Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Humanities Sciences

means through which the poet can express what is going through his mind and soul in terms of visions, feelings and ideas, the recipient who is the main pillar in the creative process, and poetry in contrast to that is a creative process in which the poet tries to mix reality with imagination and emotion with feeling according to special artistic aesthetic laws, and our research is an attempt to study the sensory image that is formed through the correspondence of the senses in the poetry of (Al-Baha Zuhair)

The issue of terrorism is one of the most important issues that must be focused on, as it is based on ideas that have no connection to humanity
Its goal is to eliminate the opposing other, by any means, with their dangerous texts that do not encourage enjoining good and forbidding evil in the known sense practiced by the civil system, cleric, or any other Muslim, but rather calling for jihad and restricting it to the sacrifice of one’s life All of their speeches are frank. We are facing an institution or organizations that impose their visions by all means with a speech that is difficult to predict the extent of its influence. Therefore, we must produce a counter-speech with the same force that refutes what they claim. Therefore, we decided to study the terrorist discourse by examining the nature of its language, the rhetorical strategies, and the most prominent argumentative techniques that we found in the extremist terrorist discourse, to be A call to focus on the language of discourse and monitor any violence and extremism so that our children are not deceived by the preachers of misinformation.

Terrorism arises first from speech, and before it becomes a crime in actual reality, it is a crime of speech.

Scholars, ancient and modern, paid great attention to the Arabic language. They sought to study every major and minor aspect of it. Sometimes they agreed and at other times they disagreed on the complexity of its issues. Therefore, this study sought to reveal the positions of Kufic grammar in some grammatical issues and to state the opinions of the Kufans and Basrans on them, then explain the position of Al-Shihab Al-Khafaji regarding the opinions of The Kufans in it and know the extent to which he agrees and disagrees with their opinions. God Almighty has honored the Arabic language by making it the language of His Noble Book, and virtuous scholars, linguists and interpreters, have prepared for it virtuous scholars, including linguists and interpreters, who have dedicated themselves to serving it. Grammarians have been influenced by the commentators’ sayings in most grammatical issues, and some interpreters have relied on grammatical guidelines to explain the meanings of some Qur’anic verses. . Therefore, this study aims to reveal the positions of Kufic grammar in some grammatical issues and explain the opinions of the scholars of Kufa and Basra regarding them, then explain the position of Al-Shihab Al-Khafaji regarding them. Our way to do this was to adopt the descriptive and analytical approach, as the nature of the modest research required two paragraphs:
First: This paragraph included a theoretical introduction to the origins of Kufic grammar and its features, and an introduction to Shihab al-Din and his entourage.
Second: This paragraph was devoted to presenting some examples in which disagreement occurred and in which the commentator’s opinion emerged.

This study examines one of the poets of the prose poem in the city of Diwaniyah—a poet who has not been in the spotlight despite possessing a poetic voice and expressive tools. He has managed to shape words into an aesthetically impactful form, creating poetic imagery filled with dynamism and growth. His imagery seeks to establish a serious connection between reality and imagination.
The poetry collection Holes in a Borrowed Shirt, published by Zero One Printing, Publishing, Distribution, and Advertising in Diwaniyah, represents the beauty of the prose poem in the best way possible. Therefore, we have analyzed it, focusing on its stylistic structures and rhetorical elements.
For this poet, poetry is an art of dialogue—a dialogue between the poet’s self and everything around him, including nature, objects, and women, all mediated through imagination drawn from life experiences. This research aims to bring the imagery closer, analyze the meanings, and explore the sources of aesthetic values within this collection.

This study aims to demonstrate the intentional features of poetic discourse in the poetry of people with disabilities in the book (Al-Bursan, Al-Urjan, Al-Amyan, and Al-Hawlan) by the literary critic Abu Uthman Al-Jahiz (d. 255 AH). This study applies the mechanisms of one of the linguistic terms and the important axes of the pragmatic approach. This is done in order to arrive at the intentions behind the creation of the rhetorical significance of the poetry of people with disabilities in the book under study, and to reveal the interactive cycle between the creator of the poetic discourse and the level of reception and response to poetic texts issued by poets afflicted with disabilities, presented to us by Abu Uthman Al-Jahiz in various forms. Undoubtedly, the literary text issued by an addressee with a disability differs from that issued by other able-bodied people, and reflects a psychological, emotional, social, and cultural impact on the addressee. From this perspective, this study comprises three sections that address the levels of speaker intentionality and the meaning and image the speaker seeks to convey to the recipient. The first section addresses context and its impact on the intentionality of poetic discourse. The second section covers speech acts and poetic discourse intentionality. The third section covers the mechanisms of semantic production in directing poetic discourse intentionality.

