Iraqi Journal for Applied Science

Diarrhea is a common infection in Iraq, often caused by Escherichia coli. It
is crucial to study the resistance genes of E. coli in diarrhea patients and their
relationship to Integron genes. The study collected 367 stool samples from
patients at the Batul Women's and Obstetric Hospital, Children, and Civil
Laboratories between 15/11/2022 and 1/2/2023. Escherichia coli was
diagnosed with chemical tests, and a confirmation of its diagnosis was
obtained using the type gene. This technique is considered to be a confirmed
diagnosis of E. coli. A total of 50 isolates were accurately and definitively
diagnosed as belonging to the bacteria Escherichia coli. The results of the
test for the sensitivity of E. coli to antibiotics (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin,
clavulanate, Ceftazidime, Cefotaxime, Aztreonam, Tobramycin) Amikacin,
Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Tigecycline, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin,
Imipenem, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Sulfonamides) were as follows
(96%, 94%, 88%, 92%, 68%, 26%, 56%, 52%, 60%, 0%, 26%, 28%, 14%,
74%, 68%) respectively. Integron Class I was detected in 64%, with 23
isolates containing the gene sul1 and 29 isolates containing the qacEΔ1. The
percentage of the sul1 gene in the isolates carrying the integron only was
67.64%. The percentage of the qacEΔ1 gene was 85.29%. Molecular
detection of the integron class I structure for regions involved in the integrin
structure (gene cassette Class 5, CS, 3, CS, ORFend, Sul1B, and F12ROrf513-lnk13) and the results of molecular detection of the above regions
showed that they were all present in all isolates.

The molecular structure of the zinc oxide, cadmium oxide nanoparticles, and
poly [2-N-(allyl) amine-5-(4-chloro phenyl) -1,3,4-thiadiazole] solution was
ascertained by FT-IR, HNMR, XRD, TEM, and FE-SEM after the materials
were produced. Using a standard microscope and the weight loss method,
the corrosion inhibitions of these compounds on copper alloy in 1M sulfuric
acid were assessed. The investigation on weight loss demonstrated that these
chemicals' inhibitory efficacy varies with solution temperature and rises with
increasing weight. Additionally, the different thermodynamic parameters
were computed in order to look into the mechanism of corrosion inhibition.
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was followed by the adsorption of
nanomaterial the surface of copper alloy in acid. Using a standard
microscope, the surface properties of inhibited and uninhibited copper alloy
samples were examined. There was more than 85% inhibition. The creation
of a protective adsorption surface was due to the significant inhibitory
efficiency of the copper alloy. Using standard microscopy, the surface
properties of inhibited and uninhibited alloy samples were examined. The
calculated values of the thermodynamic functions (ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS) on the
synthesized samples indicated that the corrosion of the copper alloy is
spontaneous, endothermic, and unrandom.

Infertility is the failure to become pregnant after 1 year or more of frequent,
unprotected sexual intercourse without taking contraceptives. It has two
categories primary and secondary infertility. study aimed to use Inhibin-B for
the prognosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOs) and premature ovarian
failure (POF) in female infertility patients. The study was designed A casecontrol study, including (120) females with a range of age (20-40) years,
subdivided into two groups (60) healthy apparent females used as control, and
(60) infertile females distributed between (37 PCOs), (23 POF). Inhibin-B
serum was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The results showed that the BMI level of patients was (30.95 ± 3.42) as
compared to control (27.9 ± 1.93). In PCOs according to age above and under
(35 years) showed a significant increase (p≤0.0001) in Inhibin-B (273.55 ±
75.25), (234.91±52.43) respectively, and a decrease in POF (18.96 ±1.21).
Inhibin-B (95% CI: 0.907 - 1.000; P-value: 0.001; Cutoff Point: 77.347; AUC:
95.417%) with Sensitivity to Specificity (91.667% - 98.333%); and Accuracy:
95.000%. The study concluded that the increase in the levels of serum InhibinB could be considered a useful indicator of the likelihood that a female of
reproductive age will have PCOs and POF that are diagnosed by the
Rotterdam standards.

