AL-MA’HAD

Our study aims to show the importance of adopting the approach of applicable rules necessary in determining the law that should be applied to the electronic brand, through the increasing role of the state in regulating commercial, economic and social affairs for members of society. This is take place through setting special laws that do not allow their nature to accept participation with other laws that obligate the judge to implement them though the base of reference refers to the application of foreign law. among these laws the laws of necessary to be applied as they are called security rules (police) even if the legislature does not mentions it clearly but it is inferred by standard of apply these rules .

The principle of justice, in the traditions of Islamic civilization, is the absolute general principle that controls all aspects of political existence, as the traditions of Islam took a distinct position in this regard: freedom to release them was considered, in those traditions, to be a kind of chaos, and equality in its release is a waste of human The human being, so the first axis from which the values of freedom and equality must flow is the principle of justice.

The Arab region has witnessed an exceptional revolutionary movement since the beginning of 2011, the long oppressed forces of change were liberated, suddenly they emanated from their minds, moved the Arab inhabitants, shook the republican regimes, and knocked on the gates of Arab hereditary monarchies, including the Gulf monarchies.

This research comes as an overview on one of the aspects covered by political science, which is entitled ‘Mechanisms for Constructing Political Awareneness and Citizenship in Post-2003’ rather than to set a new theory in political awareness or citizenship. However its importance lies in developing mechanisms to build political awareness and citizenship in Iraq after 2003 change.
The approach that the research relied on is based on the description and analysis of internal and external data that contribute to forming and building political awareness and citizenship in Iraq after 2003 in the light of the presence of many influential political, economic, social and cultural variables. The research divided into three sections, the first emphasizes the building of united Iraqi patriotism through developing its values and principles. As for the second section, it emphasizes building social and political education for individuals of all ages and levels. The third deals with the need to activate political participation and its role in the process of building political awareness and citizenship.

The concept of leadership has become one of the important variables in the field of politics, and the subsequent strategies, whether related to state institutions and dealing with the variables of its internal and external environment, or with regard to the state itself and ways of dealing with internal and external variables.
Moreover, the external behavior of the state is governed by political leadership in the international system. Foreign policy is the result of its interactions at the three levels of analysis in the field of international politics (Kenneth Waltz theory). There is the first level: the level of individuals (elite, leaders and statesmen). The level of the state (the structure of the local political and social system, the institutions of the state, the social structure, etc.) and finally the third level, the level of the system (the structure of the international system, the number of poles controlling the system, the distribution of capacity among them, and the constraints and pressures imposed by the national structure). International, and opportunities), since the formation of the external behavior of the state based on the quality and how to handle the state's response to these interactions.
After 2011, the Egyptian foreign policy has adopted the first, second and second level mentioned above in its foreign policy. The Egyptian political leadership pursued the path of diversifying options and opening new horizons for the Egyptian decision-maker. This is reflected in the successive movements of Egyptian leaders in the external arena. The Egyptian foreign policy movement is witnessing a positive situation, especially if we note the escalation of the challenges and threats facing the countries of the world in general, and the Middle East in particular, from the exacerbation of terrorist waves and the escalation of political and ethnic divisions. Endodontic, which warned him of the status of an unprecedented decline in the ability of the nation-state, and its entry in the probability of disintegration and fragmentation into small units.

Parliamentary opposition is considered as a modern terminology that has been dealt with in political and intellectual studies, and has attracted the interest of intellectuals, researchers and writers concerned with contemporary political systems, as it represents the main source to curb the control of power in democratic systems.
As polling systems that convert votes cast by voters into seats according to a mathematical formula for each system based on the legitimacy of democratic systems, they are considered the main factor in the strength and effectiveness of the opposition.
And to prove the validity of the hypothesis that the opposition in parliament is more powerful and effective in the case of applying the majority voting system, and is less effective and powerful in the case of adopting the mixed voting system, while it is in its weakest form in the case of using the proportional representation polling system, through the impact of each system on the number of seats and opposition parties within parliament, the systematic analysis approach was adopted, as well as the descriptive analytical approach, with the use of a quantitative statistical method, to explain the extent of the impact of polling systems on the strength of the parliamentary opposition.

