Diyala Journal of Human Research

The current study aims at shedding light on the intertextuality phenomenon as it is regarded one of the largest and most significant language phenomena. It covered a gigantic scope in grammarians' approaches due to its significant impact on the functions of expressions, despite their being late in their efforts to set its limits and their restricted identification of it.
Furthermore, the study sheds light on Tammam Hassan's repeated attempt in formulating its scope as he is a pioneer in this. This outstanding figure is known by all specialists in the field. The study falls into two sections; intertextuality as a concept, and the concept of intertextuality in Tammam Hassan's publications .

Before Islam, the Arabic language had so many words whose meanings were changed with the coming of Islam and Arabs' conversion to the new religion. The Holy Quran had its own impact on changing the use of words to have new meaning suggestive of the new Islamic society. In this paper, it is found out that Dr. Abdula'al salem Mkrim focused his attention on group of linguistic phenomena concerning the semantic difference of words in relation to its lexical origin and the Quranic use starting with what was odd. He was concerned mainly with what was vaguely used in the Holy Quran in the era of Prophet Muhammad (May the Blessings and Peace of Allah Be Upon Him), his companions and followers. He dag deep into its various phenomena including: homophony, generalization, synonymy, the declinable,and Islamic words. etc., which all showed him as grammarian mainly concerned with how language developed

The diminishing of natural resources in the region of Darfur, due to the environmental crash that included the great in Africa in which Darfur is apart of it, had made a hug impact to strengthen the relation between the conflict and the environmental changes along the years and ages because of the severe drought that dominated the region for four decades, this long drought caused increasing of the poverty rate and spreading kinds of seasonal and perennial migration and continues ones among the people of the region. The migration performed in a vertical movement from northern part, which is very poor ecologically, to southern and western productive part, thus, as a result, a kind of competition happened between the nomads and the settled farmers. Also, the struggle of Darfur became a tribal ethnic struggle. The first confrontation between the African tribal groups against the government was in 1991, and the second one was in 2003, that included all region of Darfur.
As a result of the conflict in Darfur more than 200, 000 small groups and around 2,5milion of emigrants both inside and outside Sudan, which led to a weakening in the economical and social bases and also led to the emergence of burglary and looting, it reflected the unstable condition of security and confrontation in Darfur and in the political importance of Sudan, which became very dangerous to be disassembled especially after the announcing of the independence of southern Sudan in 2011.

The Muslim investigate livelihood wife to sell it and buy it and his restaurant and drank and clothing and a boat and would whole and what was the evidence total limited transactions renewable and advanced the evolution of life, especially in the present day, which has seen a quantum leap in the banks and their dealings, insurance companies and guarantees and pictures of sale and Accessories. These are all need to be clear rules, especially since the scourge has swept by, Vsla market, particularly durable goods and precious No Muslim can be bought in cash "as now entered more people a month," forcing them to installment price when buying these goods have proliferated in recent companies to sell cars in installments by some government banks or civil and this sale is different in his passport as well as "all relates to certain conditions which may affect the rule of sales negatively" and positively ". purchase of automobile installment of Kia Diyala depends on two things: the first is an installment sale and the second is the insurance and insurance in the purchase contract cars from Kia Diyala world is to secure a loan that is to say the Bank of Baghdad Ahli insures loans in an insurance company and this means that the insurance on the loan and not on the car so you will Mark for sale in installments Mbgesa "To secure the loans Mbgesa" The last I do not claim that such topics such as selling installments or insurance on loans not written by someone else, but had written him a lot, but in light of the large number of companies installment sales and the multiplicity of images dealing 1 - The installment sale form of selling old has been approved by an audience of scholars If they meet the conditions.
2 - that the insurance has multiple pictures including what is permissible and what is forbidden them, including various equivalents.
3 - to buy cars from Kia Diyala global in its current form is forbidden in Islam and the fact that the image of installment sales, which the company deals forbidden to fit on usury, which is forbidden in Islam as well as the inclusion of commercial insurance to the majority of scholars Muharram

