Kut University College Journal for Humanitarian Science

International treaties are one of the most important manifestations of the sovereign act of state, to which the administrative judge is unable to expose to it by examination, cancellation and compensation. There is a new and noticeable change in the jurisprudence of the French Council of State toward the possibility to question the administration for the treaty by deciding on compensation. This new judicial development is the beginning to ending that absolute immunity for the acts of sovereignty.

Over the course of a century, the administrative authority in Iraq has enjoyed some important penal powers, and the law has permitted it to impose penalties. In several areas, the Iraqi legislator has differed in their organization. They have varied between the constitution allowing some of them and withholding these powers, while the laws allow some of them and within the framework of the public interest. Because the administration seeks to achieve the public good and bears the burden of caring for some interests and professions, it prioritizes these interests over some rights and freedoms, and this is consistent with the fact that it is a public authority that seeks to achieve the public good. Responsibilities compete with some rights and freedoms, so the most important ones take precedence over the important ones. The administrative authority must enjoy the burdens and responsibilities it bears and some penal jurisdictions to deter attacks on the law and on some of its exclusive rights, especially since it has public authority that gives it this approach. There is no way to perpetuate some interests except with the presence of these penalties. Without them, some values and interests would have been blown away. Some countries range between stipulating these powers in their constitutions and legislative approval in accordance with the laws, provided that these powers remain subject to non-arbitrariness, and the administrative decision associated with the penalty is under the crosshairs of the judiciary, assessing its distortion and applying the rule of law to it. It must be said that these powers represent the minimum of what the administrative authority enjoys, and they change with changing circumstances, expanding in emergency circumstances and shrinking in normal circumstances. These penalties fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the administrative authority, with judicial oversight of those decisions.

The research is divided into two parts. The first section is the biography of the great companion Hashem Al-Marqal, one of the figures who was a contemporary of the Holy Prophet and supported Imam Ali (may God bless him and grant him peace), and many aspects of his life are impossible to prove, even though he produced great results in a period that witnessed many crises and wars, starting from the conquest of Mecca until his martyrdom in The Battle of Siffin, and the second section we talk about the personality of Al-Marqal, the poet, the knight-warrior, the orator, and the one who had a unique, heroic stance in his support of Imam Ali and the repercussions of his influence on society despite the circumstances that afflicted him.

If social contribution means, with one reference or another, social responsibility and expresses the active contributions of organizations, companies, groups, institutions, and individuals within society who contribute voluntarily and voluntarily to local community development processes, through effective contribution and real participation in the implementation of plans, strategies, projects and programs. Developmental, economic, social, and environmental development in a society and active participation in social responsibility practices that have a positive impact and constructive societal benefit in line with the priorities and goals of sustainable community development on the material and moral aspects In front of this positive contribution, there is a negative contribution that represents societal responsibility and is expressed in the criminal contribution, which according to forensic science refers to: the situation in which there are multiple perpetrators (perpetrators/contributors) who commit a specific crime with the intention of harming or disturbing the public interest, or unintentionally from those who The fruit and outcome of their various and diverse activities are to some degree harmful to the public interest (material or moral damage), Even if these contributions were not the result of a single will or prior agreement, rather their various actions were the result of cooperation between many people, each of whom had his own individual material or moral role and his criminal will, intentional or spontaneous, leading to negative harm to society and its individuals that offends the public interest and public taste, as in the case of contributions. By creating degrading content, or exporting discordant actions, ugly and horrific scenes that arouse anxiety, disgust, or danger to the recipient, or anything that provokes specific societal unrest.

Artificial intelligence can be defined as the science that provides the computer with the ability to represent and process symbols in order to be used to solve intractable problems through calculated software.
The aim is to enable computers to carry out tasks that the mind can carry out Usually called bug some of those tasks (such as thinking) characteristic intelligence and some (such as vision) is not called that description, but all of them are not without psychological skills enable a person to reach the goal to be achieved and those skills sensory perception and links between Ideas, prediction, planning and motor control Intelligence does not involve one dimension, but it is a rich area of organization and includes a variety of capabilities for information processing, and then artificial intelligence uses many different techniques that carry out many different tasks, including use in civil or military fields, and its words may result in the establishment of international responsibility, by carrying out a dangerous activity that leads to a dangerous result that raises the establishment of public responsibility according to the theory General .

