Kut University College Journal for Humanitarian Science

Technology is a pattern that manifests itself in various forms, of finely woven foundry flour. The addressee has a role in the extent of its eloquence, so he employs it intentionally, according to the circumstances, and the degree of maturity that is intended to appear directly from the most influential degree, upon entry; To reach its constituent elements; To manifest the symbol. The Wise Remembrance is a Qur’anic speech from the Creator to the created being. God's speech to the worlds; It is a rhetorical speech based on influence, far from illusion. Because it involves representative arguments, certain persuasion, not to mention the accuracy of its suitability to the circumstances of creation for every time and in every place, and among the rhetorical techniques employed in the contexts of discourse are introduction and anticipation; As they share the primary meaning in the contexts of discourse; Whether it is partial, concrete, event, concept...etc. However, they do not appear in one form; Each one of them has its own different styles. Diversified while preserving its essence, which dominates the arena of meaning to be conveyed. Presentation is a rhetorical technique embodied in the meaning of the signifier, embodying a meaning whose concept is presented. For the purposes intended by the addressor, they differ according to the circumstances, the type of concept to be conveyed, and the diverse recipient. It includes the specific and the general, and the proportions of their development in varying proportions according to the data required by his situation, and the endeavor; Hence the variance of influence and effect. Thus, pre-emption is a suspenseful technique, a multi-concept duality that requires the recipient to extrapolate what its implications should be, and it is for a more comprehensive presentation. It includes the latter, representing a major technology, which includes other, albeit different, minor ones. Whether it is represented by a signified signifier, or a signified signified; Create an encoding of events or data in which information information contains a concept.

Iraq incurred many losses and compensations as a result of its invasion of Kuwait, as many countries submitted claims claiming that Iraq had caused them great damage, including oil pollution, but many of these compensations were not right, as the rules of international liability were violated in proving direct damage and the relationship There is no causation between them, as Iraq was obligated to compensate for the mere claim of damage without proving it, and this is what caused Iraq great material losses.

The crime of terrorism is considered one of the most harmful crimes to the international community, because it includes manifestations of violence that affect citizens of countries’ territories and their properties. Countries to work on approving international legal rules and systems that take charge of combating terrorism and trying to reduce its effects in all countries of the world, including Iraq, where terrorism has spread rapidly, Where international and national efforts joined forces to approve these international systems and put an end to the operations of terrorism and its inhuman crimes, due to their threat to international peace and security, which was called for by all agreements and international organizations, including the United Nations, so we will try in this study to explain international security, legal systems.

There are many poet families in the pre-Islamic era, but there are distinguished poet families. The family of Dirar bin Amr al-Radem was distinguished by its leadership of the Dabba tribe and its leadership and leadership in its days and raids, as well as being a poet family. And after the death of Dirar in Damamil, the leadership of the tribe devolved to his son Qabisah, who was also a poet. After Qabisah was killed on a day that I did not know, the leadership of the tribe devolved to his nephew Zayd Al-Fawaris Ibn Husayn bin Dirar, and after him the leadership devolved to his cousin Al-Mundhir bin Hassan bin Dirar. Mahran, the leader of the Persians .

In this book, Al-Zamakhshari (d. 538 AH) took care to convey a message consisting of a set of sermons and wisdom that he extracted from his life’s journey.
From the first moment I read the book, I admired his aesthetic, graphic style in creating his phrases and alternating them between length and shortness, and he focused on the characteristics of the word he chose in the structure of his book.
It is a small book that he filled with wisdom and valuable sermons and madethem in the form of articles, and under each article there is a sermon and wisdom, numbering one hundred articles, which came in a beautiful and solid rhetorical style, in which Al-Zamakhshari’s rhetorical abilities were demonstrated and in which he was a display of his literary talent As for the approach of the book, it dealt in each article with a profound wisdom or sermon that differed from the other sermon. For example, the wisdom of guarding the tongue differs from other sermons, such as persevering in the pursuit of knowledge and piety. The difference lies in the content, not in the style and approach followed in the book.
His phrases were rhyming and short, and most of them were metered and rhymed in order to give the sermon spark and make it easy to memorize and read, all of this by condensing the meaning and sparing the pronunciation, and this is eloquence in itself. The nature of the research required that it be divided into two sections in which the texts are explained rhetorically according to:

The first topic: the science of meanings.
The second topic: the science of rhetoric.