The problem of this research lay in the lack of agreement on a specific concept of diplomacy in terms of language or terminology. For this reason diplomacy varied in its forms and types, perhaps the most important of which is diplomacy of international conferences that have played an active role in solving many problems, disputes and international wars. As such diplomacy has contributed significantly to the protection of international peace and security due to the availability of its success such as political will and shared interests of the parties concerned.
Hence the central question of research concerns the concepts of diplomacy and international conferences. On this basis, this research is divided into two sections. While the first section deals with the meaning of diplomacy in terms of language and terminology, distinguishing it from other concepts, the other section is dedicated to originating the diplomacy of international conferences and its characteristics.

Abstract
In order to find a solution to the problem of the contract, doctors devised a process to verify reproduction without the direct contact known between the couple. Reproductive vaccination is one of the most important methods of continuous birth. This process is performed according to two methods. The procedure of vaccination (internal and external reproductive vaccination) raises a question about the responsibility of the doctor in case of contravening the conditions of medical honey surgery. If we know that the doctor has no limited responsibility in the process of reproductive file on the marital relationship but beyond the framework of the relationship in the event of the presence of a third part they might or might not know as with regard to the images of the time of childbearing. We cannot study the process of reproductive vaccination independently of the circumstance especially with the high incidence of infertility he answered. All of these reasons have referred to several modern problems that need to be addressed, and legal requirements to find the necessary solutions.

The death of a person entails a set of provisions, including with regard to the Legacy, the status of the wife, and some contractual obligations, as well as after the death if we can take some members and benefit from them in the medical field, this for the deceased As for the brain dead is going towards death, but in a swing between the death and life, can it be used and extracted and transplanted in the body of another human being alive, or retained to face medical emergencies, since he has taken the road of death and he is inevitably dead , And the extent of liability Intention and legitimacy of the people with the patient or the doctor, whether the separation devices that stays thanks to which the patient lives a few hours or days.
has differed scholars in the case of brain death, and appeared contradictory fatwas, some of them considered a real death entails all the effects of real death, and some of them considered that is in a life.

Disciplinary violation is one of the basic principles of the disciplinary system. Any act of violation committed by a member of the Internal Security Forces is contrary to the laws and regulations imposed on him by disciplinary action. On the other hand, the disciplinary system means providing the basic guarantees of the ISF. Disciplinary breaches of the Internal Security Forces, where he does not mention most of the legislations define the disciplinary offense, including the Iraqi legislation in the Criminal Procedure Law of the Internal Security Forces No. 17of 2008, as well as the comparative legislations such as the Egyptian legislation according to the Egyptian Police Law No. 109 of 1971 as amended and Jordanian legislation in the Public Security Law of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan No. 38 of 1965. However, the jurisprudence referred to several definitions of the disciplinary offense in this study, as well as the judicial decisions issued by the Court of Staff Judiciary in Iraq and the Supreme Administrative Court of Egypt in Egypt as well as the Jordanian High Court of Justice in Jordan. It will also shed light on the most important images of disciplinary violations that have been divided, to the violations of positive and negative and minor violations and complex and habitual, and violations of temporary and continuous, and in terms of subdivisions were divided into irregularities in terms of substance and violations in terms of gravity.

The phenomenon of juvenile delinquency is one of the serious problems faced by any society for its role in its collapse and the spread of crime. It is a social phenomenon rather than a criminal phenomenon. Thus, it call for response to avoid danger before it occurs and thus gives the administration an important preventive role in achieving the principles of social defense and defending society against crime and delinquency. This content is not related to the subject matter of the crime and its seriousness, but is linked to the individual perceived as a human being and social, so the social defense lies mainly in activating the role of administrative control in a comprehensive policy. The first is the role of the Federal Executive in preventing juvenile delinquency, which is divided into two branches: the first regarding the role of the president and the prime minister, the second related to the role of the competent ministers.

There are legal effects on the pledging of the invention certificate for its own owner. These effects give him rights, and they are of two types: his right to use of his invention certificate when he pledged it, and this behavior is independent of the pledge, because the pledge is recorded in his own records, and he also has the right to exploit the invention. This type of pledge may entail obligations for the current owner, as to register and maintain the pledge and ensure its safety.
As for the effects on the creditor, he may have the rights of the invention without legal obligations. Pledging invention certificate is done without transferring of its possession, as it is a moral transferred pledge added to the possession pledge, but it differs from the effects of the pledge between the contractors in the possession pledge.