Language is a social phenomenon, and the evidence for this is that language created with agreement, convention, and humility. It is a social product, and as Ibn Jinni said in the Book of Characteristics, “Language is the sounds by which every people expresses their purposes.” The agreement relationship is a relationship between the signifier and the signified, as Ferdinand de Saussure sees. This means that language is The child of society, language expresses their thoughts, emotions, feelings, emotions, and interests. Accordingly, sociolinguistics i linked to a science that is sociology. Its study is between linguistic geography, dialectology, and the sociology of language. These are the mechanisms of sociology and tools for analysis and linking the societal context to language, given that language is a social product and expresses what It takes place in communities. The research deals with the mechanisms of linguistic renewal and development, starting from the concepts of immediacy, temporality, linguistics, and speech, transformation, affiliation, popular rooting, semantic generation, and generation by borrowing. Linguistic renewal starts from ideas and concepts that considered the basic entrance to the research. As for the mechanisms of linguistic renewal, he sought research to clarify their relationship to the concept of principles, and to focus on the most important rules of generation, which include morphological generation, phonological generation, semantic generation, and generation by borrowing. Structural study cannot lead us to these results in light of lexical research. We cannot ignore the change that it changes to vocabulary over a certain period. One of the characteristics of the signifier and the signified, the combination of which constitutes linguistic evidence, is that it does not stabilize and remain permanently static. It may move from its lexical position and transform from its original meanings, or the signifiers transform from their meanings.

Bullying is a phenomenon that exists in all societies, and electronic have helped to spread it to a very large extent، With the emergence of the Internet, chat rooms, and forums, they have become a prevalent phenomenon in society Especially Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc There are often multiple motives for this type of action, such as moral, social, and educational motives It is frequent and aggressive and depends on the imbalance of power between the bully and the bullied Bullying occurs in different ways and means, and its consequences are very dire, as the bullied person feels bad about himself. Discussing the issue of civil protection from electronic bullying is important, in order to reduce this phenomenon and inform the bullies of their civil rights represented by compensation and explain the nature of the responsibility arising from this act.

The research aims to study sexual and sexual habits in ancient Iraq and how the Iraq thinkers looked at these relations whether they were legendary between gods and gods between gods and humans or realism in the human world these criminal habits are classified into: bidden which are punished by law and sacred which are permitted by law and have a sacred attribute in both cases is legendary gods and humans realism as well as the research deals with the legal development of the regulation. These customs punished those who commit criminal relations that are considered legal crimes according to Hammurabi’s law which is one of the first legal laws that deals in its introduction and conclusion, the god's relations while separating humans’ relations and regulation of these relations according to the laws and, of course, among these sex habits. Hammurabi’s law had an important role in the development of legal thought in Iraq and the ancient Near East and continues to impact civilizations to this day The law in the view of the ancient Iraqi man has a characteristic sanctity in the teachings and principles of the god Shamash the Babylonian god of Justice and the sun to the king Great Hammurabi.

Proof by testimony was and continues to be one of the most important and oldest means of proof in use, and it enjoys a distinguished position on the legal and judicial levels. The judge has wide latitude in giving preference to testimony over another from both the objective and personal aspects, and there is no oversight from the Federal Court of Cassation whenever he reaches a regional conclusion in the matter. The weighting process. However, the judicial applications issued by the Federal Court of Cassation in the field of weighting testimony varied. Some of them limited the process of weighting testimony to the trial court, while others decided to make the Federal Court of Cassation a trial court and gave it the authority to weight one testimony over another, in contrast to the trial judge’s weighting of it. Which prompted us to examine this issue and determine the extent to which the testimony could be given weight by the Court of Appeal.