The goal of the present study was to create and validate a newly developed,
quick, precise, and easy-to-use spectrophotometric technique for identifying
substances with amino group in pure and in pharmaceutical formulations,
particularly riluzole. Two steps are involved in the suggested procedure:
first, diazotization of riluzole's primary amine with sodium nitrite in an
acidic medium to form riluzole diazonium salt; second, reacting the
diazonium salt with reagent in a basic medium to produce a stable purple-red
water-insoluble dye with maximum absorption at 530 nm. As a result, the
resulting azo dye satisfies Lambert's law within a concentration range of
20 – 50 mg/L. The method was tested for linearity, precision, accuracy, and
limits of quantification and detection. It was also optimized for several
production variables. The results confirmed the statistical validity of the
methodology with a molar absorptivity of 6.8443 ×10+3 L.mol-1
. cm-1
and a
Sandell's sensitivity of 0.0227 mg. L-1
/0.001 abs. unit. .In overall, the
findings indicate which this approach succeeds well for routinely measuring
riluzole in quality control procedures involving both pure and tablet
formulations.

In this article, we give an approximation estimation parameter for model
order reduction of linear time-invariant single-input single-output (S.I.S.O.)
system described by the differential equation using piecewise constant
systems. The operational matrices of integration, product, and generalized
integration operational matrices (G.I.O.M.) for piecewise constant systems
are given to convert the computation of identification of the Lumped
parameter system to a simple system of algebraic equations. By using the
proposed method on numerical analysis example, we show that our result
has a good degree of accuracy in transmitting the transfer function of ????-th
order into ????-th order systems. Therefore, the proposed method is simple in
implement theory and flexible in application. The first part of the article,
being tutorial in nature, is on piecewise constant systems, the middle part
develops an integration operational matrices method for solving order
reduction of linear time-invariant single-input single-output (S.I.S.O.)
system.

This study was conducted for period 1 to 20-2025 and aim of studying the
effectiveness of soaking with antioxidants and its effect in reducing salt stress
on the growth characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and yellow
corn (Zea mays L.) plants. A factorial experiment with five treatments was
conducted according to a randomized block design (RCBD). involved with
distilled water, salicylic acid at a concentration of 150 mg/l-1, ascorbic acid
at a concentration of 150 mg/l -1, vitamin-E at a concentration of 150 mg/l-1,
and proline at a concentration150 mg/l -1 .The seeds were obtained from the
Diyala Agriculture Directorate with different salt concentrations Nacl, (0,2,4
and 6) , the results showed the absence of significant difference in these
transactions in each of the characteristics of root length, shoot length, dry
weight, fresh weight, And the relative salinity tolerance index ,However a
significant
superiority when irrigated with salt concentrations from a
solution that included 2NaCl in the average of these characteristics,The
results showed a significant difference in the average the interference
between the soaking materials and salinity concentrations of irrigation water
had, a significant effect on all studied characteristics.

The use of e-cigarettes has skyrocketed in recent years due to a lack of
awareness about the dangers and problems connected to these devices. This is
particularly accurate given that the nicotine content may be adjusted, which
over time may induce addiction. In order to ascertain its detrimental effects
on the immune system, this study sought to ascertain how it affected several
immunological components. 68 participants (male), 56 of whom were
smokers and 12 of whom served as control samples, were examined using
ELISA and CBC procedures to measure the concentration of these variables.
Participant were aged between 19 and 46 years. While the remaining blood
components exhibited elevated concentration at ages 30 and above, the results
indicated that there were highly significant changes in blood components
when compared to the control and for years 19–29. All blood component rates
were noticeably higher than in control samples. In comparison to control
samples, smokers had higher levels of IL-12, IL-5, and IFN-γ, and people
under the age of 29 had higher levels of IL-5 and IFN-γ than people older than
them. The levels of IL-12 were comparable to the control samples, but the
levels of IL-5 and IFN-γ rose dramatically with longer smoking times and
showed a strong, significant connection. While IL-12 levels did not clearly
rise in response to rising nicotine concentrations in contrast to control
samples, IL-5 and IFN-γ levels did rise noticeably. The study found elevated
blood component (IL-12, IL-5, and IFN-γ) in smoker and those under 29 years
old, but no significant increase in nicotine content.

