internal / basement) always who did not see the brightness; for reasons of Palmaol / and
/ interpreter The conformation text both according to different ruling data in those cash
curricula, and here comes the role of the new rhetoric / Contemporary participate in
cognitive fossils exerted on those texts in order to decryption, and resolution of virginity
sense, therefore, the similarity may get in masks meaning that obscured in those
curricula , but the data of knowledge and the results are available which build on tribal
depicting dimensions vary, and coordinates Mbagesha, and vacated by block, so
meaning remains in a state of liquidity and mobility between inside and outside of the
Metn and context to turn the reading process to re-reveal the meaning Almtwald from
the previous meaning and so within the orbit of the readings of no unbroken.

In the of Abu Nawas poetry, the aesthetics of the dialogue appeared
clearly, so this phenomenon is worth studying and tracking, Abu Nawas is
not an obscure poet, but it is a well-known poet and then it is difficult to
find a phenomenon that is not well study in his poetry, but I found a
dialogue appeared clearly even that it constitutes a theatrical aspect as a
poetic drama. I have found that people who Abu Nawas interlocutors them
with three kinds, either people really are found or people they are supposed
to find or the poet Interviews himself in an internal monologue and tempted
him with the poet himself .There is the impact of the dialogue in poetic
drama built by the poet with displays integrated aspects

This study is an empirical criticism aimed to test the objectivity of the generation’s
theory in literature at large and in poetry in specific. The researcher used (Ajras) poetic
group as a practical model through which he attempted to highlight the rationale behind
their appearance. In addition, the researcher investigated the communal aesthetic and
ideological concepts that the members share and those which are held by each member
individually.

The formation of ideas is not an independent process, but a part of
the rules in particular, which differ by a little or a lot about another
language rules, we look at the world and we are watching, to shape
perceptions, ensue in our minds; and this means that the primary role in
arranging these impressions have stable linguistic systems in our minds,
and then varied and became multiple. Speech patterns depend on those
impressions, and the function of the association. It is combined with the
utter speech mostly, such as: the cultural and moral discourse, and speech -
orbital, and so on; so colorful speech definitions are indeed communicative
socially, combines say not accomplish, so it has become communicative.
An important social feature is nothing of the dispersion, regarding its
richness and breadth of the classification and significance.
Hence, we focused our conversation as a speech character of social
norms, carved up social and linguistic acts, and dominate the kinetic
activity mentally and socially. It is truly that he established rich discourse
and scientific domains. Accordingly the study is worth studying and
investigating.
The first part deals with the sociolinguistic approach of the Al-Hajaj with
tangible evidence. It is of twofold:
:
The first section is /The movement of Al Hajaj from the self to the social.
The second section / Al- Hajaj diversity and his speech mechanisms. .
The second part: / properties Hajaji discourse and communicative
techniques; it is also divided into two sections:
The first section / characteristics of Al-Hajaji speech.
The second section /Al-Hajaji speech and techniques

Research in Quarrian readings is considered an imported scope in
studying different patterns of using language in argument period ,that is
away from necessity of poetry and anonymous texts and knowing the
important period in Arabic language history, in addition to know the effect
of context in these readings and changes that, generally period Arabic and
holy Quran font and types and linguistic derivation and synonymously in
using these patterens and their indications.

An Inquiry into the impact of literature on the multiplicity of interpretations is the
focus of the current research, because of the literary possibilities in the verses. The
meaning of particular importance will be taken in accordance with this opinion.
Accordingly, this study tries to investigate the impact of literary sources in the absolute
conclusion about trusting scholars scrutinize so that the root of many differences can be
manifested

The paper entitled "Poetic Formation in Samigh Aswad's Collection of
pomes (Divan)" by Waffa'a Abdul-Razzaq includes the formation in the
pomes of this Divan. Here the form and the content participate in producing
a distictire poetic formation. So the poet takes a special formation structure
for herself. This structure consists of her soul and heart beating in poetic
creation. She used her sensation to choose the vocabularies and her own
language in expressing her inner contents. Thus, the formation will be by
mixing two essential elements; the form and the content in producing a
form based on the geometirical form and written content with taking the
sounds, repitation, dialogues and so on as active tools to balance the poetic
formation.

This study examines
1. The emergence of Central Library
2 .Evolution at the University of Qadisiyah
3 .The extent to meet their own needs
4 .Stand on the most important difficulties and obstacles faced by students when using
the library, and develop solutions that advance by patrols have used the survey method
in this study and adopted the questionnaire as a tool to collect data, the study concluded
a set of findings and recommendations and proposals.