Soils Vary in terms of the characteristics, properties and composition. So, the research has taken the study of physical and chemical properties of soils with analysis, highlighting the spatial relationships of these characteristics in Al- Mansuriyya district ( Delly Abbas ) which is located 95 km northeast of Baghdad in Diyala province, and mediates between the Diyala River and the Khalis Channel about an area ( 331969 ) acres . It turns out that the study area is a sediment modern dating back to the Quaternary and it is a part of the of alluvial plain deposits ,its surface heights range in between ( 44-175 m) above sea level , while the laboratory analysis and field observations to describe morphological phenomena, physical and chemical properties of the soils in the study area, included on the bulk density values that varied spatially in the study area and the three depths ranged between ( 1.26 - 1.78 ) g / cm 3 in the first zone of Sherwin section X the Northern of Mountain Mansurriyya, and the real density values ranged between ( 2.47 - 2.71 ) g / cm 3 in the first area of Sherwin and section VI the Mountain Mansurriyya for the three depths, and the values of porosity vary in the soil of the study area from one place to another , and even at the one- level depth, and ranged according to the three depths between ( 31.80 % - 51.91 % ) in the tenth section in the area of Mountain Mansurriyya and the eight section of the Northern Mountain Mansurriyya, and the proportion of salt range between ( 0.93 -17.24 ) Desmenz / m in the sixth section of the Mountain Mansurriyya and the ninth section for Altjiddari , and it was according to the American classification of salinity(S3-S0) , while the organic object in the study area is generally suffering from a lack of organic object and varied spatially in the sections of the study area and ranged by depths between ( 0.24 % - 2.66 %) in the fourth section in Shohani and the ninth section for Altjiddari In order to achieve the geographical objectives in distribution of soils in the study area , depending on the classification of Iraq for the year 1975 for production ability , soils has classified in the study area within the first five classes .

The aim of the present paper is have an idea about the effect of Thileen's model on acquiring rhetorical concepts for fifth year students / preparatory school / literary branch. The paper sample consisted of (80) students divided into two groups which were made equal by the researcher . Aplan for teaching rhetorical concepts was made, by the researcher, as well as a post test for measuring those concepts . Then, the post test, in its final form , was applied to the sample of this paper . After treating the results statistically by using T – test , it was found out that there was a difference in statisics at level (0,05) between the average marks of the experimental and control groups for the benefit of the experimental group students who studied the rhetorical concepts by using Thileen's model . As a result of applying Thileen's model, the researcher came to certain conclusions and recommendations asserting the effect of the taught model on developing the acquisition of rhetorical concepts .

The present paper aims at answering the following questions:
1- When does Ideas - Formation Skill begin for Children from (7,9,11 ) years old?
2- Are there any statistical differences for this skill according to : Age (7,9,11)years
Gender (male ,female)?
The Sample of this paper consisted of 120 children (both male & female) at the primary school aging (7,9,11)years in Diyala provincial Baquba city for the academic year 2010-2011.
The tool used to measure this skill consisted of three stories. The first story consisted of 6 questions ,the second story of 6 questions and the third of 7 questions . The tool then consisted of (19) questions . The questions were of multiple choice items in the first & second stories while the third story included multiple choice questions and other questions which require answers from the child . The verifiability f the tool was checked through its face validity . The stability was checked through the retest and the stability coefficient was 0,80.by using the second test for one sample , analyzing the second variation and using Schffee test for the various post test ,the results were as following :
1-Ideas - Formation Skill for Children begin from the age of 9 years .
2- The cognitive growth with ideas - Formation Skill increase as the child advances in years , and this indicates ,the developmental course for this skill .
3- There is no differences between male & female in this skill.

The paper aims at figuring out the metaphor and its influence on elucidating the poetic image in the poetry of Abdulkareem Radhi. The poet wants through it to construct a poetic image based on collapse of barriers standing between the poet's senses. Subsequently the paper provides, after tracking the metaphor phenomenon in his poetry, a preface dealing with metaphor as an effective element in structuring the poetic image and describing it as an important landmark in modern poetic text. The paper comprises two sections; the first is entitled "The Metaphoric Formation of Image", tackling the term metaphor and its influence in his poetry. While the second section is entitled "The Composite Metaphoric Image) which reveals two types of images first: resulting from the interpenetration of senses and the second is the colorful image.
Through what passes I depends in the writing process of this research on a number of sources, the most important of are The Development of the Artistic Image in Rhetorical and Critical heritage by Jaber Ahmed Asfoor as well as The Development of the Artistic Image in Modern Arabic Poetry by Naeem Elyafeey the paper ends up with stating the most important results achieved