The current research aims to verify the nature and level of (reactive aggression) among middle school students. Reactive aggression is the desire to harm someone and is described as "hot", influential, angry and impulsive behavior. It refers to angry and emotionally disorganized responses in most cases to insults or frustrations. The researchers believe that this variable is one of the important topics in the lives of middle school students that require investigation and scientific research. Reactive aggression refers to the desire to harm someone and is described as "hot", influential, angry and impulsive behavior. The researchers believe that studying this variable is one of the important topics in the lives of middle school students that requires investigation and scientific research. Based on what was mentioned, the problem of the current research is summarized in answering the following question: Is there reactive aggression among middle school students? The current research also aims to identify:
• Reactive aggression among middle school students. • Significance of the difference in the interactive aggression scale according to the gender variables (males, females)
To achieve these goals, the researchers relied on the descriptive approach as the most appropriate method for the current research. The researchers selected a sample of middle school students consisting of (355) male and female students distributed among government schools in the center of Diwaniyah Governorate using a stratified random method, then applied the interactive aggression scale that was built according to the Dodge and colleagues 1994 model and was in the final form of (12) paragraphs, and after conducting and applying the appropriate statistical methods, the indicators of the validity of the structure were verified through apparent validity, while its stability was inferred by retesting and Cronbach's alpha, as the value of the stability coefficient for the interactive aggression scale by retesting method reached (0.71) and by Cronbach's alpha method (0.73). After analyzing the data collected from a sample of middle school students using the (SPSS) program, the researchers obtained some results:
1- Middle school students are characterized by interactive aggression.
2- There are no statistically significant differences according to gender (males, females) in the interactive aggression scale.
At the end of the research, the researchers came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The gypsies represent a distinct subculture within the broader Iraqi society, characterized by practices deemed socially unacceptable. Their migration to Iraq originated from India, passing through Persia, and eventually spreading to various regions, with Iraq becoming a suitable destination for many of them.
The societal rejection of gypsies in Iraq is attributed to their unique economic identity, which is defined by specific professions they are known for, such as art, prostitution, and begging. These professions are usually practiced collectively, providing social protection and cohesion among them. Consequently, kinship plays a significant role in the lives of the gypsies.
Despite this, the gypsies lack tribal leaders or chiefs. However, a few individuals ascend in status due to their social authority, which is strengthened by external social relations alongside economic factors.
Furthermore, the professions practiced by the gypsies in Iraq impose a superficial religiosity upon them. They identify with Islam and are divided into Sunni and Shia factions, influenced ecologically by the regions they inhabit, whether in the south, north, or central Iraq. Their religiosity stems from a desire to integrate into the broader society—a desire that remains unfulfilled. Thus, their interaction with the wider society is marked by extreme caution. In contrast, their internal communication is governed by shared language, physical similarities, as well as common behavioral patterns and cultural traits.

The research, entitled Digital Transformation and its Role in Achieving Social Security, sought to identify digital transformation, the foundations of its establishment and its stages, as well as its advantages and disadvantages, in addition to the social challenges facing it. It also sought to identify the dimensions of social security, its threats, the means of achieving it, and the effective factors in it, as well as knowing the role of transformation. Digital in combating administrative corruption. Increased attention to issues of virtual society and information networks and social since the form internet cyberspace information and his success in establishing that default groups, has become the Internet interaction of part of everyday life for many individuals. There is not doubt that features family relationships have been changed significantly with the development of modern means of contemporary communication.
The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of the changes, suffered by family relationships due to establishment of relations across the internet forming from which the so-called virtual society on the real fabric of family relationships.

This study explores the concept of community security in Islam through a comprehensive analysis of its foundations in the Qur’an, the Prophetic Sunnah, and the opinions of Islamic jurists. The research emphasizes that Islam approaches community security not merely as a response to physical threats or legal violations, but as a holistic system rooted in faith, social justice, moral responsibility, and the preservation of fundamental human necessities: religion, life, intellect, wealth, and honor.
The Qur’anic discourse presents a multidimensional vision of security that extends beyond the absence of fear to include psychological, social, and economic stability. The Prophetic Sunnah offers practical models for promoting peaceful coexistence, civic responsibility, and treaty-based relationships with non-Muslim communities. Furthermore, the contributions of classical and contemporary Islamic jurists underscore the importance of legal and ethical guidance in preserving societal harmony and resisting moral decay and political disorder, especially in times of crisis.
The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence provides a sustainable framework for maintaining community security, based on principles of collective responsibility, deterrence of harm, and equitable social welfare. The study concludes by advocating for a revival of the Islamic model of community security through institutional and societal mechanisms that can address the challenges of modern Muslim societies.

The research titled "Social Transformations and Organized Violence: Causes and Effects (An Analytical Study)" addresses important issues that have occupied public opinion and successive governments since 2003 until today. It focuses on social transformations and their impact on organized violence, identifying the key causes and effects that drive this phenomenon. The study employs an analytical method to reach the following primary conclusions:
1. We can conclude that organized violence is not a natural state. According to Marxist thought, violence is not inherent in human nature but is a result of class and economic conflicts caused by social inequality. This implies that organized violence emerges in societies where there are class gaps and struggles over the means of production.
2. We deduce that ideological conflict is a catalyst for organized violence. Conflicting ideologies, whether on a local or international level, often fuel the emergence of organized violence. The clash between differing ideas frequently leads to the use of violence as a tool to achieve specific objectives or impose a particular vision.
3- We find that the multiplicity and evolution of forms of organized violence indicate that organized violence in Iraq has developed over time through groups that adopted various ideologies, such as some groups associated with the Ba'ath Party, which later evolved into Al-Qaeda and then ISIS. This reflects the ability of ideological groups to adapt and evolve based on political and social conditions.