It was a presence and Christian interaction in the political, scientific and cultural
life, is not an exception, but it is the rule that Ostendh the Arab Islamic history, which is
really wonderful lot of books in different historical periods, and in this paper we address
it to the study of the beginnings of the Christian interaction with the Almohad dynasty,
and emphasize two facts : -
First, Christians or Christians Cano natural part of the slides that were once part
of the Arab and African tribes that inhabited many cities in the Maghreb, and that some
of them were part of the open country, war, and other Kanu part of the prisoners of the
Arabs and who have become human-Qaeda, which entered within the confines of the
rule of the state Arab Muslim in the Maghreb and Andalus, and thus have become a
normal part of working in many aspects of the state.
Almohad military institution had included the remains of the army of Almurbati
, Sanhaja, Sudan, Roman and others. It had recoursed by Arab tribes (Bani Hilal and
Saleem ) as well as, encouraged the Turks to join Almohad Army. In fact, the caliph as
being The General Commander of the military institution had been overseen the army
directly, and reviewed it from time to time. Most often army chief was held for the sons
of the caliph and the elders of the Almohad or their sons.
Not only Almohad caliphs were interested in forms of military but also they
were interested in warships industry. They had added many of them to their fleet,
especially after the control of the fleet of Almurabitien. This interest increased after the
fall of Almería City (542 AH / 1147 AD) because of its important geographic location.
It is important to mention that Almohads by their military and administrative
experience had established a special chamber for regular soldiers and another chamber
which called the Altamaize Diwan that headed by trusted writer called the writer of
Almamaize Diwan. Moreover, by their experience they had attracted the Christians to
this military institution as being one of the most important state agencies.

The Study is regarded as an original and genuine subject, I Wrote
about the personality of Ibn Khurdathbah and his geographic and
historical work which introduced us very Valuable Scientific
information.
Ibn Khurdathbah took care of geographic and historical aspects about place
he worked in Mountain government as mail in charge during the Abassin
caliph AL- Mu'atamad billah . He wrote about natural scenes in Iraq and
Baghdad and economic aspects.Trade road distance and last our
Supplication is praise be to Allah , Lord of the worlds

It is undoubtedly that Hyksos and Alkachin are considered as the foreign tribes that
invaded Nile country and Mesopotamia between the seventeenth and sixteenth century
BC. In spite of the various attitudes of the researchers about those tribes concerning the
origin and nature of migration and geographic extension .but it is obvious that
occupation has an effect on the historical, political, social and cultural aspects.
This research is an attempt to trace these two occupations on the most important
civilizations in the near east. In addition, it is an attempt to emphasize the idea of the
rooting,geographical,historical and civilization of the those tribes. As well as, the
cultural and historical results of this occupation on the nature of the cultural and
historical achievements of the countries of the Nile and Mesopotamia.

The Morabet state was one of the states that has left an imprint as far as history
is concerned in a great and effective way. It was preceded by an age of weakness as a
result of the division of the region into emirates struggling among themselves to be
reflected in all the runs of life. The most important achievement of the Moravirds on the
political level that they unified the land under one central strong government. That had a
great impact on the Crusade creeping on the Islamic Andlusia.
It has become clear that the basis of the formation of the state was religious built
on the idea of religious reform and associated tightly with the Malikite doctrine. The
administration of the state depended on the addition of the sharia touch through a class
of jurists (fuqhaa) who were first in the façade of the authorities in the Maghreb and
Andlus. That domination of the jurists has become the weakness point for the state
towards the people after the political and administrative coalition between the authority
and the men of the state formed an interest material, that lasted the effect of clergymen
of religion to the end of the Moravid state.
Concerning the intellectual and cultural life of the Moravid state, it was in high
level of activity that it has arrived to the highest activities In the age of Ali ben Yousef
ben Tashfeen who cared for men of letters, scientists and the jurists. He allowed them,
and conceded to them, so that they began to have a strong opinion.
At the end I will summarize the findings:
1- The Moravid state was not one of the cultural and intellectual decline in Al-Andlus
as some contemporary scholars depicted them, but through examples we proved that
they caredfor sciences, jurisdiction, literature and other knowledge.
2- The Moravids confronted the crusade tide and remained in Al-Andlus long time after
falling.
3- The Moravid worked very strongly to the flourishing of the aspects of life in Almaghreb states

The search in the life of the companion Hujr bin Adi is worthy of
investigation and scrutiny . He was amongst the virtuous companions. He
was also one of the chiefs and ascetics . His was an eminent devoted lover
to Amir Al – Muimineen ( Prince of the Belivers ) . He was a sheikh among
his men.
Whenever he excreted, he would perform wudu ( ablution), whenever
spilled water, he would perform wudu, and whenever he performed wudu,
he would pray . Hujr bin Adi had companionship of the prophet
Mohammad ( pbuh ) , and he was a delegate to him . He was the bearer of
the flag of Prophet Mohammad
who said about him , " Some people will be killed in Adra; Allah and the
people of the heaven will become angry over that . " He was a martyr of
loyalty. He and his companions were the first to be killed ruthlessly in
Islam in the year 51 AH upon the order of MuauiyahibnAbiSufyan .

