Al-Esraa university college journal for medical sciences

A metabolic illness known as diabetes mellitus (DM) is brought on by the body\\'s decreased
secretion and/or activity of the hormone insulin. The condition worsens, pathological alterations
in the body, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular problems, become inevitable.
Type I and II DM are the two primary subtypes of DM. Oral hypoglycaemics are used to treat
type II diabetes, while insulin replacement therapy is typically used to treat type I diabetes.
Patients typically receive dual drug treatments. Despite using oral hypoglycemic medications
as monotherapy, have not been able to accomplish their therapeutic goals with first-line therapy.
In the current research, compiled the analytical methods reported for the estimation of
some drugs diabetes in formulations for medicines. Most extensively used Technique like High-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was reported in Table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. These Tables
show an overview of the reported HPLC methods for drugs of diabetes in combination respectively
indicating the HPLC conditions.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is one of the most important
infectious diseases in the world. This disease is considered as a dangerous
zoonotic viral disease transmitted from animals to human by Hyalomma
ticks. The first case was registered in Iraq in 1979, which led to the death of
the patient, her doctor and some of the medical staff in Baghdad/Al-Yarmouq
hospital. The current study was conducting on the data of (399) patients
suffering from symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia for two years (2021and
2022) which received from Central Disease Control (CDC) in Baghdad
depending on serological test. The results revealed that the number of
patients who were registered in (2022) was higher than in (2021), the most
affected governorates were Thi Qar, Waist and Nineveh in particular at June
and May. It was found that, the disease affect both sexes in different ages,
and the most affected age group (25-44) year followed by (19-24) also the
highest infections were in males (232) compared to females (148). The fever
and bleeding from natural opening were the prominent symptoms appeared
on patients. The result confirmed that, the categories at high risk of infection
were householders, individuals who had contact with the animals as butchers
and breeders. Finally the important preventive measures for this dangerous
disease should be taken to prevent infection or reduce its spread which
include, early diagnosis the disease in human, public medical health
education, and using insecticide for tick control.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional disease of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that affects
10-20% of the population worldwide and is distinguished by abdominal pain/discomfort and
changes in bowel habits that is accompanied by diarrhea, constipation, or both. Cross-sectional
study was conducted on 50 Iraqi patients with IBS who were presented at private clinics for
gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs). The study lasted from November 2021 to May 2022 and aimed to
determine the frequency of IBS subtypes among Iraqi patients, as well as the influence of several
factors on disease's initiation, type and severity such as age, gender, and anxiety. The results
found that the most common frequent type of disease is constipation type (IBS-c) in comparison
with diarrheal (IBS-d) and mixed type (IBS-m). Among all patients, IBS is gender-related and
age-related disease, in which patients who are females and at young age (2nd to 3rd decade) are
the most affected. However, family history, marital status, occupational status, anxiety, and other
GIDs didn't act as risk factors for getting certain type of IBS.

Background: A correlation existed between diminished levels of vital mineral
elements crucial for antioxidant activity in the bodies of pregnant women and an elevated

susceptibility to preeclampsia. Objective: To assess the effect of salivary mineral elements
on the salivary total count Candida spp in pregnant, in vitro fertilization pregnant women
and control. Materials and Methods: A total of 85 subjects were included in this study, first
group consist of (30) normal pregnant women, second group consist of (30) In vitro
fertilization (IVF), and third group consist of (25) non-pregnant women, the samples were
collected from different clinics located in Baghdad, Iraq. Vitik-2 system was used in this
study in order to diagnose the Candida spp. isolates, and Perkin-Elmer (USA) Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer model 305B was used to measure the traces elements.
Results:the Frequency of Candida spp in each pregnant group had a high proportion of
Candida Albicans (84%) while in IVF group found a high proportion of Candida Tropicalis
(90%). the count of Candida between the three groups were higher IVF groups
(9.767*103CFU/ml) followed by pregnant (4.833*103CFU/ml) while the control shows the
lower value (3.520*103CFU/ml) with significant difference (P-Value 0.000). theThree traces
elements were measured 114.767ug/dL for iron (Fe) in IVF group, and for pregnant it was
93.200ug/dL but for control group it is 70.000ug/dL, all the results were compared
statistically with a significant difference (P-Value 0.000),, for t(Co), the highest mean value is
found in the control group, while in pregnant group is lower than control group (0.138umol/
dL), it is the lowest in IVF group with a value of (0.093ug/dL) with no significant differences
between the groups (P-Value 0.066), as for (Mg), the control group holds the highest value,
followed by pregnant group while the lowest value of magnesium is found in IVF group
significant statistical value between the groups ((P-Value 0.000).Conclusions:Traces
elements are different between the three groups; Iron is in highest level in IVF group, while
cobalt and magnesium appears in highest level in control group.