Almighty has commanded us to regard him as an enemy. He is the embodiment of every deed or deed attributed to evil. Satan is even seen as a destructive force that is hostile to mankind in general and to the believer in particular. The presence of the jinn is proven in many ways other than the evidence of the Qur’an and Sunnah. Whoever saw them, and among them were those who saw those who saw them, and that was proven to him with certainty and news, and from the people who spoke to him and he spoke to them, and from the people who commanded them and forbade them and disposed of them: and this applies to the righteous and not the righteous, but relying on scientific answers is on what people share in their knowledge, not on what His knowledge is limited to the one who answers, except that the answer is for the one who believes him in what he informs, and the believing jinn are obligated to perform deeds that are additional to the belief They are forbidden from actions other than disbelief. They are commanded to follow the principles and branches according to them. They are not similar to humans in terms of punishment and reality, so what they command and prohibit is not equal to what humans are required to do in terms of punishment. However, they share with humans in the type of obligation to command and prohibit, and permissibility and prohibition, and this is what I did not know about. There was a dispute between Muslims, and they did not dispute that the people of disbelief, immorality, and disobedience among them deserved the torment of Hell, just as humans enter it. However, they disagreed regarding the people of faith among them, so the majority held that they would enter Paradise, and among them were those who said: They would be in the outskirts of Paradise, and humans would see them from where they are not. They see them. Some people said that the obedient ones among them would become dust like animals, and their reward would be salvation from the Fire.

The poem “Rebuke My Homeland” by the poet Hussein Al-Qasid included a declarative speech for the homeland, which the poet made him an addressee and responsible for what happened to the Iraqi people. Through his choice of linguistic, rhetorical and semantic structures, the poet wanted to express his vision as he spoke on behalf of the people. The research raised several questions: How can the text be amazing and influence the recipient? What is style and stylistics, the procedures of the stylistic approach in analyzing a text, was the poem an amazing type that creates unusual uses? The research found that the poem included structural, semantic, and rhetorical stylistic features that can be considered deviations according to the stylistic approach. They helped create influence and surprise among the recipient, as they cooperated These levels, which the research analyzed according to the sections based on the title, cooperated in creating harmony between their sections and connecting them The vision that the poet wanted to express the problems and causes of the suffering of the Iraqi people after the change in 2003. The research, according to the stylistic approach, was able to monitor deviations and characteristics at the three levels, and the extent to which these features contributed to making this poem amazing and affecting the reader’s awareness through unfamiliar linguistic uses.

The current research aimed to identify the locus of control (internal – external ) and personal intelligence among university students , as well as to identify the correlation between the two variables . the research sample amounted to (200) male and female students who were selected from the research community in a random and equal manner from different departments . to achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the dazs locus of control scale, consisting of 35 paragraphs, and Imrans, personal intelligence scale, consisting of 20 paragraphs. The two scales were subjected to psychometric properties of validity and reliability. after applying the scales to the students and processing the data statistically, the results showed that university students are characterized by internal locus of control and personal intelligence, as it between both locus of control and personal intelligence . according to these results, the researcher concluded a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Scientific promotion is a crucial right for university faculty to advance to a higher scientific rank. It is not only a right but also an administrative duty to promote university service employees (Any employee who practices university teaching, scientific research, scientific and technical consultation, or work in the office of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research or its institutions who meets the conditions of a faculty member) who meet the necessary legal conditions. Numerous legislations regulate scientific promotions, including laws, instructions, and decisions by the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council. These scattered regulations have led to misapplication and varied interpretations, some aligning with the instructions while others contradict them, imposing impractical conditions. The research's importance stems from the insufficient clarity in legislation regarding promotion mechanisms and conditions, resulting in administrative interpretations/jurisprudences that potentially waste rights due to inconsistent application. The research method involves interpreting legal texts regulating university service employees' right to scientific promotion, aligning with legislative goals and practical requirements, and comparing them with supporting or contradicting administrative directives. The research concludes that scientific promotion instructions apply to university service employees meeting the conditions for advancement to the next scientific rank. We determine that scientific promotion has specific legal and instructional conditions that must be observed to obtain a deserved scientific rank, and that administrative directives contradicting these instructions should be canceled.

The aim of the research was to know "(the effect of the strategy of making connections on the achievement of chemistry and reading comprehension among second-grade middle school students)" The research sample was (62) students from the second-grade middle school and included (32) students for the experimental group that will study with the strategy of making connections and (30) students for the control group that will study in the usual way. The researcher derived (169) behavioral objectives within the cognitive levels (remembering, comprehension, application and analysis), according to Bloom's classification of the cognitive domain. The researcher prepared the achievement test consisting of (40) objective multiple-choice paragraphs. The psychometric properties and reliability were confirmed, as the reliability coefficient reached (0.78). As for the reading comprehension test, it consisted of (30) objective multiple-choice paragraphs with four alternatives according to five levels of reading comprehension, which are (literal, inferential, critical, appreciative and creative). The validity and psychometric properties of the questionnaire were verified, and the reliability of its items was determined using the (Kudor Richardson-20) equation, which reached (0.86). The two groups were matched with (chronological age, intelligence (Otis-Lignon), chemistry grades for the first semester, previous information, reading comprehension test). After processing the data statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, the study concluded that the students of the experimental group who studied chemistry according to the strategy of making connections were superior in the achievement test of chemistry, as well as the superiority of the experimental group in the reading comprehension test. In light of the results, the researcher developed conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