This research aims at preparing behavioral code of conduct within a moral list called "code of conduct of employees" which makes the profession cover the administrative in financial and legal responsibility to conduct a more effective implication of laws in the administrative financial field. A number of conclusions have been reached in this research, the most important of which is implication of the prepared code of conduct, which guarantees the implication of administrative financial laws and instructions, which achieves protection from causes of corruption and curing them, this makes implication more effective. The order to issue a code of conduct by the ministry of finance or supreme monitoring units and to be approved by legislative authorities

The Asphyxiators is a group that played a significant role in the social life in the Islamic Epochs. In spite of the fact that many of their secrets and mysteries are not figured out due to the rarity of what has reached us of scattered and dispersed secrets and tales. As for who have written about this group, their writings were driven by various factors; most of them tried to enshroud their actions with a religious flavor in what seems as aiming at accusing dissenters generally. It is not farfetched that such dissenters headed towards Asphyxiators' places and quarters which were affording a safe environment away from governmental brutality. Moreover, their design became a shelter of those dissenters or that some of the objectors have indeed engaged in suffocation so that a group of them were accused of suffocation and doubts were knit around them when any person dies of choking along with various legends and exaggerations surrounding them.
Anyway, the study aims at finding out the origins of this group, their historic establishment, the origin of its naming, their relation Asphyxiators in India, trying to catch on the relation between their gods and the pre Islamic idol (Alozza), common features between the those gods and their lust for murder and blood, and how Alozza played a role close to the Indian goddess (Kali, the black Asphyxiator). Furthermore, the study referred to the most prominent places and names of Asphyxiators, their styles, their rituals of dragging their prey, methods followed in this procedure, the most notable of their stories and heritage, what stories were molded about them, stories that spread horror among people and even governments at times, those poems made a mention of their quarters and leaders.
Despite that narrators have sometimes refused affording detailed information concerning them. Yet, Eljahidh was of those who narrated many of those tales which are, though rare, enough to pinpoint their increasing influence, which might be resultant of Arabs dealing with other nations after the immense conquests. This is the case with all affecting and affected civilizations by any negative or positive new notions. It is worth noting that those stories told in novels and news books, though some of them are for entertainment and surprise, is a living image of the great influence of this group no less than the fact that a number of quarters in cities were bearing their naming and that many persons were named after them as denoting that action .

Dhaba tribe is one of the Adnan genuine tribes. Their lineage ends to Ma'ad bin Adnan. Their great grandfather is Dhaba bin Elias bin Mudhar bin Nizar bin Ma'ad bin Adnan. Their first residence was in Arabia. Then, they spread with the emergence of Islam to all the parts of the Islamic world.
When Islam came and the tribe of Dhaba became part of it, the tribe had birth many scientists, ministers, governors, judges, and leaders. They had a great role in the spread of Islam and Arabic language in the paces they lived in. They also participated in running the affairs of the Arab Islamic State.

The investigation of Hemza is one of the subjects that received a great deal of attention now and before. The Quranic recitations generally include Hemz and its features as it represents very old Arabian dialects in the Arabian lands .
Since the book ( The Chosen Book , Al-Kitab Al-Mukhtar ) for ibn Idrees in one of the resources which are interested in this phenomenon, I tended to investigate the subject of Hemz in both studying and directing. Ibn Idrees gave this phenomenon a respectable part in his book and great effort in directing. The resources of the study are taken from books on elucidation , recitations , language , etc

Although it is hard to determine the nature of Ayyoubi society Because of the lack of ressources ,surveys and erports which Forward reliable statistics and information, this paper Unassumingly has come up with some results like
-The case imposed by the nature of political period as represented by kurds' control when they owned the arms and power which paved the way for fanaticism in all its kinds among which is the ethnic one.
-The political and economic predominance let the oppression to hit upon the different classes of the society especially the common .
-Ayyoubi period was characterized by luxury and lavishness on the part of Ayyoubi Sultans in different fields like architecture , marriage and circumcision ceremonies or feasts.
-The development of singing and music in the Ayyoubi period led to the emergence of amusements and hilarity centers abundantly .
- The dominating principles and traditions in a society reveal its nature , and the stronger the link was , the more traditional the society is which had happened in the Ayyoubi period .