The research reviews the development of sociological thought in Iraq, identifying its different paths and the extent to which it is affected by the political and social changes experienced by Iraqi society, analyzing the contributions of prominent Iraqi thinkers such as Ali Al-Wardi, Shaker Mustafa Salim and Hatem Al-Kaabi, and their role in formulating sociological ideas that suit the reality of Iraqi society, with reference to their influence on Western sociological theoretical frameworks and the extent of their adaptation to them. And analyze the interaction of this thought with the modern challenges faced by Iraqi society in light of globalization and global transformations. Providing new visions for the development of Iraqi sociological thought in the face of contemporary social issues, by focusing on the importance of building local sociological models capable of explaining and understanding the ongoing transformations in Iraq.

After the media is one of the means that has agreat impact on socility and has be come currently playing an effective role in sccilty it may be amans through which violce is eliminated in socilty by the midia dissemingting information and news that call for cooperation and solidarity withen socilty and eliminating violence that leads to the spread of conflicts and extremist ideas in society the research problem was represented by knowingthe role of media in building ascilkty freeof violence because the media has agreat role in fluencing the behavior of the indival the important of the research was represented by the throtical importance and the objectives of the rserch were resperted by knowing violence and its causes and wht is the role of the midea in elimminting it after this research frome young people at –qadisiyah university the research rechard asset of result
1-the media has major role in conforting and eliminating violence and this is achieved by per
2-family disitntegration and deterioratgion OF LIVING CONDITIONS are acuse of violence within society
3-the deterioration of economicstanded is one of the causes that leads to violence

The aim of the current research is to identify the impact of collective feelings on the behavior of individuals within crowds and to identify the positive and negative changes that occur in the behavior of the individual within the crowd, as well as to know the types of crowds that most influence the behavior of individuals. The researcher used the social survey method on a sample of (200) respondents. The individual within the crowd merges with the masses and is devoid of will in his decisions and actions, but rather is subject to the decisions and actions of the masses. The behavior of individuals in the crowd is more extreme compared to what it is when they are alone. What is meant by extremism here is the exaggeration in the expression of feelings by individuals, whether they are feelings of joy, sadness, or anger. This extremism is the result of the individual’s submission to the collective behavior.

Arrogance is a very serious psychological and social problem, with negative repercussions on productivity in institutions, the relationship between superiors and subordinates, and the overall functioning of the institution. It is a behavior exhibited by individuals in the management of an institution, characterized by exaggerating one's capabilities and achievements compared to what one actually possesses, comparing oneself to others, not accepting the opinions of others, and displaying superiority with hostility towards them. This in itself constitutes an obstacle to improving the work of institutions, increasing the effectiveness of subordinates, and developing their work. It also affects the behavior of subordinates within the institution. In light of the above, the current study seeks to measure the patterns of arrogance among department heads on a sample of (300) department heads, both male and female. The sample was selected using a stratified random method and a proportional approach. To measure this variable, a scale of arrogance patterns was constructed in accordance with Cowan's theory (2019). In its final form, it consisted of (28) items according to a five-point Likert scale, distributed among three patterns: (individual arrogance, comparative arrogance, and hostile arrogance). After verifying the validity and reliability of the scale and statistically analyzing its items on the research sample, the research results indicated that department heads exhibit individual arrogance, and that male department heads are more individual arrogant than females. There is no difference between department heads with scientific and humanities specializations in terms of individual arrogance patterns, and there is an interaction between gender and specialization variables to influence individual arrogance.