Objective; The objective of current investigation is TO KNOW THE roles of IL-15
and IL-11 with some physiological indicators in pathophysiology of aborted women.
Methods; This investigation was conducted in the Medical City Hospital's
gynecology consultant for period of March - May 2023. Thirty blood samples
were taken from aborted women who visit hospitals and clinics otolaryngology. In
addition to thirty blood samples were taken from healthy women who represented
as a control group. The levels of IL-11 and IL-15 were detected by enzyme
immunoassay (ELISA) (Immunotech, France), and random blood sugar observed by
Biorex machine (UK). Levels of hematological indicators observed by complete
blood count (CBC) machine (Sysmex, Japan company). Statistical Analysis System
(SAS) program was used to analyze the current data.
Results; Our findings showed no differences between patients than controls
according to age. Significantly increases (p<0.05) in the levels of IL-15 and IL-11 as
well as in the RBS in patients in comparison with the healthy women. In contrast,
our outcomes revealed no differences (p>0.05) between study groups according to
hematological markers. Finally, Present outcomes mentioned increases in the levels
of IL-15 in patients 230 years than patients <30 years (53.62, and decreases in the
levels of WBCs in patients 230 years than patients <30 years with significant
differences (p<0.05). In contrast, another markers (IL-11, Hb, Glucose, Platelet, PCV,
and RBC) didn't showed significant differences (p>0.05) with patients age.
Conclusions; Our study showed increases in the levels of interleukins (IL-15
and IL-11) in aborted women due to inflammation during abortion process. There
are no significant differences between hematological indicators in aborted women
than healthy women. Furthermore, diabetes observed in most women with
abortion. Finally, increases the levels of IL-15 and decreases of WBCs indicators with
age progression.

Introduction: Diabetes, particularly when uncontrolled for an extended
length of time, was already related with a higher risk of complications and
progression of both macrovascular and microvascular problems. Diabetic
nephropathy is one of the complications of diabetes can be a result from
micro vascular effect of diabetes, kidney disease can occur in both type one
or type two diabetes patients kidney disease usually affects young and
middle-aged patients. Kidney injury molecule and Nephrin is a biomarkers
used to diagnosis of early biomarkers in diabetic nephropathy Objective: The
aim was effectiveness of KIM-1 and nephrin for diagnosis of diabetic kidney
disease and compares with other markers as blood urea and s.cr and eGFR.
Materials and methods: A case-control study included 90 participant that
divided into three groups: 30 diabetic mellitus DM,30 diabetic nephropathy
(DN), and 30 healthy control groups, the study starter in November 2023
until March 2024. Laboratory tests were performed on all patients and
controls. These included measurements of fasting blood sugar, blood urea,
serum creatinine, and by full automated analyzer and KIM-1, and Nephrin by
ELISA method. Results: The biomarkers KIM-1, Nephrin showed high
significant increase in diabetic nephropathy group, and the correlation
between KIM-1 and Nephrin was positive and ,the ROC analysis of KIM-1
show high sensitivity and specificity (93.3%, 99.3%).conclusion: kim-1 and
nephrin used for diagnosis diabetic nephropathy disease and more sensitivity
and specificity from other markers and used to detect kidney disease without
clear clinical signs.

Background: The most frequent cause of death for females with gynecological
cancer diagnoses is ovarian cancer (OC). Furthermore, generally speaking, it ranks
as the 5th most frequent cause of death for females. The majority of cases had
advanced diagnoses, which worsens the disease's prognosis. Objectives: The aims
of the study is to Estimate the immunological markers "cytotoxic T lymphocyte
associated antigen 4" (CTLA4) and "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor" (VEGF) in
Adjuvant women (OC). Materials and methods: 90 Adjuvant women OC were
included in this study (30 of them were taking (1-6) dose of biotherapy Bevacizumab
(Avastin) Group 1 (G1), 30 of them were taking (> 6) dose of avastin Group 2 (G2),
and the last 30 taking chemotherapy Group 3 (G3) in addition to 40were healthy
used as control group. The "Quantitative measurement by Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay" (ELISA) of human were used to estimate the immunological
marker (CTLA4 and VEGF). Results: High significance difference at (P = 0.001)
between the means age and occupation of OC studied groups while no significant
difference at (P value = 0.4 and 0.3) between the means of residency and body mass
index (BMI) in studied groups. However, the significant difference at (P value = 0.04)
between the mean of family history in studied groups. High significant difference
between studied groups and the control group for CTLA4 and VEGF at (P value <
0.001) also in Receiver operative characteristic Curve (ROC) The presence of CTLA4
and VEGF were highly significant difference of all studied groups (G1, G2 and G3).
with elevated of sensitivity and specificity of CTLA4 (80 and 86.67 in G1, 76.6 and
86.6 in G2 and 80 and 86.67 in G3 respectively), Also higher sensitivity and specificity
of VEGF (60 and 93.9 in G1, 80 and 100 in G2, and 73.3 and 100 in G3 respectively),
also the correlation between levels of CTLA4 with VEGF were highly significance in
G1 and G2, but no significant correlations in G3 at (P = 0.0001, 0.0003 and 0.088
respectively). Conclusion: The studied parameters may play an important role for
the evaluation of therapeutic response on adjuvant OC women patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cancer in
humans and the fifth most prevalent worldwide. Although the survival rate
of HCC has increased over time, postoperative recurrences remain high after
a decade. HCC can be caused by both viral and non-viral diseases. There are
two major global risk factors for HCC these are: hepatitis B virus (HBV) and
hepatitis C virus (HCV). As part of routine health exams, complete blood
counts can detect a variety of disorders, including infections, anemia,
immune system disorders, and blood cancers. A complete blood count (CBC)
can be used to perform a biochemical profile, which evaluates several critical
organs and systems. Additionally, the CBC can detect red blood cell disorders,
inflammation, and other metabolic disorders. The aim of this study is to
identify the most significant and co-related haematological and biochemical
parameters among patients with HCC, HBV, and HCV. The results revealed
that some haematological and biochemical parameters changed significantly
in the three groups (HCC, HBV, and HCV). Each liver disease can be evaluated
using a single parameter, including the MPV for HCC, the MID for HBV, and
the P-LCC for HCV. Despite this, two parameters are common to all three liver
diseases, namely GOT (AST) and indirect bilirubin.