Iraq is a developing country, it enjoys a geographical an important economic and political, and looks forward to catch up to the developed world thanks to his plans of development that targeted fields of social life all, to confront underdevelopment suffered throughout earlier times, and because of a difficult circumstances such as war, which lasted nearly eight years in the Eighties the last century, and the economic blockade in Staminate, and the recent security conditions surrounding Iraq after U.S. forces entered in 2003, and the consequent it all casualties of working age, increased the problem of the shortage of labor, so came the attention of a researcher in this vital subject is marked ( fertility Iraqi women working in Diyala province) as an example of what can be done by a specialist in sociology in population studies.
In any case, the reader will find that the theoretical side of research lengthy, and virginal in that I am not able to study fertility Iraqi women working in the Diyala province unless Consider Before that fertility in some detail, as well as that the subject of fertility has not been studied in terms of social study enough, especially at the current stage, the most of looked him were specialists with the knowledge economy, geography and population, meaning that fertility has not been in social terms only slightly, the researcher through his tagged (fertility Iraqi women in Diyala province) to a number of important results are as follows:
1 - still encourage social values have children, especially males, and concentrated effect of these values in the rural areas.
2 - The impact of education on low fertility,
3 - women's work career a significant impact on reducing childbearing.
4 - that the problem of housing a clear impact on reducing childbearing.
5 - that the security conditions, particularly in the past few years a clear impactin the reduction of reproduction.
And, finally, researcher hopes that this study are modest well accepted in the field of sociology of population in particular and sociology in general, and God bless and guide.

The following study aims at investigating the effect of climbing the hill strategy on the achievement of the fifth literary grade female students in European modern and contemporary history. An experiment was conducted in the first semester of the academic year 2012-2013. The researcher chose Badr Al Qubra Secondary School as a place to conduct the experiment. The groups were chosen randomly. Section B represents the experimental group and section A represents the control group. The study sample contained 54 female students as 26 for the experimental group who is taught according to climbing the hill strategy and 28 for the control group is taught according to the traditional method. The two groups were equalized in the following variables: age in months, the scores in intelligence test, the scores in history for the previous year and the educational background of parents.
To achieve the aims of the study, the researcher put the following null hypothesis.
The researcher used the following statistical aids: Mann- Whitney U test, Chi square, Difficulty index, discrimination index, distractors and Cronbach's alpha.
After scoring the answers and statistical processing of data, the results indicated a statistically approved difference between the experimental group and control group in the achievement variant in the subject of history in favor of the experimental group.
In the light of the results, the researcher reached at the following recommendations:
Approving climbing of the hill as a strategy for teaching European modern and contemporary history in the fifth literary grade.
Urging educational institutions and teachers of social sciences on utilizing teaching strategies like climbing the hill for the fifth grade students and neglecting traditional methods of teaching.
Suggestions Conducting a similar study to investigate the effect of climbing the hill strategy in improving critical thinking, and trend towards the material.
Conducting a similar study that include both male and female students.

The current study aims at knowing “The Effect of a pilot program in the development of resistance to the temptation of students at the preparatory stage” .
To achieve the aim of the research and its hypotheses. experimental approach is used which includes two groups (experimental group and control (group) with pre and re-test.
The sample of the research includes (30) students taken from preparatory stage and from two schools. One school represents control group with 15 students at each groups.
The researcher has adopted the temptation to resistance measure which is prepared by (AL Qaraghul: 2011). Also, the researcher has applied the program According social cognitive theory for (Labret Pandora) with style of modeling. This program is carried out through heuristic program which is prepared for the purpose of temptation resistance.
This program includes twelve heuristic sessions with two sessions in a week and time of the session is (45 minute).The results shows that the program has an effect in the development of resistances to temptation of students at the preparatory stage.