In today's world, which is marked by an overwhelming flow of information and a multiplicity of communication and media channels, the ability to distinguish between reliable and false information has become a vital skill—especially in light of the widespread use of modern media and digital technology. While persuasion is considered a psychological and social process aimed at changing thoughts, behaviors, or attitudes by influencing minds and emotions, resistance to persuasion reflects an individual’s tendency to defend their current beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. This resistance provides a sense of correctness regarding their opinions and reinforces feelings of stability and consistency. Accordingly, the current study aimed to measure resistance to persuasion among high school students. A sample of 600 male and female students was selected using the proportional stratified random sampling method. To measure this variable, a scale consisting of( 22 ) items was constructed, with responses designed according to the Likert scale format. After extracting the indicators of validity and reliability using appropriate statistical tools, the results indicated that the students exhibited a level of resistance to persuasion. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences in their responses based on gender (male, female) or academic specialization (scientific, literary).
In light of these findings, the study concludes with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify sexual harassment behaviors in university contexts; to achieve this, the researchers selected a random sample of female students at Al-Qadisiyah University, who reached their number (300) students from the university's humanities and scientific colleges. A researchers built a sexual harassment questionnaire, which consisted of six factors (harassment behaviors, places of occurrence of sexual harassment, emotional response of the harassed, causes of sexual harassment behavior, means of preventing for sexual harassment, and personality traits of the harassing student), and the psychometric characteristics of the questionnaire were extracted from validity and reliability. After using appropriate statistical methods, a set of results were reached, including that Harassers use unwanted glances, flirtatious language, and, to a lesser extent, physical contact and stalking, which usually occur on the university streets, corridors, and student clubs. The response of harassment victims was anger, extreme fear, and depression. The female students believe that these deviant behaviors are due to weak religious commitment, family disintegration, watching pornographic films, and the girl's external appearance. The results of the research showed that among the means of preventing this behavior are the harasser apologizing to the students, informing the harasser's family, and imposing financial penalties. Finally, the female university students believe that the characteristics of sexual harassers include low self-confidence, Impulsivity, irrational thoughts, feelings of inferiority, and suffering from psychological loneliness. The research concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The research summarized the role of the geographical distribution of agricultural crops in Muthanna Governorate, and its role in achieving food security, as the research revealed that the governorate is able to provide food security for its population as it has a large area of land (20696000) dunums, including (6323420) dunums suitable for agriculture with the availability of all elements and requirements of agriculture, representing (30. 5% of the total area of the governorate, where (389610) dunums were invested in the cultivation of wheat and barley crops (6.2%) of arable land, the largest share of the wheat crop because of its importance for food security and its direct relationship to the lives and needs of the population with (354743) dunums (91%) of the total land cultivated with the two mentioned crops, with a production amount of (208621) tons, with an average yield of (588) kg/dunum. 1 kg / dunum, while the proportion of the barley crop did not exceed (9%) with an area of (34,867) dunums, due to the failure to submit an agricultural plan for the cultivation of the barley crop in the province by the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture since 2019, The province also has large numbers of animals amounting to (1475461) sheep, (151732) goats, (39607) cows, (17090) buffaloes and (28677) camels, and the number of poultry fields (117) fields with a productivity of (549) tons of chicken meat per month, and the number of poultry fields (eggs) (16) fields with a productivity of (20757600) eggs per month.

The research aims to study the efficiency of secondary education services in the city of Al-Shanafiya By studying the reality of secondary educational services and comparing it with local planning standards, the study included two sections The first is the geographical distribution of secondary education institutions in the city, and the second is the efficiency of secondary education services in it according to local standards. It became clear through studying the educational indicators for intermediate education that there are indicators that are less than the local standard, including the (student/school) indicator, which is (419) and the (student/teacher) indicator (19), while the (student/class) indicator recorded (37), which is higher than the local standard. In addition, the area index per student did not achieve efficiency, while the preparatory and secondary education index (student/class) was much higher than the local standard, as it recorded (43 students/class), while the remaining indicators were identical to the local standard. The indicator of the duration of use of secondary schools showed that there were (6 schools) that were guests to the original schools, which numbered (2 schools), and some schools for other study stages, and the attendance was double. The study showed that the longest distance traveled to reach secondary schools on foot was recorded at the highest rate, reaching (40%) of the total number of students surveyed. The longest time period to reach secondary schools was recorded in the city of Al-Shanafiya (55%) of the total number of students surveyed.

This research aims to study the role of civil society organizations in the process of democratic transition in Iraq after 2003, during which the country experienced a significant shift from a totalitarian regime to a democratic system. This shift resulted in an active role for civil society organizations in promoting democracy. The research examines the various roles played by these organizations, such as supporting human rights, enhancing political participation, monitoring elections, and raising political and cultural awareness. It also addresses the challenges faced by these organizations, including political interference, lack of financial support, and security difficulties. The study adopts an analytical approach that combines the analysis of previous literature with field interviews conducted with civil society workers.
The research concludes that civil society organizations have played an important role in promoting the democratic transition process despite the significant challenges they faced. The study offers several recommendations to increase the effectiveness of these organizations, such as strengthening their independence, ensuring sustainable financial support, and raising public awareness of their importance. This study provides a valuable contribution to the literature on democratic transition in Iraq and contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of civil society in achieving political stability.

Objective: We set out to check if family therapy works as well as other active treatments for adolescents stuck with depression or dealing with suicidal thoughts.
This project is a systematic review and meta-analysis that, generally speaking, tries to piece together evidence without following a too-rigid order.
Methods: We began by rummaging through several databases – starting with the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials and then wandering into Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, AMED, CINAHL, and WebScience.
Our approach wasn’t always linear; in most cases, we planned on running two separate meta-analyses—one zeroing in on depressive symptoms and another tracking suicidal ideation outcomes.
Results: While sorting through roughly 3,040 records (yes, that many!), we ended up spotting 10 home-based randomized controlled trials that tackled interventions for depression or suicidal ideation in adolescents.More exactly, nine of these studies presented outcome measures for depressive symptoms, and four talked about suicidal ideation. Our analysis will see if the final depression levels differ notably between family therapy and alternative comparator therapies, and it will also look into whether suicidal ideation substantially disrupts how families experience treatment, all while comparing different treatment styles in a less predictable order.
Conclusion: In the end, we hope to figure out whether there really is no significant difference in depression outcomes when family therapy is compared with other active treatments—or if, on the contrary, suicidal ideation makes a considerable impact on the treatment dynamics families go through. We also want to know if home-based treatment turns out to be better than other psychological methods at easing depression or boosting outcomes for suicidal thoughts. Given the generally low-quality evidence currently available, one must wonder if more research is needed, especially considering the huge public health stakes tied to suicidal behavior (O\'Connor et al., 2018), (Kirtley et al., 2018).