Cybercrime is one of the most serious crimes of our time that many countries around the world suffer from, especially with the rapid increase of technology development. This type of crimes resulted in the emergence of problems and negative implications which led most of the countries to enact legislations, regulations and laws to confront them. This study attempts to shed light on the role of anti-cybercrime law in confronting and preventing the negative issues in the Libyan society. The study adopts a descriptive analysis approach via the application of a survey i.e. questionnaire papers were distributed on lawyers from Ajdabiya Court of First Instance as the participants of the study. The study showed several significant results such as most participants of freelance lawyers and those who experienced 6 or more cases of cybercrimes ensured that the cybercrimes were of a special nature against individuals. Those crimes, according to them, were committed for personal reasons relating to the personality and psychological state of the offender. Also, the most spreading negative issues in society are (rumors and false news), and the Libyan anti-cybercrime law covers about 80% of negative issues relating to cybercrimes. One of the prominent challenges in the application of this law is that it has not been actually implemented yet due to the lack of specialized bodies in cyber field in addition to the lack of qualified personnel to deal with such cases.

The phenomenon of human migration throughout history from one place to another is an ancient human phenomenon. There are several motivations for migration, and economic reasons are among the most important motivations that moved the majority of young people to illegal immigration. The importance of research shows that illegal immigration is an international problem of concern to the international community. It is not a problem of one party, because It concerns European countries as they are the main recipients of immigrants, and it also means countries that send immigrants, i.e. developing countries, and requires joint international efforts to search for solutions to them The Iraqi legislator included several measures, stipulating a penalty of imprisonment and a fine, and establishing many mechanisms and measures that make the movement of migrants across the border more difficult, such as border control controls and others.

The political culture in Iraq went through several stages, starting with the change of the regime in 4/9/2003, which was represented by the administration of the Coalition Provisional Authority, then the writing of the permanent constitution of Iraq, and then the referendum on it 10/15/2005. The process of building the political culture was accompanied by major circumstances that affected the political culture. Strengthening national unity in Iraq significantly and clearly, 4/9/2003,. After this date, Iraq moved towards democracy, but after that it became clear that the Iraqi regime was not a democratic regime in the true sense of the word because the political forces and blocs did not have a political culture that encouraged dialogue and tolerance with others and acceptance of the principle of disagreement and difference. The political culture that these political forces and blocs have and encourage is a culture of tyranny, oppression, and deprivation of others and their exclusion from exercising their rights and participating in building a modern state. Accordingly, the appropriate and necessary political culture was not available to build national unity in Iraq so that Iraq could be a democratic state similar to the democratic countries in Iraq. the world . Considering that the problem of Iraqi national unity still exists and requires real solutions on the ground in order to achieve tangible results, it cannot be built solely by real decisions and orders because it is the product of interaction and cooperation in the official and unofficial spheres, There is no doubt that the constitution must be a tool for consolidating national unity, which has been subjected to a major fracture during the recent era
The year is 2003, and therefore we need to end sectarianism, racism, quotas, nepotism, corruption, exclusion, marginalization, and isolation. And replacing second alternative values ​​such as flexibility, transparency, accountability, kinship, rationality, modernization, respect for other opinions, dialogue, national reconciliation, defining specializations, fair distribution of wealth, adopting standards, the most important of which are efficiency and specialization, and activating means and mechanisms that enhance and achieve national unity, and real monitoring.

The great development in the use of computers in education in a way that enables students to receive the curricula they want to study and master them in their studies according to their own abilities and the appropriate time for each of them and the speed that suits them, as the use of computers in the educational process helps students move from the role of recipients of information, concepts and knowledge to interacting and inferring these concepts and facts through the data and information provided by the program designed by the researcher about the topics he wants to teach.
The current research aims to:
Identify the level of effectiveness of using the PowerPoint program in teaching the subject of educational research curricula from the point of view of students of the Arabic Language Department.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive approach was relied upon for its suitability to the research topic and its objectives, and the research sample consisted of (55) male and female students from the third stage in the Arabic Language Department for morning and evening studies at the College of Basic Education - University of Wasit for the academic year (2023-2024), and a closed questionnaire was distributed to the research sample to obtain the required data.
The research results showed:
For gender, the p-value was 0.308, indicating that there was no significant difference between male and female participants in the study, as the p-value was greater than the traditional level of statistical significance, which is 0.05, indicating a slight numerical difference, but not statistically significant.
- For the type of study, the statistical test 1.354, the p-value of 0.725, indicates that there was no significant difference between the type of morning and evening study, which shows a slight numerical difference, but not statistically significant.
The researcher came up with several recommendations in light of the research results and a number of proposals.