The study Settlement concepts of Zionism And its impact And its
impact on modern Hebrew poetry, And The study focused To give an
initial introduction All settlement concepts, As the Zionists succeeded In
finding organizations Zionist institutions Contributed directly and
indirectly In establishing a new Zionist concepts And laying the
foundations and strengthening Which have an active role in the migration
of young people from the business layer ; With the intention of the Zionist
settlement building. Turning then to the first Zionist concepts It is the work
of the Hebrew and the occupation of the land The ground as well as
guarding the ground and paving roads To work from the perspective of
"The land to the tillers" , Which combines settlement and defense And
between Zionism and socialism To apply the idea Zionist socialism.
Turning to the role of Alhalotsam In Zionist settlement Its goal was
Creating a working class Hebrew Pillar of the people factor , Has control
over the Work and guard and defense About the life of the Zionists and
their property In Palestine. Turning then to Zionist concepts in modern
Hebrew poetry In order to urge the Jewish crowd To hold on to the avantgarde work and guard To maintain the achievement of the Zionist dream of
settlement In the land of Palestine

In the opinion of Existentialism, it is impossible for life that it
is specific aim or plan . And all what happens in the life of human
is " Random " and cannot predicted it . For that , the life is absurd
(futility). And the absurd is an existential idea that means (not
logical ). And the substance of absurd for the Existentialism that
the human is convicts by death. The existential is in conflict with
the tradition of the philosophy which believes in mind. From "
Parmenides " to " Hegel " who glory the mind

This paper investigates the linguistic analysis of Halliday’s SystemicFunctional Grammar Theory in political texts in 2012. M.A.K .Halliday’s
Systemic-Functional Grammar has been adopted for analyzing the speeches
of the president Barack Obama on election campaign in 2012, and David
Cameron's Conservative Party Conference speech, so as to identify the
appealing processes of the transitivity system obtained from the analysis of
these two texts.
The study aims at identifying the linguistic choices made in the speech of
Obama according and David Cameron to Halliday's model. It tries to
answer the following questions: What are the linguistic choices of the
transitivity system which occur in both Barack Obama speech on election
campaign in 2012 and David Cameron's Conservative Party Conference
speech in 2012?. What are the frequent processes found in Barack Obama
and David Cameron speeches?. The objective of this study is to
characterize and describe the six process types and identify the more
frequent processes that Barack Obama and David Cameron used in their
speeches.
The study concludes that the analysis of the process types in Barack Obama
and David Cameron speeches in 2012 shows that the most frequent types
are material processes for both speeches. The analysis shows that this
theory is applicable to all cultures, all situations, and to any time.

The research is an attempt to investigate experimentally the effect of vocabulary and
dictation ESP programme on Iraqi students’ achievement at College of Physical Education for
Women. The learners have to know what a word means and what it look like. These are
obvious aspects in teaching foreign language and teachers need to make sure that both these
aspects are accurately learned.
The sample of the present research is (46) students of first year stage, College of Physical
Education for Women, University of Baghdad. At the academic year 2012- 2013.
It is hypothesized that there are no significant differences between the experimental group
taught ESP by vocabulary and dictation programme (Sadiq ,2012) and control group taught
ESP with traditional English Course (Sadiq, 2010) in pre and post tests.
To fulfill the aim of the research an experiments has been designed with two groups of
students chosen randomly. Both groups were matched in the subjects’ achievement in English
for previous academic year (2011-2012). Both groups have tested in pre and post tests. The
experiment lasted nine weeks.
After analyzing the results statistically, it has been found that there are significant differences
between the two groups in pre- test as well as post test. This indicates that using the vocabulary
and dictation programme is more effective in teaching these two skills. Accordingly, the null
hypotheses have been rejected.
Finally, English teachers at College of Physical Education are recommended to use the
programme to improve the students’ achievement in vocabulary and dictation skills.

This study investigates how the linguistic factor of markedness theory affects Iraqi
EFL Learners’ acquisition order of English conditional clauses.Three research questions
are formulated to achieve the aim of this study, and these are; (i) How do Iraqi EFL
learners acquire the syntactic structure of conditional clauses?, (ii) In what ways the
developmental route followed by Iraqi EFL learners is similar to or different from that
followed by English learners of other linguistic backgrounds?, and (iii) What is the role
of markedness theory in the acquisition of conditional clauses by Iraqi EFL learners? To
answer these questions, a random sample of 100 Iraqi EFL learners at four different
developmental stages is tested on three written tasks. Results reveal that real
conditionals are the easiest type to produce but the most difficult one to comprehend.
This lends a partial support for the predictive power of markedness theory in explaining
the acquisition order. Besides, linguistic form and function in L2 acquisition process are
acquired at different developmental stages. Due to the limitations of the present study,
future research is suggested.

Allen Tate (1899-1979) was born in Kentucky .As a Southerner he was
unwilling to be like his people who were unaware of their imperfections.
He realized that lack of belief in tradition which was the illness of the
modern mind. It turned life to hell with a variety of tortures. Hence his
agrarianism was a call to the Southerners to retreat to their tradition.It was
a revolt against industrialism as an enslaving power, a destroyer threatening
the very existence of human society.
His agrarianism proved to be an image of life man should desire, a life
imbued with tradition and belief; tradition in its historical and religious
sense shapes the spirit of protest in his poetry. It is a protest against the
kind of life modern man attached himself to, which dehumanized him
resulting in spiritual fragmentation.
Tate did what none of his fellow Agrarians attempted, to turn Agrarian
concerns inward, a quest for identity , for spiritual roots and affirmation.
This is what makes his agrarianism a defense of personal allegiance,
besides its historical , social and religious implications.