This study aims to examine the role of women in postcolonial literature by analyzing and comparing the writings of Sylvia Plath and Nazik Al-Malaika. Through close reading of their works , it consider the interplay of gender, identity, and colonialism within their respective contexts. Although they come from different cultures, each poets gives voice to the themes of feminine oppression, self-discovery, and societal restrictions.This comparative approach reveals how women navigate their identities in a postcolonial world, focusing on the intricate struggles encountered by females both in the Western world and the Arab region. Their works exhibit variation in sentence structures used throughout their works, with some passages featuring more complex syntax and ideas through shorter and simpler statements. The interplay of variation and complexity in their writings evokes a sense uncertainty about lives that which reflects the difficulties faced living between cultures during a time of transformation.

This study employs cognitive linguistic analysis to examine the political speeches of Hassan Nasrallah (Hezbollah) and Ismail Al-Sinwar (Hamas) and how they discursively construct death, legacy, and power. Despite extensive research on Middle Eastern political rhetoric, few studies apply cognitive linguistics to reveal how metaphor and narrative structure perpetuate ideological binaries and sustain conflict. This paper aims to uncover the subconscious linguistic mechanisms that transform violence into sacred duty, thereby obstructing conflict resolution. The article employs close reading of public speeches and statements to investigate how metaphorical framing, conceptual blending, and narrative tactics are employed to justify ideological positions and to coordinate collective action. The findings present systematic patterns in which both leaders utilize resistance rhetoric to legitimize political authority, sanctify martyrs, and construct long-term resistance identities. By using religious and nationalist symbols to ground their rhetoric, Nasrallah and Al-Sinwar construct a cognitive model that prolongs conflict narratives while solidifying their leadership roles.

This study analyzes the effects of bullying and body shaming as depicted in The War That Saved My Life by Kimberly Brubaker Bradley (2015). This study offers a critical analysis to clarify the signs of bullying Ada encountered in the novel. This study aims to elucidate the phenomenon of bullying through character, events, and environment. The study's results demonstrate that bullying manifests in non-verbal and verbal ways. The non-verbal expressions encompass prejudice, dissatisfaction with others' physiques, and mockery of various physical kinds, whilst the verbal variety pertains to using an unfavorable moniker to address someone. The repercussions of undergoing these therapies encompass uneasiness, anxiety, challenges in self-expression, and trust deficits.

This research focuses on the use of satire as an instrument for social and political rebellion in postcolonial literature. The study looks for the way in which the authors make use of humor and satirical to criticize the colonial legacy, identity problems, and systemic inequalities. This study also references other works that employ satire as a device to address the postcolonial realities. Through the analysis of characters, themes, and narrative techniques, this paper demonstrates how satire is both a mirror and a weapon in the postcolonial context, thus, bringing the readers to the point of deep thinking about the subjects of power, race, and cultural hybridity. Furthermore, the study seeks to explore how postcolonial authors have made use of satirical forms to resist the dominant narrative and, thus, empower the marginalized voices in a globalized world.

This study tackles the linguistic function of Hashtags via the social media. These days, digital communication makes it easier and faster for people to interact with one another and express their thoughts, opinions, and views with a large audience. Hashtags were first created as tools for topic-based information aggregation and categorization, but they are currently utilized on social media for much diverse purposes. This study attempts to explore the expressive potential of hashtags using a mix of case studies, field research, and literature reviews. Morpho-syntactic analysis, pragmatic analysis and textual analysis were performed on various hashtag usages to reveal broadly applicable patterns. Thus, a number of communicative roles of posts are used to identify the significant of hashtags . To sum up the idea, hashtags show the ability to express oneself freely and develop a distinctive online identity. Extralinguistic components are crucial to the evolution of discourse in digital communication activities, based on discourse analysis.

The research aims to shed light on the applications of artificial intelligence in the agricultural sector, as it is one of the modern technologies that has entered into force and has an impact in various economic fields Including the agricultural field, this technology has added methods to improve productivity and crop quality. In addition to using resources in the best way, the analytical approach, one of the pillars of the general geography approach, was relied upon, combined with the inductive method, to achieve the scientific results sought from the research, he structure included an introduction that included the theoretical framework of the research and three chapters, the first of which focused on a brief overview of artificial intelligence technology and its fields in the economic sector, The second section showed the most important methods of applying artificial intelligence technology in the agricultural sector, While the third section focused on the relationship between artificial intelligence technology and agricultural development, the research concluded with conclusions, some proposals, and a list of references and sources.