The subject of preposition has drawn a lot of attention by contemporary scholars . Many studies were concerned in their meanings from different perspectives , yet no one has discussed (as far as I know) the relation between the verb and preposition . The study proved that preposition play a great role in reversing the meaning of the sentences that has neutral verb phrases . Those phrases have vague meaning unless a preposition is attached to them . This study tries to illustrate the role of preposition in reversing the meaning of the sentence by using certain texts from "Lisaan Al Arab Lexicon"

This paper is about Human Resources Management which gets a great attention by researchers during recent years because it's a management of the most important organization capital. This management derivate from its traditional management to play its role as a strategic partner in high management in economic work organizations, accompanied with this change a shift on view toward humans as an executor to a knowledgeable intellectual mind, so he can achieve and surpass with the other rival companies, so this effect on improvement of human resources.
However, the question that may arise here:
What is the contribution of every administration of human resources in the organizations of economic activities are?

The battle of Mutah one of the most important invasions fought (Allah bless him and God and peace) against the largest empire , the Byzantine Empire , where the events of a full verdicts and Lessons.
Has provided many of the studies on the significance (Allah bless him and God and peace) but different according to the nature of the treatments provided by the authors , and that Matoffer of information from books Sir Maghazi and history, including exhausted studies around him , but this has become taking information from non by which passed mentioned in the written language , literature and dictionaries are moving away tendency and fancy , and he signed the check on the crown of the bride 's Lexicon Zubaidi (d. 1205 AH ) and pick him what comes to negotiate with Muta to make them rich material for research .

This paper deals with byproducts in Surat Yusuf (peace be upon him) in the books of interpretation until the end of the seventh century (the study of grammatical), has said all the verses in which it was stated by the byproducts including commentators.
And necessitated the nature of the research that divides the four demands of dealing with byproducts mentioned in the books of interpretation, namely: the object, in effect absolute (also called source), acting for him (called whatever force him), in effect the (circumstance of time, and circumstance place), and seal Find the most prominent results, and proven sources and references

The present study aims to identify (the effect of recruitment "dictionary words express the Holy Quran" in the achievement of fourth-grade students in the subject of scientific rules of the Arabic language and their attitudes towards it) and so the researcher assumed the following null hypotheses : The main two hypotheses
1 –The first null hypothesis states that there is no statistically significant differences at the level of (0,05) among the average achievement of students of the experimental group and the average achievement of the control group students in grades dimensional selection.
2 - The second null hypothesis states that there is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0,05) among average experimental and control groups in a variable direction, and followed:
A –There are no a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average of the experimental group students and students of the control group in a variable dimensional direction.
B - There are no a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average of the experimental group students in a variable direction and tribal dimension .
C - There are no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average control group students in a variable direction and tribal dimension .
And has therefore formed the research sample of (60) students of the fourth grade science, has been chosen in deliberate of middle Central boys in the district of Baquba / Diyala province, for the academic year (2010 _ 2011) and divided the sample randomly into two groups, the first trial included (30) students, studied the material of Arabic grammar (use (Dictionary of express words the Holy Quran) and the shares of the Division (a). and the second sample control group which include (30) students have studied in the usual way, and was for the Division (b) and studied Researcher Group Search by himself.
The researcher conducted two sets of parity in the variables of academic achievement for the previous year (2009 _2010) in Arabic language, the choice (Ramizea Al-Goreeb) for the ability of linguistic and academic achievement for parents, and parity in the chronological age calculated in months for students of the research sample.
Then he started to apply the experience of the researcher on 6/10/2010 and continued to experiment until 5/1/2011.
The researcher prepared a choice achievement dimensional consisted of three questions, the first type of multiple choice, and the second type of full blanks, while the third question: was he express line.
The researcher prepared a measure of the trend towards the rules of Arabic language material component of (30), paragraph, half positive and half negative, and applied this standard and tribal members on the dimensional a sample research (experimental and control group) , after collecting the data ,correcting statistically analyzed,by using statistical methods, including: (the second test for two independent samples and equal (T-test) and Chi-square (kx2) and the equation _ Spearman Brown, Pearson's correlation coefficient.
The results shows that the level of experimental group is more than the control group in the collection and the trend towards Article
Through the results of the experiment .
The researcher conclude the following : the use of (Dictionary of express words the Holy Quran) led to increased student achievement and change their attitudes towards the material rules of the Arabic language and helped them to curiosity, to search for new information, and reflected on their attitudes towards the material, this reflected on the students attitude in the the spirit of cooperation and participatation during the lesson.
Therefore, the researcher recommended the adoption of (dictionary words express the Koran) in his capacity as using material assistance book for the rules of the Arabic language. The researcher proposed a number of studies for the