Occupied the issue of human rights and fundamental freedoms of great importance in the Iraqi constitution of 2005 in force, he pointed out that the rights and freedoms clearly and center and gave the importance of its special status, and within these rights and freedoms is the right such as the right to life and the right to fair treatment and the right to legal personality in employment, education and participation in public affairs and in the sexual freedom of opinion and expression and many other rights, also noted the 2005 constitution to those rights which are mixed with individual collectivism aspects and enjoyed by man as an individual member of the group and these rights: cultural rights in education, anti-discrimination, but The political and security situation that has gripped Iraq after 2003 prevented the application of these rights in full which led to exposure to criticism in order to evaluate this experience and achieve on the ground and fully and this is what we are seeing and significantly .and gradually

Forein workers have recently become widespread in iraq society " especially after the issuance of the residency law NO 76 for the year2017 which included many loopholes "especially ayear later as iraq has witnessed a remarkable development at the level social "cultural and political legislation has become necessary to issue arainy of developments" not only to regulate the residence of foreigners and workers "especially but the changes have affected the various iraq legislation"including the iraq labor law "as the enacted law NO37 of year 2015 which organized various .This law stipulates that aforeigner wishing to work in iraq must obtain awork permit issued by the the ministry of labor and social affairs after meetting the required conditions "and to return to the law.The residency in force has drawn the mechanism of entry and residence of foreign workers in iraq in away that preserves the integrity and security of iraq "and did not stop at the limits of this but empowered the directorate general of residence to inspect and enter the whereabouts of foreign workers and control as well as to ensure that the duration to grant samar somaya entry to residence in iraqIn such away that iraq preserves the safety and security of its land "and did not stop at the limited of this but empowered the general dirctorate of residency to inspect and enter places of presence of foreign workers and control as well as to ensure that the period granted by them to enter the residence in iraq and this law imposed who contravenes the provisions of this law "including financial and restrictive penalties for freedom as well as penalties of dimensions and expulsion from the country " this research has dealt with this

The Constitution sets out the rules of the provisions and principles binding both rulers and ruled alike, for each of the public authorities and the target audience to its work public authoritarian binding, those provisions and principles-proclaimed all of my sect rights and freedoms, so as not to have any of the public authorities and bodies on her exit them or violated but they are binding on the contrary, to maintain them and to ensure the provision, and through this idea prevailed logic state authorities restrict the provisions of the Constitution, because it represents the essence of the idea of going out on the constitutional control.
It is worth mentioning that the jurisdiction of US courts on the constitutionality of laws Search is subject to controls established by the Supreme Court in 1936, these controls are summarized it is not permissible to eliminate that looking at the constitutionality of a law only when the application of its provisions on the litigation, and may not be to eliminate that ruled unconstitutional a law However, based on the appeal submitted by one of the parties to the litigation, have an interest in this, so this study, we divided the two sections, as we discussed in the first part, content to refrain from applying the law is constitutional, the second part dedicated to the study of the conditions to refrain from applying the law unconstitutional.

Over the last two decades or so, great amount of discussion raised regarding secularism. While Europeans and Western people in general took secularism for granted, the case is still vague and unresolved for most, if not all of Muslims. Although it is one of the most popular yet debatable issues in the Arab and Islamic discourse, secularism seems to have been one of less agreed ideas. Dozens of books published, ranging from attacking this Western disease to praising it as the last hope for humanity.
In contrast to its proponents, who tend to maintain that secularism provides the best cure for all the ills of Arabs and Muslims, its detractors argues that secularism is a western evil that needs to be challenged and suppressed along with its adherents. According to the Salafi- Islamist ideology, secularism has led humanity into a new kind of Jahiliyya that is a new worldly, one-dimensioned life, concerned solely with satisfying our basic and material needs. Salafi Islamists may even claim that secularism is no more than a Western campaign to weaken the Islamic Umma. In this sense, secularism is held up as a cultural phase of the old/new encounter between the West and Islam.
One reason behind this negative attitude among Muslims lies in the fact that all secular ideas and projects merely transported from different context into different soils; hence seems to have been incompatible with Islamic values and ideals. For example, Communism and nationalist ideas were almost copy versions of their western projects with all their disparities and shortcomings. The results were enough to tell.