The legacy of the People of the House (peace be upon them) is and will remain a rich and inexhaustible pool of constructive ideas and high human values that work to create a healthy human being capable of interacting with his society and a producer who takes the hand of others toward advancement and progress.
In our world today, we face a number of social crises, psychological problems, and intractable complexes that aim to harm man in his behavior and existence as an element that has the responsibility of building and rebuilding on the surface of this planet, as God Almighty entrusted him with this responsibility in his caliphate on earth. However, this man began to face the various difficulties he faces. Especially psychological illnesses and incorrect behavioral patterns, which necessitate the need to benefit from the heritage of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), as it contains many reasons for healing.
In connection with the above, the topic of this research was chosen, which includes reading the will of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (peace be upon him) to his companion, Jabir bin Yazid al-Jaafi, as the meditator who researches it will find a number of educational lessons that, if taken into account, will work in creating correct human behaviors that work to build... Man in his material and moral aspects.
The research was divided into two sections. The first was a talk about the educational lesson of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, peace be upon him, through his valuable sayings in which he urged people on the importance of doing good, good deeds, good behavior, and optimal dealing with members of society through polite behavior based on affection and showing help and assistance to others. Family ties and others.
As for the second topic, it was a choice of the topic of investing time as one of the educational lessons that the Imam, peace be upon him, referred to in his will to Habir bin Yazid Al-Ja’fi, and the importance of seizing the opportunity, not wasting time, being careful to organize it, avoiding procrastination, and beingware of heedlessness and delay in completing work and duties.

The civilizational and cultural heritage is the basic foundation of peoples, as they take pride in their civilization in the past through their civilizational and cultural heritage extending over the years.
We particularly mention Iraq, which has gone through many ordeals and cases of security instability that threatened its civilizational and cultural heritage.
Therefore, our research problem will focus on the following question: What is the role of administrative legislation in preserving the civilizational and cultural heritage in Iraq.

It highlights the significant impact that the media can have in addressing this important phenomenon. The research examines the influence of the media in shaping the public’s conscience and directing attention towards issues of mental health and suicide prevention.
In the context of the research, it addresses the importance of providing accurate and balanced information about mental health, while warning of the potential downsides of amplifying sensitive issues. The research also addresses the positive impact of open dialogue about suicide and psychological issues, and how the media can be a means of opening societal discussions that contribute to understanding and resolving these issues.
In addition, the research highlights the importance of cooperation between the media, health and community institutions to direct joint efforts towards enhancing awareness and providing the necessary support to individuals who may be at risk of suicide. The research focuses on achieving a balance between effective media and awareness to ensure that the media plays an effective role in reducing the phenomenon of suicide and directing efforts towards prevention and treatment.

Education is an important pillar in society. It is one of the most important services provided by the urban center to the city’s residents. It has a prominent role in increasing the population’s awareness. Researchers agree that the presence of an effective and efficient educational system leads to the development and progress of society and provides a decent life for every member of society. This research deals with distribution. The spatial location of primary schools in the city of the neighborhood, and the need for schools increases as the population increases, accompanied by an increase in the number of students. This relationship is reflected in the expansion of the educational service in its area, numbers, and the number of students and those in charge of the education process.

