political issues

Corporations have become the largest players in international politics, wielding significant economic and political influence in both developed and developing countries. They have entered important strategic sectors such as security and warfare, and have become a force that has begun to challenge the state in its functions, presenting itself as an alternative to the state in a globalized world. They seek to displace the state from the throne of sovereignty. Multinational corporations work to weaken the state by adopting policies that conflict with their interests, and conversely, they strengthen the state by providing a stable and secure environment for the interests and investments of these corporations.

Voter turnout has declined relatively in the last two electoral cycles in Iraq, prompting us to look for ways to increase this percentage. This is because increasing voter turnout is a behavior that all countries aim to achieve. However, it is best to do so without pressuring citizens or offering financial incentives, as this could be interpreted as a means by which the authorities gain legitimacy and drain public funds.
Behavioral economics offers us nudge theory or choice architecture, which proposes the use of psychological tools to guide individual behavior toward positive behavior that serves the individual and societal interests. In this research, we attempted to identify six tools included in choice architecture, that can be used to nudge citizens into political participation.

This study presents an analysis of the unbalanced, reliable international trade architecture, embodying the relations of dominance and dependency between the countries of the Global North and the Global South. The study emphasizes how this system reflects a structural imbalance that perpetuates unequal relations. It analyzes three main stages of economic dependency: unequal exchange, the effects of trade and extractive industries, and the resulting damages, as modeled below, and the involvement of multinational corporations in global value.

The research aimed to know the performance of the European left, when it confronted the conservative right-wing regimes holding power in Europe, and then performance when taking power after the defeat of the right-wing regimes in World War I, in light of its oscillation between the communist model and the liberal model. The importance of the research is to compare the state of the European left before taking power, and after it in terms of the extent of its commitment to democracy and freedom in the case of the Nazi German Socialist Party, the Italian Fascist Party of socialist origins (the Italian Peasant Revolutionary Party), and the Soviet Communist Party. The research concluded in some of its conclusions that the European left in the years of the Cold War was an arena of conflict between the Soviet influence (the Communist Party) and the American influence (American liberalism). Each of these two influences tried to attract the European left to its side, which led to an unbalanced political performance that touched in some of its policies the thought of the conservative right, and in another case tried to find harmony between it and the right due to the necessities imposed by the European reality, which, just as the conservative right rejected, rejected the model of the left in terms of causing a decline in European influence globally, and causing a problem in the European societal structure due to the influence of external migrations.

The economic structure plays a significant role in the process of public policy making and the stability of the state, as well as in determining the political weight of the state. The economic structure is linked to the distribution of wealth, the eradication of poverty, and the reduction of unemployment to avoid resentment and anger towards the political authority, thereby threatening security stability. Moreover, political instability and the loss of national security can be factors for external intervention under the pretext of human rights and the protection of minorities.
Economic development represents a factor of security as it provides any society with the material foundation that prevents its continued underdevelopment and economic and political dependency. Without sound development that meets the economic, social, and political needs of the community, it is impossible to talk about the availability of stable national security. On this basis, one of the main objectives of the economic structure in Iraq is to work on the advancement of economic institutions and to achieve sustainable development that ensures Iraq's security and political stability. A democratic economic structure has an important and influential incentive in achieving national security in Iraq, as it is not only related to the economic level but also serves as a fundamental factor in building balance among social classes, as well as achieving human development. The direct connection to national security is highlighted through economic security and the sustainability of resources, which are fundamental components of national security.

National dialogue is a key tool for establishing the foundations of peaceful coexistence, especially in societies suffering from sectarian and political conflicts. After 2003, Iraq underwent significant transformations in its political, social, and security structures, which led to complex challenges directly affecting community security and stability.In this context, national dialogue emerged as a strategic mechanism to address societal divisions. However, a lack of trust among political actors and the prioritization of narrow interests over national interests hindered many dialogue initiatives. Several initiatives were launched, focusing on critical issues such as power distribution, resource management, and national reconciliation. Despite these efforts, political obstacles and the absence of commitment to implementing dialogue outcomes prevented these initiatives from achieving their intended goals.

The breadth of the Russian-Turkish relations extending over five centuries has formed a rich history that includes among its folds all forms of international relations between wars، conflict، cooperation، competition، harmony and rupture، and the geographical proximity that actually ended after the Second World War had a reason for many of those events until the twenty-first century came. So that the first decade of it witnessed a mixture of tension، mistrust and cooperation in various fields، so that at the beginning of the second decade of it، the relationship of the two parties entered the stage of the conflict، which reached its climax with the exacerbation of the Syrian crisis and the intersection of the interests of the two countries with itAmong those contradictions between the two countries، but they were keen on continuing the economic relations between them to prove that economic cooperation is present in moisturizing the atmosphere at all times، and that is why the research contains many contradictions in the relationship between the two countries، wherever the reader finds these contradictions، he will know that this is due to the nature of The relationship and its impact on regional and international changes.

The research delved into the details of the Syrian-Iranian strategic partnership from its inception to the present day, attempting to arrive at predictions about the future of the partnership between the two countries in light of the existence of mutual interests. Syria viewed Iran as a country of significant strategic weight, while the Iranians viewed Syria as an important strategic partner in the region.
The Syrian crisis, which erupted in 2011, served as a springboard for a heightened strategic partnership between Syria and Iran, following the significant support Syria received from Iran. This was followed by the 2024 regime change, which led to a clear decline in the strategic partnership between Syria and Iran.
The study included future scenarios for the Syrian-Iranian strategic partnership in light of the transformations witnessed in the region, and the implications of this for regional security and the preservation of stability and balance in the region. This is particularly true given Iran's commitment to maintaining its presence in Syria, and the importance of this for Syria, which continues to need Iran to build balanced strategic relations within its regional environment.