The research concluded with a set of results, the most important of which are:
1. Sometimes, the impermissibility may have nothing to do with heaviness or lightness, as much as it relates to the systematic rule established by grammarians and widely accepted. An example of this is the anomaly of the impermissibility of (ta'i).
2. Rational division may have influenced the choice of the short vowel as a procedure, an example of which is the attribution to (namir).
3. The term (dislike) is linked to heaviness.
4. For example, the dislike of similarity is morphologically and phonetically directed at the impermissibility of deleting the silent ya' in the word (sayyid).
5. We note a shift in the orientation of some instances between counting them as triliteral or quadriliteral, and this has influenced their treatment. An example of this is the impermissibility of breaking the letter after the diminutive ya' if the fourth letter is feminine.

The alleys in the city of Shamiya represented one of the last heritage landmarks in it, which the residents preserved thanks to their behavior in preserving their building properties and their keenness to maintain access to them. The presence of most of the alleys is concentrated in the two old neighborhoods of the city, which are the Saray District and the Souq District. The alleys in them can be divided into two types: residential alleys and commercial alleys. The width of these alleys ranges between 1-5 meters, as the widest width of these alleys appears represented by the old commercial alleys of the city, which is represented by the merchants and herbalists’ market. And the butchers’ market, where the width of the alleys is between 3-5 meters and all of them are covered to meet their purpose. As for the smallest width, it appears within the residential alleys near the Grand Mosque in the Souq district of the city, as well as some parts of the Saray district, where the width is between 1-3 meters and can be divided. According to its extension, it is divided into two types: the open-ended alley (continuous), and the second type is closed on one side and open on the other, which is shaped like a more private corridor than the first type, and the doors of a number of residential floors are located on it.
One of the most important environmental characteristics of the alleys in the city of Shamiya is the increase in the duration of shade due to the increase in the height of the buildings, and the differences in the level of height of adjacent buildings in these alleys contribute positively to shading the ceilings of lower-height buildings and reduce their exposure to solar radiation, which works to raise the temperatures inside these buildings, especially in the hot season summer.
The establishment of a sanitation system for these alleys has contributed to improving the environment of these alleys and protecting their residents from toxic gas emissions and diseases associated with old open sewers, as well as improving the appearance of these alleys. The alleys in the city of Shamiya today are cleaner in terms of the presence of waste compared to the residential streets in the newly designed neighborhoods. The reason for this is the narrow alley, which does not allow the presence of waste or its containers, as it is the only way for people. The alleys in the city of Shamiya are most of the time quiet in terms of technological noise. Because it does not receive vehicular traffic permanently.
Most of the alleys in the city of Shamiya are paved with cement concrete, and this affects the level of lighting and temperatures inside these alleys depending on their color and the nature of heat gain and emission. On the other hand, it is noted that these alleys are completely devoid of all plants, even those placed in containers. Perhaps the main reason is the narrowness of these alleys.

The study aims to highlight the spatial variation in physical soil properties in Babil Governorate. This field requires fieldwork. On this basis, (58) sites were identified within the region, and samples were selected using GIS based on soil color and two depths: the first depth (0-30) and the second depth (31-60). Thus, a total of (116) samples were selected, covering most of the study area, which is (5119) km2. The research addressed the most important physical properties of soil, represented by soil texture, apparent density, true density, and soil porosity. Based on this, the study concluded that there is variation in the soil components of sand, silt, and clay. On this basis, The soil was classified into (8) texture types, including mixed texture, clayey mixed texture, silty clayey mixed texture, sandy clayey mixed texture, silty clayey mixed texture, sandy clayey mixed texture, silty clayey mixed texture, and clayey mixed texture. The texture type in the area was determined using a soil texture analyzer program (designed by the researcher). The researcher also demonstrated variations in the apparent density values, ranging between (1.1 μg/m3 - 1.7 μg/m3), depending on the location and depth. The study also demonstrated variations in the true density values, ranging between (2.74) μg/m3 as the highest value and (2.53) μg/m3 as the lowest value. Consequently, the soil porosity values varied within the soil, which was classified as highly porous soil, according to the soil porosity ratio criterion, ranging between (15%-40%).

The Abbasid era was replete with political, literary, historical, and social events and transformations that transformed Arabs from one state to another. All of this contributed to the maturation of cultural minds, leading to the development of literature in general, and prose texts in particular. During this era, literature made significant progress and made great strides toward power, expansion, and proliferation. During the Abbasid era, prose became multifaceted, encompassing scientific prose, philosophical prose, historical prose, and pure literary prose. In some forms, it was an extension of the past, while others were innovative. The encouragement of caliphs, ministers, and presidents for literature and writers was a catalyst for the development of diverse prose texts, promoting their importance. During the political era, the many purposes (purposes of prose) and personal and social themes related to humanism, due to the ethical and humane principles and values they embody, became a vessel for new cultures, blending Arab thought with the ideas of other nations.