This study examines the impact of global warming and rising temperatures on the escalation of desertification in Iraq, along with the environmental, economic, and social challenges resulting from this phenomenon. The rise in temperatures leads to the degradation of agricultural lands and an increase in desertification levels in arid and semi-arid regions, posing significant challenges to the environment and sustainability in Iraq.
The research explores the effects of desertification on the environment, including the loss of fertile soil and its negative impact on local plants and animals, with a specific focus on its adverse effects on the agricultural sector and food security. Additionally, the study addresses its impact on local communities, where inhabitants face challenges in accessing water and food, thereby affecting their quality of life.
Drawing upon a comprehensive review of available literature and field data, the study provides a detailed analysis of current and anticipated future impacts. The research also offers recommendations to address these challenges, emphasizing the development of effective environmental policies and the promotion of community awareness. The goal of the research is to highlight the importance of taking effective measures to preserve the environment and enhance sustainability in Iraq amid the growing challenges associated with climate change.

The study aimed to determine the impact of geographical factors on military conquests, using the Battle of Balat Al-Shuhada as a case study. Several points were concluded that reflect the significance of geographical factors in the success of military operations. The study showed that understanding the terrain and geography of the targeted area is a crucial element in determining the success of military operations, alongside the vital importance of proper planning and effective execution. Additionally, the study highlighted the importance of utilizing advanced technology and training forces, as well as the significance of building alliances and international cooperation. In light of these findings, measures can be taken to enhance military capabilities and develop defensive and offensive strategies to bolster security and stability in the region and protect national interests.

Due to the successive development that has occurred and continues to affect social networking sites. In our present era, these sites have brought the far eastern countries of the world closer to the far western countries in a very record time, and thus they have become a fertile environment for the promotion and circulation of rumours. What is the importance of this in the lives of individuals, as these sites can be a double-edged sword, On the one hand, they They are means to bring closer and shorten the distances between all countries. However, on the other hand, they may be a threat to the rights and privacy of individuals, as they are considered a violation of privacy and an assault on it if what is published are baseless rumors. From this standpoint, this research sheds light on the civil liability that results from spreading rumors through social media sites when its elements are fulfilled, represented by the act resulting from the promotion of the rumor and the damage resulting from it after the causal relationship between them is established. The target of the rumors may be individuals or institutions, and they may come from People, whether they are ordinary people, media figures, or others The research aims to clarify the position of the Iraqi legislator on regulating liability provisions of Civil law on spreading rumors on social media sites, and explaining the adequacy of legislative protection in this aspect, especially through the general rules available legislatively, and recommending the organization of special provisions to protect against the spread of rumors and avoid their harm resulting from their rapid spread on those sites, whether the person promoting it is a main publisher or a repeater For publication or among those interacting with the publication.

Practicing trade is a freedom that a person exercises within the limits of the law and within the controls it specifies. The law cannot allow every person to practice this craft absolutely freely without any restrictions or conditions, as practicing it here becomes a source of chaos and lack of legal regulation, which is legally unthinkable, as it is stipulated that: Whoever practices this profession has a set of conditions that must be met, such as professionalizing the business and practicing it in his name and for his own account, in addition to having legal capacity. If these conditions are met, the person can practice the trade profession, but the matter does not stop there, as the law imposes a set of duties on the merchant. Fulfilling them or else being exposed to legal accountability, such as registration in the commercial registry and keeping commercial books, in addition to the obligation to adopt a trade name, not to mention what is stipulated in the laws regarding refraining from unfair competition legally and by agreement, and what these rules impose on him regarding his adherence to a specific type of activity and not causing harm to others or competing with them. Illegally in the course of carrying out his commercial activity, and not entering into monopolistic activities or agreements restricting the legitimacy and freedom of competition.

The city of Wasit was of great importance due to its geographical nature if its most present location prompted pilgrims to choose it to be a military base through which he could tighten his control over the Egyptian Kufa and Basra The paths and kingdoms vary in the scope of their rule and influence, some of which controlled entire continents and extended their influence across the seas, and some of them consisted of a group of small interconnected cities. The study of paths and kingdoms reflects the political, economic and social development of humanity throughout history, and helps in understanding how political and social structures are formed and developed in different civilizations and cultures.