It is well known that developing countries suffer from overcrowded classrooms, and this in itself can have a negative impact on many things and may have an impact on students\' academic achievement. This is what prompted the researcher to address this problem among students in public schools in Baghdad for the academic year 2024-2025, and then present a complete theoretical framework around these variables. On this basis, three main axes were discussed in the third chapter, namely (the effects of overcrowded classrooms on school students, then the challenges facing teachers and students inside overcrowded classrooms, and finally, treatment of overcrowded classrooms in schools). In conclusion, a set of recommendations was presented that lead to reducing overcrowded classrooms, increasing the level of academic achievement and reducing its impact on these classrooms. Then, proposals were presented for future studies on the two variables.

Why (and how) does a person become a poet? Is it a hidden super-powerful force that connects poetry to some people and makes them a creative poet? Or is poetry a nature that some people are born with? Or is poetry acquired and learned through training and practice?
The researcher finds texts containing many opinions, perceptions, and theories of novelists, poetry critics, and poets themselves from the Jahiliyya era to the end of the Abbasid era related to answering these questions. These opinions sometimes agree, sometimes differ, and may combine in the same idea contradictory texts, and from these opinions and texts it is possible to determine the general lines of the ancient Arab perception of this subject.
In the ancient Arabic heritage, as in other nations, the idea that the creation of poetry is associated with hidden forces called (jinn) or (devils) poets, because of the charming words that the poets sing, which affect the souls of the recipients so much and arouse their admiration and wonder, that they cannot attribute the poetry to its author, so they imagine that hidden forces put it on their tongues. This research examined these traditional beliefs about the relationship between poets and jinn and its development in a critical and analytical study.

This study attempts to investigate the procedural functions of the discourse marker أي "أي"(yeah) used in the daily conversation of Syriac discourse. It is assumed that this discourse marker has many procedural functions that help to constrain the context relevance of both the speaker's and the hearer’s assumptions. The constraining is achieved by deriving one of the contextual effects: contextual implication, strengthening, and contradiction, or by reorienting the recipient to a path in the given context that leads to these effects. The study tries to prove that the procedural encoding of this discourse marker in Syriac is necessary to conceptualize the utterance context to achieve the speaker's intended meaning. The data examples, selected from a play performed in the Syriac language, are transliterated, translated, and then analyzed within the relevance theory, concerning the procedural functions of the involved discourse marker. The results of this study showed that the procedural role of the discourse marker أي "ee"(yeah) in Syriac discourse is very significant in the interpretation of the intended meaning. In light of the findings, the study displays some recommendations to researchers interested in this field of research.

A Study on the Literature of Cognition of Meditation on Teaching the English Language as a Second Language in Iraq and the World aims to target researchers who are constantly interested in teaching methods. Researchers try to use meditation in education, especially in teaching English as a second language. Since students need mental health in their educational career, it is effective because it is based on neuroscientific research and cognitive psychology. They accept that this process generates a happy mind concept. In this paper, we attempt to discover this concept of the past writings in the education and meditation relation. To conclude, this survey is about cognitive psychology and the neuroscientific field of education. It deals with studying the brain system in cognitive psychology, by what method it can get and process data of meditation, and how it educates the learners to be satisfied, nutritious, and cheerful in education.

Ever since, we have continued to deploy smarter LLMs through various training regimes, which often take advantage of self-supervised language modelling objectives such as next token prediction or span corruption. In parallel, MT (Machine Translation) systems rely on cross-lingual supervision, necessitating aligned data between a source and target language pair. To address these challenges associated with ELVs, we develop Continuous Translation Pretraining (CTP), a novel framework that maps continuous language space with reliable, constrained language mapping. We show that models pretrained in self-supervised language modelling and supervised machine translation objectives tend to perform significantly better on translation tasks across the board, particularly well on low-resource language pairs. Extensive experiments on several language pairs demonstrate substantial gains on zero-shot and fine-tuned settings, attaining up to 4.5 points of BLEU score improvement over traditional methods. This proposed framework facilitates improvement for novel lingual forms without vast parallel corpora, which is advantageous in less-proficient lingual venues and dialects. Our contributions include an in-depth look at the architecture, this model's training process and applications, and a novel evaluation framework tailored to low-resource language situations.