The research examines the issue of the Iranian nuclear program from an analytical perspective, focusing on the nature and motivations behind American concerns regarding it during the period from 2002 to 2025. The study is based on the hypothesis that these concerns did not stem solely from the possibility of Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, but also reflect broader strategic and geopolitical considerations related to the balance of power in the Middle East and the security of Israel. Beginning with the revelation of secret nuclear activities in 2002, through various rounds of negotiations, and ending with the signing of the nuclear agreement in 2018 and the subsequent U.S. withdrawal from it, the research also discusses the positions of different U.S. administrations. It concludes that American concerns were not limited to the nuclear security dimension, but were also linked to Washington’s efforts to curb Iran’s growing influence in the region.

This study addresses the future of cyber power as one of the active elements in shaping the strategies of regional powers, focusing on Iran as a prominent model in this field. The cyber space has become a new arena for influence and conflict, used by countries to enhance their power, limit the influence of their adversaries, and achieve political and security gains without resorting to traditional power. This research highlights how Iran, in light of the multiple challenges it faces, is moving towards developing its cyber capabilities as a strategic tool to compensate for weaknesses in other areas and to build an unconventional deterrent that enhances its position in its regional environment. The research focuses on analyzing Iran's cyber motives, objectives, challenges it faces, as well as the potential scenarios for the future use of this power within the context of conflicts in the Middle East.

The research aims to study and understand the role of the Russian military establishment in shaping Russian security policy under current President Vladimir Putin. This policy is a comprehensive, long-term vision for confronting existing and potential threats to national security. This vision encompasses the state's political, military, economic, and social security, taking into account national political realities at the regional and global levels, and not excluding geopolitical considerations. This vision enables the identification of all forms of threats to national security, assessing their likelihood and severity, and determining options to contain these threats, either by limiting their impact by neutralizing them and removing them from the circle of confrontation, or by confronting them directly or indirectly. The study then develops the necessary policies, plans, and executive programs to address them, achieving the highest levels of state security, and the extent to which this can be applied exclusively to Russian strategy، The study employs a historical-systematic approach and a descriptive-analytical approach.

This research focuses on studying the reality of political participation and community dialogue in Al-Anbar Governorate. It aims to analyze the reasons behind the decline of these two crucial aspects in a post-conflict environment while highlighting the importance of strengthening public participation and dialogue in achieving political and social stability.
The study seeks to provide practical solutions and proposals that contribute to activating citizens’ roles and building bridges of trust between different segments of society and state institutions. Like other governorates that have suffered exceptional conditions due to conflicts and violence, Al-Anbar faces a set of challenges that hinder the promotion of political participation and community dialogue.
Political participation is one of the most important indicators of democratic awareness in any society, as it reflects the extent to which citizens engage in decision-making and contribute to shaping public policies. Additionally, community dialogue is a powerful tool for fostering understanding, coexistence, and social peace, particularly in post-conflict environments

The Strait of Malacca is one of the most important strategic sea lanes in the world, as it connects the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and is the main artery for the movement of trade and energy between East and West, and the importance of the Strait appears in geo-economic terms as it represents a corridor for about a quarter of the volume of world trade, more than (90,000) ships annually, and (30%) of global oil flows, making it a critical factor in the global economy, making it a decisive factor in the global economy.
However, this importance is accompanied by increasing security challenges, including piracy, maritime terrorism, illegal fishing and environmental threats, as well as geopolitical competition between major powers and countries bordering the strait. The research concludes that maintaining the security of the strait requires increased regional and international cooperation and facing multiple challenges to ensure the sustainability of navigation in this vital corridor.

The Russian-Ukrainian war marked a new and unprecedented turning point in Europe, particularly in the history of the European continent, especially since the end of World War II. This war led to the emergence of international and regional interactions, particularly through the division of the conflicting parties between Russia, on the one hand, and Ukraine and its allies, primarily the United States, as well as Western European countries. As a result, the war witnessed a significant and continuous escalation, contributing to the draining of vast sums of money in the form of financial, military, and other support for Ukraine, particularly from its allies in Europe. It led to widespread repercussions, particularly its negative impact on the European economy, which has become evident in European countries, particularly in terms of energy prices and their fluctuations, food insecurity, and the waves of refugees to Europe and their living costs.

Ambassadors usually are expected to represent their states in other countries and defend their interests, the representation of the American ambassadors in Iraq shouldn’t be different ,but most of the ambassadors who were in charge post 2003 raised controversy in the policies followed by them ,and considered as intervention in the internal affairs of the country, surpassing the usual tasks of the ambassadors .They have immunities and privileges that help them in their mission but at the same time there are cautions and restrictions that they should not override. So the research is trying to discover whether the American ambassadors in Iraq have worked according to the same pattern or differed in their behavior according to the persons themselves, the time of their tenure and their relationships all of this in historic and comparative approach.

Political violence as a phenomenon exists in many countries, but varies in degree and persistence. The research sheds theoretical light on the impact of this phenomenon on the existence of the good citizen, who is the golden building block for building a strong state that is free from political, economic and social ills.
The research begins by defining the meaning of political violence, its causes and manifestations, and then moves on to clarifying the distinctive relationship between it and good citizenship by clarifying the essence of good citizenship and how to achieve it and its distinction from ordinary citizenship. After all of that, a detailed explanation was given of the repercussions of political violence on the existence of good citizenship from three pillars: political, economic, and social. The research concludes with a set of conclusions.