The protction and intgrity of the refugee family is both a legal right and a humantarian principle, It is also a basc fram work for protction and key to the succss of durable solutons for refues that can bring them something closer to their normal lives and the refugee concept of the evolution of international refugee protection, which has expanded considerably since its conception was enshrined in the 1951 Geneva Convention through the subsequent regional conventions to cover refugees from partial or total occupation, as well as refugees from natural disasters and, although the right to seek and enjoy asylum in another country is an individual human right, The refugee should not be viewed in isolation from his family, as the family's role as the central unit of human society is rooted in almost all cultures and traditions, including "Modern universal legal culture of human rights", as the right to family unity can be threatened to refugees who have been forced to flee at all stages, This research sets out the legal framework on which these rights are based in international human rights law. international humanitarian law, international refugee law, along with relevant international and regional jurisprudence, This research also discusses States' positive obligations and legal practices in this regard. s best interests can be seen as fundamental principles that support and promote the right to family life and family unity of refugees.

The study aims to investigate the liability of insurance companies for accidents and damage to motor vehicles on the one hand, and the damage caused by motor vehicles to people and property on the other hand, according to an analytical study of the relevant laws, and in accordance with the provisions of the Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018. Insurance companies are responsible for accidents and damage to the vehicle itself as a result of a functional or technical defect in the motor vehicle when driving in the United Kingdom (Britain), provided that the motor vehicle is insured, and that the person affected is the insured person or beneficiary, and that he has a document. Insurance is in effect at the time of the accident. Insurance companies are also responsible for accidents that lead to death or physical injury. Compensation shall be by applying the same provisions contained in the Fatal Accidents Act 1976 and the Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976, and the cause is attributable to Insurance companies compensate for the damage resulting from the accident due to their breach of the duty of safety and security. However, if the motor vehicle is not insured, then the vehicle owner is responsible for it in accordance with the Road Traffic Accidents Act1988, and compensation is made by applying the provisions of Damages Act 2011, and in Other times, civil liability is distributed between the two parties when contribution negligence is achieved based on the provisions of the contribution Negligence Law, Law Reform Contributory Negligence Act, and all of this without the injured party exceeding the general statute of limitations stipulated in the Limitation Act 1980.

The current study aimed to reveal the relationship between self-confidence and the seven habits of mind among a sample of students from the Essaouira Technical Institute . The sample consisted of(120) male and female students who were chosen randomly. Two scales of self- confidence and the seven habits of mind were applied. The results of the study indicated, after analyzing the data statistically, that the research sample has a good level of self- confidence and also possesses habits of mind that are higher than average. It was also shown that there is a positive relationship between the level of self- confidence and habits of mind. The result also showed that there is Statistically significant differences at the significant level (0.05) on the self- confidence scale, in favor of males and also in favor of the first stage. The results of the study showed that there were no statistically significant differences depending on the variable of gender and stage of study. Based on the results, the researchers recommended increasing support and encouragement for students in order to increase their confidence and to achieve psychological, mental and social adaptation for them.

It is noted that scientific development has developed rapidly at the end of the last century and the beginning of the current century in all fields, especially media and communications, which caused the emergence of digital media, in which information spreads in the in the blink of an eye and from all countries of the world, and this has led to an increasing interest among members of society.
In general, and young people and teenagers in particular, to deal with digital media, including mainly social networking sites. Which provided in terms of speed of information flow, and interaction with individuals who are thousands of miles apart.
Despite all these positive aspects, there are negative aspects of digital media, which have occurred and are occurring on society, including electronic crimes, and one of these crimes is the crime of blackmailing teenage girls and defaming them through social media sites.

Metaphor evokes relationships between things, with its effectiveness tied to the novelty of these connections. Similar to imagery, metaphor is deeply rooted in sensory perception, giving identity and effectiveness to the image it represents. In the Holy Qur’an, metaphor displays unique aesthetic qualities as part of its rhetorical miracle. It stands out with unmatched beauty in expression and depiction, serving as a preferred artistic tool to convey mental, emotional, and sensory meanings.
Qur’anic metaphors transcend aesthetic boundaries, combining artistic elegance with religious purposes. Their effectiveness stems from the Qur’anic context, revealing the depth and purpose of imagery when placed in its natural environment. Furthermore, metaphor confirms and emphasizes meaning, surpassing simile in eloquence by fully merging the compared elements.

