Journal of Jurisprudence Faculty

This paper investigates the use of power in Langeston Hughes’s selected poems using the American Structures of Power. This study aims to inspect and analyses the selected text from the perspective of a Foucauldian concept of power and knowledge relationships that exist in the outcomes of these power relationships. Langeston Hughes, in his selected poems, discusses the policies and the politician’s role.
The study analyses power structures in American society and their depiction in Langeston Hughes’ poetry. It aims to shed light on the function of power in literature and how civilization has influenced it. The paper also touches upon cultural identity. The discussion highlights the complexity of power and its constant interplay with other forces, challenging simplistic notions of cultural purity and societal development. Overall, the paper thoroughly examines power structures in Afro-American literature and society.

Ergativity is one the distinctive features that differentiate between two types of languages: ergative languages such as Basque and Eskimo languages and non-ergative languages such as Indo-European languages. The paper stated a brief account about the ergative verbs in English and Arabic and how ergative verbs assign their subject to be under their influence. The paper highlighted the similarities and differences between Ergative verbs in English and Arabic. This comparison will help the researchers in grammar to understand the form and syntactic behavior of Ergative verbs in both languages English and Arabic. This paper would be of a good guide for both researchers of English and Arabic grammar.

The issue of divine monotheism is the foundation and focus of theological research, and research cannot deviate from it in any way. The cognitive tool for investigating this issue is reason, and there is no question of its epistemological value, except that its results may be dangerous if its arguments are based on some false premises or an unproductive logical form, aided by human arrogance and stubbornness. Therefore, the theologian relied on revelation in his research alongside rational proof, to guard against the pitfalls of human thought. When reason and revelation are combined, the results are more epistemologically accurate. Hence, the Imami theologian insisted on fully relying on revelation in his discussions of monotheism, and he was careful to present his discussions entirely on the verses of the Holy Qur'an and the pure, honorable narrations transmitted from the infallible and pure Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). This will become clear through this research, which will limit itself to knowledge of God Almighty.

This research addresses the subject of the Prophet's personality and prophecy in Orientalist texts. Is this text limited to viewing his prophecy as a human prophecy expressing the exceptional genius of the Prophet, through which he was able to formulate a new faith? Or is he a person chosen by heaven to be a prophet, and does his personality reflect his connection to heaven? Are there texts that reflect the second part of the research question, and the extent to which they are compatible with Islamic texts, philosophically and narratively? The title of the research is "The Prophet and Islamic Prophethood in the Orientalist Text." The research is based on the assumption that the Orientalist text contains an image that acknowledges the Prophet's heavenly prophecy, largely consistent with Muslim belief. It relies on textual analysis and semantic comparison to prove this assumption, concluding with important results, the agreement with which will lead to a change in some Westerners' image of Islam and the Prophet's personality.

Man was created to debate, argue and debate to prove his claims and what he believes in. He was also created to defend his principles and choices against the attacks of enemies and opponents. The phenomenon of debate, argument and answering doubts has existed since time immemorial and has crystallised over time. Its features were manifested in the calls of the prophets, reformers and their followers, as they practiced debate in the best way, discussion and argumentation. To convey the teachings of heaven and to respond to the doubts and skepticism raised about them, rules and principles were established for this practice, agreed upon by rational people, framed by divine teachings, and urged by the prophets, guardians, and imams (peace be upon them) for their significant impact in defending religion and truth. Therefore, we find that the issue of debates and responding to doubts took up a wide space, especially in the doctrine of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), due to the fierce attacks that this doctrine was subjected to throughout history. Their narratives and positions emphasized its importance and legitimacy, and that they forbade debates that tended in a wrong direction as a result of their transformation into a type of argument and fruitless debate, or that breed hatred and animosity, and other negatives. They (peace be upon them) demonstrated the correct and effective approach to these debates, while clarifying the special specifications of the debater that qualify him to be a specialist in this field. However, given the presence of cyberspace and the virtual world, which has allowed anyone to engage in debates and answer questions, resulting in rampant chaos, entangled in conflict and causing significant social and intellectual harm, it is imperative to warn against the harmful effects of this phenomenon

Islamic law is the final divine law. It is not limited to a specific time or nation, but rather is for all of humanity, as God Almighty says: “And We have not sent you, [O Muhammad], except as a bringer of good tidings and a warner to all mankind. But most of mankind do not know.” (Saba': 28). In essence, it is a law for humanity, and its provisions must be implemented. God has provided this nation with jurists, whom He has enriched with knowledge and honored with piety. They have devoted themselves to preserving the Sharia and have derived from its texts legal rules and rulings. It has established guarantees for rights and their protection from transgression and aggression. It has established rules and regulations that oblige ordinary people to ensure their rights, thereby averting the threat of aggression, enmity, and hatred, along with their negative effects on society. This reveals the precision, comprehensiveness, and excellence of Islamic jurisprudence in establishing justice, creating a stable life free of encroachment on rights and property, as well as other issues and matters.
Thus, the science of jurisprudential principles is considered one of the most noble Islamic sciences. Its importance lies in the jurist's need for it in deriving legal rulings, which are indispensable, as every incident has a legal ruling. One of the fundamental and important topics in jurisprudential principles is the principle of guarantee of possession. This is an important area of research, and it is even more important in our present age, given the frequent transgressions and encroachments on rights.
To guarantee individual and social rights and achieve justice in society, this principle can be utilized in the context of guaranteeing to mitigate losses. Therefore, this principle acquires special importance. Therefore, the principle of guarantee of possession, or "on possession," is considered one of the important principles concerned with guaranteeing rights.

