Al-Esraa university college journal for medical sciences

The aim of this paper is to identify Nano-particles that have used in
diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis in Iraq. All experiments conducted
in this field were based on the following nanoparticles: gold nano-particles,
silver nano-particles zinc nano-particles and sodium chloride nano-particles.
Most of these experiments were reviewed in terms of differences in the
concentrations of nano-particles and the method that was used in the
experiments whether it was in vivo or in vitro. These particles used in most
experiments succeeded in inhibiting the growth of Leishmania parasites.

One of the leading causes of diseases and deaths across the world are
Bacterial infections, and the situation is only going to grow worse as antibiotic
resistance spreads. Antimicrobial resistance must be closely monitored so as
to control the spread of multiantibiotic-resistant microorganisms. As a result,
the goal for the study was to estimate the prevalence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa infection on top of that to look into the antibacterial pattern over
the last five years. This retrospective investigation was carried out in various
hospitals in Iraq like Central Children's Teaching Hospital for Children, Al
Kindi Teaching Hospital, Al-Numan Hospital, Yarmouk Hospital (Baghdad),
Babylon Women's and Children's Hospital Diyala Teaching Hospital. The data
were collected from January 2018 through December 2022. A total of 36,790
clinical isolates were collected from different samples, with P. aeruginosa
accounting was 12.4% (n = 4,562).During the period of the study, antibiotic
susceptibility patterns in P. aeruginosa exhibited a considerable elevation in
a majority of the tested antibiotics. Tobramycin and piperacillin resistance
rates were augmented dramatically, 48.99% and 86.98% in 2018 to 64.92%
and 90.98% in 2022, respectively. Resistance rates for ceftazidime, cefixime,
ceftriaxone, and cefepime went from 81%, 10.03%, 75.99% and 86.04% in
2018 to 91.07%, 9.92%, 90.98 and 90.09 in 2022, respectively, and resistance
rates in carbopenimes between imipenem and meropenem grew dramatically.
Imipenem and meropenem rates grew from 56.99 % and 2.03%, respectively,
in 2018 to 72.95% and 4.96.2% in 2022. The current investigation found that
P. aeruginosa drug resistance and has increased during study period. As a
result, it is critical to regulate and reduce antibiotic resistance through
nosocomial infection prevention and antibiotic stewardship.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of sweet taste
perception (sweet taste threshold and preference) on dental caries
experience in relation to age and gender among a sample of schoolchildren.
Materials and Methods: The research follows a cross-sectional
observational design and includes 181 schoolchildren of both genders aged
between 6 and 12 years from the Al-Risafa district of Baghdad city. The
participants were divided into two age groups (6-8 and 9-12). Dental caries
were assessed using the decayed, missing, and filled indices for primary and
permanent teeth (dmfs, dmft, DMFS and DMFT). Additionally, the sweet
taste threshold and sweet taste preference were measured for 60 participants
whose parents provided their consent for these procedures.
Results: The study revealed a significant positive correlation between
dental caries experience and sweet taste threshold among children aged 6-8
years. For permanent teeth, dental caries experience showed a significant
correlation with sweet taste threshold specifically among females.
Furthermore, sweet taste preference was significantly correlated with the
decayed surface component of the DMFT index, regardless of age and gender.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that sweet taste perception is
significantly associated with dental caries experience in school-aged children.