Financial markets are one of the important elements in the economic growth of countries and a means of developing national savings and attracting all forms of investment, as investment funds are considered one of the financial tools in that market, but the Iraqi financial market did not pay sufficient attention to investment funds and relied on the formations that exist in practical reality. Despite the widespread spread of investment funds in other countries, this study attempts to explain clearly what is meant by investment funds and what is the difference between them and similar organizations such as financial investment companies and others, by explaining the differences between them in order to highlight the activity of funds.

Total quality is based on a number of scientific standards whose purpose is to evaluate the path of the academic institution in its quality and efficiency in the administrative and educational process and the extent to which this is reflected in its outputs and the progress of its work as a community institution producing specialized cadres in all areas of social life. The truth indicates that comprehensive quality is the art of managing the academic institution as An integrated system in all its various components, dimensions and fields, and therefore it is a process of continuous monitoring of its inputs from students, administrative and teaching staff, and its outputs and evaluating it in terms of the level of quality it has achieved or is working to achieve compared to local, Arab or international levels.
In this regard, academic accreditation as a standard on which the quality of the educational institution depends is of great importance for educational institutions, especially academic ones, due to its prominent role in improving the quality of the curriculum and courses on the one hand, and academic work and methods and methods of teaching on the other hand, in order to achieve quality outputs and outcomes in light of the standards. The national level adopted by the institution itself, as academic accreditation is an essential factor in developing and improving the educational process in general. Accreditation systems are the ones that seek to consider the extent to which TQS has been achieved in order to issue a ruling on the distinguished, accepted, or rejected accreditation certificate. This means that the accreditation system does not create or create quality, but rather judges it. In other words, achieving quality standards and conditions is what calls for striving. To request accreditation and its certificate. Academic accreditation represents a certificate granted by specialized organizations such as higher education organizations when the conditions and specifications in that organization match those set by the organization granting the certificate, and the reputation and international recognition that accrues from that certificate.

The stability of any banking system can only be done by following up on the banks within its scope and monitoring the banking practices they practice that affect the strength or weakness of the banking public's confidence in it , and since banks are not limited in their concept to being commercial companies that conduct commercial business ,and for this reason the matter of regulating the licensing of its establishment and monitoring its practice of its spin-off and not deviating from the correct path has become one of the matters that banking laws will regulate and ensure that banks do not violate it . therefore, the Iraqi Banking Law has dealt with such cases by imposing the legislator of guardianship on the bank in order for its banking sector to be managed by a trustee who is keen to manage it in a way that , if not increases its value , then at least preserves it .and the Central Bank has the right to take any way of the necessary measures to prevent the bank from being declared bankrupt and liquidated .The most prominent of which is the recommendation to rehabilitate the bank , through a plan included by the trustee with the Central Bank and approved by the minister of finance, clarifying the means that can be taken to return the bank to its effectiveness as one of the components of the banking environment that is important to maintain.

Proof of evidence is what enables the judge to resolve disputes that arise between the parties and are brought before him because they are considered essential matters to him. The judge’s goal behind this is to apply the law to everyone without distinction between them and to achieve justice so that he can deliver the right to its owner through evidential evidence. We can define proof legally as establishing evidence before the judiciary through the legally specified methods of the existence of an incident that resulted in it. This means that a right without proof has no legal value and is not considered before the judiciary because its owner is unable to prove it.
The completed oath is an important means of proof in the Iraqi Evidence Law No. 107 of 1979 because it is an unusual method of proof that depends on the person’s conscience, his belief, the extent of his piety and fear of God Almighty, and the legitimacy of the oath has been proven by textual and rational evidence. Therefore, it is a religious and civil act whose goal is to confirm the aspect of honesty. On the side of lying.
The supplementary oath has a prominent importance in quickly resolving the dispute in cases with incomplete evidence. The importance of the supplementary oath also appears in reducing the effort and expenses of the opponents and the judge, i.e. eliminating the accumulation of the number of cases with incomplete evidence before the courts.