People used to travel from one place to another for reasons such as seeking knowledge, a better livelihood, or escaping fear, among other reasons. They used ancient means of transportation, such as camels and other animals, and simple ships, which were the sole means of transportation at the time of the issuance of the text. Today, however, means of transportation have evolved and become more advanced, making travel an easy task for people. They can cover the legal distance in less than thirty minutes, which used to take them in a blank day. Therefore, this deductive study addressed the impact of travel on the worship of the person obligated to perform it, and how it is affected if they reach the legal distance, changing their prayer from complete to shortened. Instead of performing four rak'ahs, they now perform two rak'ahs, which is limited to the four-rak'ah prayer, and they are obligated to break their fast. All of this is due to the reason of travel. If this reason is no longer present, the person obligated to perform their original worship, and their ruling is to complete the prayer and fast.

This deductive study was therefore conducted to explain the legal distance that constitutes a reason for shortening or breaking the fast.

The research revolves around the Prophet's relationship with Christians. It highlights the positions that took place between them before his mission, and reviews the religious dialogues that took place between the two parties after his mission, which discussed many controversial doctrinal issues. The research also addresses the nature of the policies he pursued toward this religious minority when he established the Islamic state, reviewing the understandings and treaties concluded between the two parties, on the one hand, and the armed confrontations that occurred between them.

Abu Hamza al-Thumali's supplication contains many diverse argumentative techniques that reveal its meaning. Among these are argumentative links, which serve to connect the arguments within the argumentative text. They contribute to directing the meaning and achieving the persuasive function. This research is titled: "The Effect of Argumentative Links in Directing Meaning (An Applied Study of Abu Hamza al-Thumali's Supplication)”(The Effect of Argumentative Links in Directing Meaning: An Applied Study of Abu Hamza al-Thumali's Supplication). In this research, we will focus on the use of these tools and their manifestations by examining and monitoring them practically during the supplication. This will reveal their argumentative power and, subsequently, their contribution to connecting and bringing meanings together, achieving the goal of influence and persuasion.

Linguistic terms carry multiple meanings, as a single word can have various connotations depending on its usage in a sentence. It is incorrect to overlook these meanings; rather, it is essential to thoroughly examine the meanings of the word and closely analyze its multiple connotations to understand the intended meaning, especially in the absence of a clarifying hadith regarding the verse or the word. However, when a narration from the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) is present, a single specific meaning is determined, as they are the people of the Quran and its guardians.

The researcher concluded that Al-Marzouqi, in his discussion of Quranic vocabulary, focused on vocabulary that is rare in Quranic usage. These vocabulary terms may have been used only once in the Holy Quran, and these vocabulary terms require clarification and explanation، using poetry as a means to understand their intended meaning. I noted Al-Marzouqi\\\\'s great interest in rhetorical styles، especially those related to semantics and its various methods, the Quran\\\\'s ingenuity in them, and the need for clarification and explanation of these styles, as they may be difficult for the general public to understand.

The fifth century AH was famous for the emergence of a group of highly skilled commentators, who took it upon themselves to delve into the Holy Quran and serve it. Various commentaries emerged, whose focus was no longer solely on explaining the ambiguous meanings of verses based on traditional sources, but rather on examining all the linguistic sciences that might lead to that meaning, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, and rhetoric. Among the most prominent of these commentaries is the commentary ”Majma\\' al-Bayan” (Exegesis) by Abu Ali al-Fadl ibn al-Hasan al-Tabarsi, one of the most prominent Shiite scholars known for his expertise in interpretation, language, and verification. Since this commentary\\'s methodology differs from those of previous or contemporary commentaries, this study seeks to uncover the characteristics of this approach to interpretation by highlighting the themes addressed in his book and the linguistic benefits and rational arguments it contains, which contributed to defining the boundaries of this unique approach.

The research aimed to reveal the emergence and development of private schools in Iraq for the period 2003-2025, and the importance of the research comes as it undertakes the study of a very important topic, as private education in Iraq became widespread after the year 2003 significantly, and it is necessary to identify this type of education and its development and clarify its positives and challenges, and the analytical approach has been relied on due to its suitability to the requirements of this research, and the researcher has reached several results, most notably the return of the spread of private schools in Iraq and the orientation of many From parents to the registration of their children in these schools, and most of these schools suffer from many legal, financial, administrative and scientific challenges, which negatively affect the course of work in them, the quality of their performance and the sobriety of scientific outputs in them.

This research examines the deferred sale system as a common form of contracting in civil and commercial transactions. One party—usually the buyer—is granted a period to fulfil their financial obligation, either by deferring payment in full or by paying it in instalments. The research addresses the regulation of this system in Iraqi Civil Law through the provisions of Articles 508, 513, and others, which permit deferring payment or dividing it into instalments, provided there is an explicit agreement between the two parties. The buyer is obligated to pay when the contract is due, and the seller has the right to cancel in the event of a serious breach.
The research also compares these provisions with those contained in a number of positive laws, such as Egyptian and Saudi law, highlighting similarities in respecting the principle of the sovereignty of the will in determining the term, and differences in some details, such as protecting the seller in cases of cancellation or exempting him from the warranty in the event of a delay in payment. The study also sheds light on the practical problems associated with deferred sales, such as the issue of increasing the price in exchange for deferral and distinguishing it from usurious sales. It also demonstrates that price increases in deferred sales are legally permissible if they result from mutual consent and are economically justified and are not conditional on interest payments for the deferral.
The study concludes that deferred sales are a legitimate and effective system for supporting the economic cycle. However, it requires more detailed legislative regulation in positive laws to ensure a balance between the interests of both parties and prevent arbitrary implementation or failure to fulfil obligations, especially in cases of default or changing economic circumstances.