The religious reference in the epistolary text of the Abbasid caliphs and ministers represents an inherent value in their intellectual writings, due to its influential role in the recipient's soul. This is what we notice from the employment of Qur'anic verses and Prophetic hadiths in those letters, in light of the horizons of the theory of argumentative intertextuality, to confirm the intended idea intended by the sender, and for a persuasive purpose. Through the Qur'anic and Prophetic employment in the epistolary text, the text's creator provided ample persuasion for the recipient by choosing the text closest to himself and his surroundings. This is what drives the recipient to be more receptive to this cognitive practice with the mechanisms of argumentative intertextuality .
This religious argumentative intertextuality provides an important component in creating a mental image that is rooted in the mind of the recipient and provides him with content that includes the goals of employing religious reference, its verbal value, and its impact on the intellectual arena of the recipient. This employment of Qur’anic and Prophetic texts in the art of epistolary writing came to be a reminder of religious values as a result of the entry of many foreign customs into Islamic culture due to the overlap of cultures. Since the epistolary text is issued from a higher authority to a lower one, it requires these persuasive values to achieve stability in the mind of the recipient .

This research explores the phenomenon of cultural invasion and its impact on societal security and cultural identity in Iraq, particularly in the post-2003 period.
The study examines how foreign cultural narratives and values have reshaped local perceptions of gender, identity, and community roles, resulting in a symbolic fragmentation of society and weakening of traditional institutions.
The theoretical framework relies on concepts such as cultural hegemony, symbolic security, and gender discourse, offering a critical analysis of how these forces interact in shaping modern Iraqi culture.
The findings suggest that cultural invasion represents a strategic threat that necessitates a coherent cultural policy to protect and revitalize indigenous identity.

The honorable city of Najaf is the focus of attention of the world. It is the city of science and scholars and bears the banner of jurisprudence, literature and poetry. Najaf has visited the Islamic and Arab world with thousands of scholars and poets, including the experienced professor Dr. Muhammad Hussein Al-Saghir, whom Iraq in particular and the Islamic and Arab world in general knew as a scholar, writer, poet and professor. I have known him. Literary Councils of Najaf, where he was a political critic and defender of the rights of the oppressed, especially Palestine, in addition to his confrontation of communist thought, as well as his revival of the religious occasions of the People of the House (peace be upon them). He was a patriotic revolutionary and a professor and researcher in the Qur’an, literature, criticism, and rhetoric in general

In the face of rising extremism and terrorism globally, the need to promote community peace as a cornerstone of sustainable security has become more urgent than ever. This abstract provides an overview of an analytical sociological study that seeks to explore the complex dynamics of community peace and its pivotal role in countering extremism and terrorism. Based on social inquiry, the study seeks to uncover the complexities of community cohesion, resilience, and the mechanisms through which communities can effectively mitigate the threats posed by violent extremism.
The study aims to examine the multifaceted dimensions of community peace and its importance in promoting sustainable security within diverse social and cultural contexts. By delving into the underlying social structures, norms, and processes that shape community dynamics, the research seeks to identify the key factors that influence the emergence and maintenance of peace within communities. Through sociological analysis and theoretical frameworks, the study will explore how community peace can serve as a bulwark against extremist ideologies, thereby contributing to broader efforts to combat terrorism. Drawing on a range of methodologies, including analytical approaches and surveys, the study will analyze the interaction between community peace and the prevention of extremism. It will explore the role of social cohesion, intergroup relations, and community resilience in mitigating the drivers of extremism and fostering inclusive societies that are resilient to extremist narratives. Furthermore, the research will seek to identify best practices and strategies for promoting community peace as a proactive tool in sustainable security initiatives. The findings of this study have significant implications for policymakers, practitioners, and academics involved in efforts to address the complex challenges posed by extremism and terrorism. By focusing community peace as a focal point for analysis and intervention, this research aims to contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies that prioritize popular participation, social cohesion, and inclusive governance structures in countering violent extremism.

The narrative imagination is a prominent and important literary topic that has recently become popular in the critical arena among critics and scholars, and the novel as a prose literary genre has had the largest share of it, as it distinguishes it from other literary genres. Therefore, the research sought to study the dialectic of representation between the imagination and the reference in the narrative imagination of the novelist Naseef Falak. The novelist worked on transforming realistic historical references into imaginary elements, by reproducing them according to aesthetic patterns in his novels. Therefore, the study recommends identifying this dialectic of the real and imaginary reference within Naseef Falak’s novels.

Narrative discourse and the role of the Arabic language in shaping cultural and national identity are crucial topics worthy of study and analysis. Arabic, being the language of the Quran, literature, and poetry, is an integral part of Arab cultural identity. This research aims to understand the impact of narrative discourse and the Arabic language in constructing and reinforcing cultural and national identity for individuals and Arab societies. It highlights the role of the Arabic language as a means of transmitting culture and shaping national consciousness, as well as its unifying effect on Arab peoples. Following a descriptive-analytical approach, the study concludes that the profound influence of narrative discourse and the Arabic language in shaping cultural and national identity is evident in their transmission of history, culture, and values that form the basis of Arab identity. It emphasizes the importance of narrative and the Arabic language in shaping cultural and national identity and the necessity of enhancing communication and solidarity among members of Arab society through effective language and narrative use in building a shared future based on common values and cultural heritage.