Thalassemia is a hereditary hemoglobin production defect. Thalassemia
major (TM) individuals need periodic blood transfusions to maintain an
appropriate level of hemoglobin for supplying oxygen systems. Because of
transfusion, these individuals have various problems such as infections,
autoimmune diseases, and alloimmunization. The current research focuses on
detecting the predictive roles of IgG, IgM, IL-8 and TNF-α in the
pathogenesis of beta-thalassemia disease. The research was conducted in the
Baquba/Diyala Governorate in Iraq from July to August- 2023. Fifty blood
sample were obtained from beta-thalassemia patients (30 males and 20
females with age range among groups (1-30 years). In addition, fourteen
samples were collected from Apparently individuals as a control group. IgG
and IgM levels were detected by Cobas integra-400 plus machines. ELISA
was used to determine the serum levels of the IL-8 and TNF-α. Most beta
thalassemia patients have no viral infections (66%), but a few of them have
positive viral infections as follows: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) (8%), Hepatitis
B virus (HBV) (14%), Parvovirus (B19) (6%), and HCV with HBV (6%).
The levels of IgG and IgM and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-8) were
significantly greater (p<0.05) in patients than in healthy ones. Most patients
with beta-thalassemia are males less than 20 years old. A few of the patients
have positive viral infections (HCV, HBV, and B19). The indicators of IgG,
IgM, TNF-α, and IL-8 have significant role in the pathogenesis of beta
thalassemia due to their high sensitivity and specificity.

Nickel must be carefully monitored due to its severe health and
environmental impacts. Many innovative nickel ion detection (Ni+2) methods
have been developed. These methods vary from fluorescent and nanoscale
sensors to biosensors, optical electronics, and larger devices. In this research,
a new detector electrode sensor was developed to detect and estimate nickel
in industrial and well-water. Nickel oxide II (NiO) nanoparticles were
synthesized using an extract of Capparis Spinosa leaves, washed, and dried.
Then, the material from fresh green leaves has been extracted. The
synthesized NiONPs were incorporated into a carbon paste matrix, forming a
modified electrode for the selective detection of Ni+2 ions in aqueous
samples. NiONPs and their external characteristics have been studied by
various techniques. The particle size measured was approximately (15.57)
nm. Scanning Electron Microscope SEM analysis revealed that the
nanoparticles exhibited both spherical and irregular shapes. In the UV-VIS
spectrometry, the peak was at the wavelength (366) nm; this confirms that
nickel particles have been obtained. The electrode demonstrated selectivity
and good sensitivity with linear response (10-1 - 10-9), correlation coefficient
(0.9987), electrode lifespan (130) days, and the ideal temperatures for the
electrode were measured and determined (15-40) °C. The best degree of
acidity (pH) to work (5-8), with a slope value at (25) °C, was (28.5)
mV/decade. Limit of detection 8.335x10-9 mol/L. The recovery percentage is
100.8%. This work successfully estimated nickel ions in wells and industrial
waters.

In this study, copper (Cu) and aluminium (Al) nanoparticles (NPs) were
prepared to study their physical properties in a simple, easy and
environmentally friendly way using a switched Nd:YAG laser by
bombarding the target placed in a liquid-filled beaker at a rate of 600 pulses
per second, an ablation energy of 200 and 400 mJ and a frequency of 2 Hz.
The XRD results indicate that cubic symmetry was obtained for copper and
also for aluminium. The average nanoparticle size determined by TEM was
(20 nm) for copper and the average size of aluminium diameters was (22
nm). As for the optical properties, at 200, and 400 mJ the surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) peak for copper was at (295, and 655 nm) while aluminium
was at (288, and 289 nm) respectively, and the energy gap for copper was
(3.17, and 3.2 eV) and aluminium was (4.6, and 4.7 eV) respectively. These
materials are very useful for applications in photocatalysis and sensors.