Representing the city a central place for a particular region is
associated functionally with which contributes to the formation of the
region .. and the city offers to its territory jobs and basic services
Kalozifah commercial , administrative, social and vary the limits and
scope of the impact of the city or territory Based on many factors ..
There are ways and methods of many to identify and draw this region
..
This research provides statistically style and standards for the
purpose of determining the amount of the province and the city of
Baquba commercial use method of lines of equal representation
Katukravaa .
This technique is suggested quantitative criteria specific to identify
commercial province dense and vast territory and the region weak ,
building " on the results of the field study , which was carried out in
2013 , which aimed to obtain the data necessary for the doctoral
thesis tagged ( commercial function for the city of Baquba and areas
of impact of trade on the Diyala province ) .

This study is about " Interpretation " as a term deeply rooted to the Arabic criticism and as a western term on the other hand . This paper also studies critical terms which considered as a part of interpretation like : piracy , insertion , utilization and repetition … etc
The paper depends on critical descriptive method and it clearly refers to " Interpretation " in the Arabic poetry , so this proves that Ibn Hani was sticking to read poetry of others which is obvious in his divan .
This research tries to prove that interpretation is modern critic term has its root in the classical Arabic criticism and the obvious applying which is found in his collection of poems through the poetic interpretation .

This study was conducted at the College of Basic Education Diyala University / Department Guidance impact of the use of advanced organizations to collect the second stage students Guidance section in the general Arab material
The sample consisted of(70) students (35) students studying Arabic using advanced organizations, and (35) students studying Arab public in the usual way
Rewarded researcher between the two groups (theExperimental and control groups in the variables of the following average grades Arabic language for the academic year previous chronological students applied researcher experience at the beginning of the second semester 2010 -2011 continued classrooms fully studied researcher each group debutante, Al Khobar, Vice actor's name was and her sisters and the news that her sisters At the end of the experiment conducted researcher testUday of the topics that have been studied

The present study aimed at knowing :
1- The existential vacuum of the widows teachers .
2- Finding the existential vacuum of the widows teachers according the variables : A- The age . B- The year of widowhood . C- The death condition .
the researcher conducted them on the sample of the researcher which consist of ( 300 ) widow teacher who work in primary schools in Diyla governorate for the academic year 2012-2013 . the researcher has constructed the scales the existential vacuum and slf-transcendence based on the existential theory . The first scale consists ( 51 ) item distributed among three domains . The researcher has used the following statistical means : pearson momenent correlation t-test for one sample , t-test for two indefenent samples variance . The researcher has reached to the following results : The individuals of the research sample of the widows teachers have existential vacuum . The Calculated Value is ( 2,07 ) and the tabulated value is ( 1,96 ) . The are also differences in the age for the sake of the group ( 39-20 ) , The are also differences the variable the year of widowhood for the sake of the group ( more from year ) , The are also differences not the variable death condition
In the light of the research results , the researcher has drawn some conclusion , recommendations and suggestions for further researchers .

The current paper aims to know the effect of using the multi-intelligence strategies in achievement of the first intermediate female students and attiude toward chemistry. The sample consists of two groups, the experienced one which contains (25) female students and the disciplined group that contains (32) members, and the material of the obtainment test that is formed by (25) terms and a measurement which is formed by (34) terms towards chemistry, and after the application of the paper materials the results show that there is a statistical different from the second group female students who have studied according to the multi-intelligence strategy in the achievement test towards chemistry teaching, and because of its positive effect, the researcher recommends depending on the multi- intelligence strategies in chemistry teaching to the female students of the first intermediate grade.