Everywhere in the globe, kidney illness is becoming more common,
and there is no medication that can stop the progression of chronic kidney
disease to end-stage renal disease, which is extremely expensive. Diabetes,
kidney stones, accidents, and bleeding are the main contributors to kidney
disease. The study was designed as a case control study. The study was
involved (80) participants, only (36) were involved in this study and divided
into two groups patients with nephropathy (23) and diabetic nephropathy
(13) with age (20-65years) and BMI (19 -29 kg/m2 ) .All these patients were
diagnosed by nephrologist conducted in nephrology Clinic at al-Emma al
Sadeq Hospital and AL Hila teaching hospital in Hila city and Department of
biochemistry in Collage of Medicine at University of Babylon from October
2022 to March 2023. In current study measured the glucose , urea ,creatinine
,GFR ,BTP ,LFABP, salivary hydroxyl and amide bands .The glucose , urea and
creatinine measured by caloric spectrophotometry (CECIL CE2021) ,the BTP
and LFABP measured by Elisa (biotekELx50) also salivary hydroxyl and amide
bands measured by FT-IR (Bruker) Tensor27. The study showed non-
significant differences for (age, and BMI) between patients with nephropathy
and diabetic nephropathy. Also in the current study the result show a
significant differences of glucose , creatinine and GFR and a non- significant
of urea . On the other hand the result show non-significant increase of BTP
,LFABP and salivary hydroxyl and amide bands between studied groups . In
conclusion, the BTP and LFABP are linked with GFR and are thought to be
indicated presence of renal impairment regardless of glucose effect.

Endstage renal disease (ESRD) usually comes on by diabetic nephropathy
(DN), is one of the most dreaded chronic microvascular complications of
diabetes. The objective of this study is to provide an overview of the DN-
biomarker landscape with a particular emphasis on new approaches that
improve the sensitivity of biomarkers for identifying patients who will
develop DN or who are at risk of developing ESRD. This study was designed
as a case-control study. 120 individuals were involved, divided into three
groups a control group diabetic without nephropathy, Early stage and end
stage of nephropathy, 40 patients was taken for each group identical in
gender (20 male and 20 female).
All the diabetic patients included in the current study were diagnosed
by nephrologist conducted in nephrology Clinic at Al-Emam Al Sadeq Hospital
in Hila city and Department of Biochemistry in Collage of Medicine at
University of Babylon from October 2022 to March 2023. C-reactive protein
was determined by immune-detection method and Vit. D3 by chemico-
luminescence immunoassay.
The results of current study revealed a significant increase in serum
CRP, among diabetic nephropathy patients when compared to control and
significant decrease of serum vitamin D3 in diabetic nephropathy patients
than control.

Most people throughout the world suffer from iron deficiency anemia
(IDA). The morbidity rate is relatively high for such a complicated illness.
Importantly, it has been identified that the aquaporin-1 polymorphism
rs10244884 plays a critical role in iron homeostasis in the human body. The
rs10244884 (T > C) polymorphism is significantly associated with iron levels
and a variety of blood factors, leading to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Venous
blood samples were collected from (100) people in this analytical (case and
control) investigation, including (50) patients with iron deficiency anemia
and (50) healthy volunteers as a control group. The following parameters
were measured: hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean
corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular
hemoglobin (MCH). The AQP1 C/T polymorphism was identified by
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after genomic DNA was extracted through
the salting-out procedure.
Finally, the AQP1 C/T polymorphism was shown to have a significant
association with IDA prevalence among Iraqi patients in Baghdad city.
Furthermore, we found significant associations between AQP1 C/T genotypes
and the medians of Hb, MCV, MCHC, and MCH in IDA patients compared to
healthy controls. However, neither the healthy nor the mutant gene showed
any discernible changes in IDA patients.

Diabetes Mellitus(DM) is worldwide disease, the levels of lipids are too
affected in a patient with diabetes mellitus due to a variety of factors, one of
them carb- ohydrate metabolism. This investigation evaluated liptin as indicator
to the levels of the lipids in people with DM. The study included a total of 90
patients divided into30 healthy controls (Group 1), 30 DM type 2 patients
(Group2) as well as 30 DM with atherosclerosis (Group 3). The high value where
observed by ELISA and spectrophotometer in DM patients (Group 2) compared
to the controls (Group 1) (54.68±9.67 vs. 42.18±4.38), furthermore, group 2
value is also greater than the value in (Group 3) (54.68±9.67 vs.25.69±2.61).
However additional research involving more patients is necessary to establish
which marker's precise functionally as an indicator.