Children's stories are among the most prominent means that contribute to shaping the intellectual and emotional world of children, as they offer them, through artistic components, a set of values, ethics, and cognitive skills. In this context, understanding the artistic structure of these stories is one of the most important aspects to be studied. This research focuses on an artistic study of the components of the story presented to children in the "Aya and Hekaya" series, aiming to highlight the artistic phenomena in children's stories. By artistic components of a children's story, we mean: (narration, characters, plot, and the temporal and spatial setting), as well as the alignment of these components with the child's cognitive level. The "Aya and Hekaya" story series is considered one of the literary works that can be analyzed to understand how a children's story is constructed in terms of these components.

Iraq, as a state, is not isolated from the outside world; it occupies a distinguished position among the competing powers in the heart of the Middle East and is located geographically close to three vital continents. It possesses strength and capability due to its oil wealth and the shifts in the balance of power that the Arab regional system has witnessed, particularly in Iraq after 2003, along with the challenges it faced from extremism and ideological and religious terrorism, and the significant threat to peace posed by political or military factors in society. These circumstances were a reason to work towards creating healthy political and societal climates that help establish a common cultural and political framework and visions based on tolerance and diversity, as a necessary strategy for unifying the visions and goals of various segments of society, relying on a democratic system built on elections and pluralism to confront violence and terrorism and to rebuild Iraq.

The research aims to identify the dual role of protest movements in Iraq: Were they a positive factor in mitigating the crisis? Or did they expose the fragility of social justice and perpetuate the crisis? It also aims to identify the most important reasons that led to the outbreak of protest movements in Iraq. The researcher relied on a descriptive and analytical approach, and reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the social justice crisis in Iraq is structural, not circumstantial, resulting from long-standing corruption, weak state institutions, and the unequal distribution of wealth and opportunities. The growth of protest movements in Iraqi society represents a direct social response to this imbalance in the justice system, particularly among young people who feel marginalized and excluded. Protest movements are a clear indicator of the fragility of social justice. These movements have revealed the depth of the structural imbalances in the relationship between citizens and the state, and have also exposed real gaps in the political system's response to popular demands.

This research explains the relationship between social and cultural variables and self-concept among female students at the University of Baghdad. The research relied on interviewing a group of female students.
It became clear on the cultural level that societal traditions and beliefs play a major role in shaping self-concepts among female students, especially with regard to the expected roles of women in society. In some cases, cultural factors limited the self-esteem of female students who were affected by societal expectations about the role of women.
The study also showed that female students who received social and cultural support from their families or social environment had more positive self-concepts, while female students who faced cultural or social challenges sometimes felt low self-esteem.

The research focuses on studying the phenomenon of urban growth in Al-Qadisiyah and the extent of variation in this phenomenon. The urban population varied in the study area, with the highest percentage recorded in the Diwaniyah area in 1997 and 2023, reaching (53% and 57.2%), respectively. The rural population percentage reached (47.1% and 42.7%) for the same years, respectively. Urban population growth rates also varied in the governorate for both years, with the highest urban population growth rate in Al-Mahnawiyah district in 1997 reaching (6.3%). In 2023, the highest growth rate was in Al-Badeer district. (4.5%).

This study seeks to highlight the positive role that social planning can play in government institutions and its mechanisms to benefit from them in achieving the goals and aspirations of society that are intended to be transformed into reality within a specific period of time and according to specific means and procedures. Here, the role of social planning increases in improving the quality of life through needs and trying to satisfy them, estimating environmental conditions and situations and their interaction, satisfaction with life changes, human aspirations and desires, and presenting a future vision for the possibility of developing well-studied plans to develop social planning, focusing on the importance of the participation of citizens and local leaders with experts and technicians in the planning, implementation and monitoring process of development programs and projects, and not neglecting social values and standards in the planning process as they are the most important pillars on which the development process is based, as all societies have become focused on the planning process to develop their societies, whether at the local or national level. Through this study, its goals, importance, characteristics, components, rules and stages will be identified.

The geographer plays a pivotal role in spatial planning to mitigate the factors contributing to the spread of terrorism, relying on the objective assessment of the effectiveness of natural barriers, urban design, and transportation networks as spatial determinants. The research problem revolves around identifying the objective requirements for measuring each of these factors and their role in geographical planning for counterterrorism. Through spatial data analysis, the study found that 75% of terrorist attacks in Iraq between 2015 and 2022 were concentrated in vital transportation and border areas, underscoring the role of infrastructure in facilitating the movement of armed groups. Additionally, artificial intelligence techniques have improved the accuracy of predicting high-risk areas by 87%, enhancing proactive security measures. Urban planning strategies, such as improved lighting and the application of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), have proven effective in reducing terrorism rates by up to 60%. Furthermore, remote sensing technologies and geographic information systems (GIS) have contributed to monitoring illegal cross-border movements and improving the efficiency of security operations. They have also aided in predicting the impact of natural disasters on security, thereby strengthening response strategies and reducing forced displacement. Accordingly, this study highlights the significance of integrating modern geographical methodologies into spatial planning to combat terrorism and enhance security.