The law is a social necessity required by human life wherever people exist , this fact is one of the most consistent facts which we have since we began to understand the requirements of our relationships with others As we know that this relationship must have controls that determine our rights and duties , and put the ends to our freedom when other's freedom start , so this study followed the opinions philosophers to answer the question : what is the nature of the dialectical relationship between law and life ? To answer this question the study aspired to achieve its main goal , which is ; revealing the nature of the relationship between law and social life , to achieve this goal , the study sought to achieve a number of the goals were are followers :
Find out whether the law is actually a tool for achieving justice
Knowing whether we should look at law through its relationship to social or political factors, or view it as an entity independent of any illegal elements.
Knowing the extent of the value that people's recognition to the law adds to it in order for it to gain legitimacy.
Knowing where binding force exists in law.
The method used in this study is the comparative critical analytical method.

Judicial councils played an important role in politics and the judiciary since the early periods of Mesopotamian civilization, as the cuneiform texts indicate that the supreme authority in the city-state is in the hands of two councils, the first of which regulates the council of the elderly and the second of which includes free citizens (the youth). Decisions in the cities were made by these councils, which were formed Similar to the councils of the gods. Every person in the council had the right to debate. This is what led historians to believe that the democratic system in Mesopotamia preceded what was known in Greek civilization. These councils were held to consider the country's affairs, especially political ones.
The study aims to explain the role of judicial councils in ancient Iraq in resolving social issues in ancient Iraq, as well as indicating the stages of development of the judiciary across historical eras extending from the era of the dawn of dynasties to the modern Assyrian eras. We also touched on some social issues mentioned in cuneiform texts during historical periods.

Human trafficking is considered a new form of slavery in the modern era and a violation of human dignity. During the last conference, other crimes against human beings were discovered to be so widespread that no country is safe from it. The United Nations classified it as the third largest illicit trade in the world after arms smuggling and drug trade, where its activity was achieved as a result. Therefore, a large sum estimated at billions chose sexual actresses from the most horrific forms of crimes known to people and the most widespread in the world. This is what led to what distinguishes this type of profits, which led to the abandonment of many of the arms and drug trade and their original activities and their replacement with this type of the current type.
Children and women are considered the most vulnerable to this type of exploitation, as confirmed by a report issued by the International Labor Organization, which indicated that the profits from the sexual exploitation of women and children are estimated at 28 billion dollars annually, and that 98% of the victims of forced commercial sexual exploitation are women and girls. About three million people in the world are trafficked annually, including 1.2 million children.
Therefore, it is necessary to think about new mechanisms to combat the crime of sexual exploitation, and this can only come through working in two tracks: combating the crime of sexual exploitation at the international level and mechanisms for combating the crime of sexual exploitation at the national level, and this is what we will try to highlight through this study.

Talking about the paradox in its appearance means talking aboutthe contradiction between two things. It is a set of contradictions and duality in attitudes, opinions, or personal behaviors, it also means, the realization of things in two ways, whether this realization is real or hypocritical. It consistence under several names, surprise, anticipation, waiting, and coincidence, which is when the ignorant poet represents the encounter, or contrast, and the engine is the basis of concern.
And the study of the paradox in the personality AL- Rabe bin Ziyad al- Absi, being a social and political figure influential in the tribal environment in the pre-Islamic era.
This study follows the paradox in attitudes and opinions about the events that took place in his era and his surroundings, and his position on both the scientific and life aspects, and the artist who is represented in his poetry.

This research aims to clarify a specific goal، that is linguistics is not exclusive to language patterns: phonological، morphological and semantical; and that linguistics has so many applied fields. Linguistics is a science that has wide entries and related matters، and aims to be a knowledge field that includes all Literary and scientific orientations and it has its own branches، fields، orientations and specialists in different humanities.