journal of kufa studies center

This research deals with the impact of reality and the paths of social discourse on the process of becoming some fundamentalist rules, and some jurisprudential opinions are the result of social traditions in man's dealings with texts , and considering how to create social experiences for nations.

One of the most important schools of narration among the Imami Shiites is the school of Qom, which is characterized by the large number of its scholars and hadiths and their strenuous and mighty efforts at the beginning of the writing of the Shiite narrative extensively, and the development of a clear and correct curriculum for it, and the great interest in preserving its integrity from infiltration, distortion, deviant and misguided ideas.
One of the most prominent of these dangerous phenomena on the Shiite narrative heritage that has received great attention by the modernists of the Qom school is the phenomenon of exaggeration and the penetration of extremists in the ranks of the Shiites and the influence of their ideas, where the efforts of the scholars of the Qom school and its narrators were focused on fighting this phenomenon and those who belong to it or spread it in the Shiite intellectual circles And the letters are in response to the extremists.
The Shiite school of the novel of Qom continued its scientific life, and the third and fourth centuries were at the height of its intellectual activity, and in the end it diminished in front of the fundamentalist school of Baghdad with the efforts of Sheikh al-Mufid and al-Sharif al-Murtada, and its pioneering role as a school of the Shiite novel ended.

This research entitled (The Multiple Significance of the Meanings of Instruments in the Interpretation of Al-Tusi) is concerned with explaining the areas of semantic plurality in the meanings of the tools contained in (Al-Tabyan in the Interpretation of the Qur'an) by Sheikh Abi Ja'far Al-Tusi (d. 460 AH), and the research has studied the multiplicity in seven tools, namely (Al-Hamza, Otherwise, I, Or, Al-Ba, Ma, and Who) and revealed the connotations that it bears, relying on contextual data, knowing that the purpose of this study is to show how to open up The Qur'anic text is in every time and place, which indicates its miracle and permanence .

Hossein Mardan (1927-1972), who was known as a poet and a pioneer in concentrated prose, seems to be a successful essayist in all the various articles that extended over a long period of time and various artistic fields, but what was the focus of this research were some of his articles that were characterized by clear poetic features that made themstand out from other of his articles.
The research monitored these features and tried to identify them by examining and studying, and saw that these features are manifested in clear points, including: his method of substitution and substitution, especially with regard to his benefit from the female qualities, his loading of the narrative as a poetic function that he performed with clear mastery, his choice of exciting artistic titles, multi-significance, his use of imagination as a means of effective creative connection, and other tools and manifestations that seemed to be effective in elevating the article from its clear educational level, which is concerned with the idea it carries and wants to convey above all to A new artistic level in which language draws attention to itself above all and as an influential value.
Hussein Mardan, who was known in various literary fields such as poetry, story, and literary criticism, also presents himself as a successful essayist, who enriched this art with a high performance style that derived from his high poetic powers.

The method of prohibition is one of the methods employed by the Holy Qur'an to explain the legal ruling, and in addition, it has played an active role in expressing meanings in an artistic way that includes the intimidation, confirmation, alienation of the meaning, or other connotations that the method of prohibition in the Qur'anic expression has come out.
In his commentary, Al-Zamakhshari relied on most of the metaphorical purposes mentioned by rhetoric scholars for the method of prohibition, such as rebuke, warning, threat, amusement, threat, humiliation, and guidance, as well as other connotations that he had previously considered and was inspired by his artistic taste and sensitive sense, such as irritation, fixation, exposure, agitation, determination, and elevation.
The research aims to enumerate the metaphorical purposes that the method of prohibition came out of in the interpretation of the Kashaf and to know the extent of their consistency with the context of the Qur'anic text, and the researcher found that they reached twenty-eight purposes distributed in three sections, a section stated by Al-Zamakhshari, another section that he alluded to and did not mention explicitly, and a third section that he omitted and did not declare or allude to, and the researcher inferred it from the context of the texts and the clues of the circumstances. We have tried to balance the opinion of al-Zamakhshari with the view of Abu Hayyan, in his interpretation of the surrounding sea, as he is one of the most prominent exegetes who deal with the rhetorical aspects of the Qur'anic text.

Companies are exempt from modern legal systems, where these companies are registered in one country, and practice their activity in another, and have a main management center and an actual center of activity, which creates a conflict of jurisdiction, especially in the case of the bankruptcy of these companies, because their commercial books, records, and papers.. are in the center of their actual activity, which is the country in which the company's purposes and activities are practiced, and its moral management, where it provides advice, studies and guidance in the country of incorporation, which is its center of management.
Article (12) of the Jordanian Civil Code stipulates that a company whose head office is abroad and has an activity in Jordan, the place where its management is located is considered its domicile in relation to that activity. It is known that domicile determines the jurisdiction of the court that hears disputes or declares bankruptcy, but the presence of books and records in the center of the activity indicates the status of the company whether it is bankrupt or not, and therefore that court is the most capable of making the decision to declare bankruptcy. The administration that is outside the activity of the exempt company and is in the Kingdom is not able to resolve the matter, given the nature of the rules of jurisdiction that are of the public order with which jurisdiction cannot be determined by analogy, and the legislator is free to intervene with an explicit text to determine the competent court to hear the bankruptcy case of the exempted companies.

The concept of compensation is based on the principle of removing the environmental damage that has affected others, so that if the environmental damage is achieved, the right of the injured party to compensation for it is established, and the purpose of compensation in the field of environmental damages is not only to compensate for the damage through compensation, but also to reduce environmental violations. Environmental damage can affect people or their property, and it can also affect the environment itself. In any case, compensation is the effect of the attainment of liability. According to the general rules of civil liability, compensation is of two types, it may be in kind or in cash, but the judge has been given the discretion to determine the method of compensation according to the nature of the damage and the circumstances of the case.

The labor element is one of the most important elements of production because it is the main and main element that controls the process of production of goods and services, as it is the element that creates value and benefit in things and a source of accumulation of wealth, and hence the labor force acquires special importance in the process of economic and social development in any country, considering that the human being is the end and tool of development, and the achievement of development does not depend only on what is available from the elements of production. Rather, it should be provided with the level of knowledge, skills and competence of the workforce for the purpose of accommodating scientific developments and technical and technological progress. The task of providing an educated, skilled and specialized human workforce that serves future development plans falls within the tasks of the Higher Education Authority, as it always seeks to achieve a continuous increase in the number of graduates to work in the future in the productive and service sectors of the public and private sectors.
At the same time, the problem of unemployment and employment is one of the most important issues with economic, social and political repercussions, and the seriousness of the problem is not only the increase in the number of unemployed, but also lies in the various results that accompany it, and here the task of planning becomes necessary and clear to solve such problems.
The research is based on the hypothesis that the absence of prior planning for the workforce and the lack of coordination between the actual needs of the labor market and the inflation of higher education outputs have led to a rise in unemployment rates in general and worsening the unemployment of graduates in particular.
Its importance lies in identifying the reasons behind unemployment in Iraq in general and graduate unemployment in particular, identifying the economic and social effects that accompany it, and showing the importance of future planning for the workforce and its role in linking the outputs of higher education with the needs of the labor market and its role in reducing the unemployment of graduates.

The lack of interest in local histories, and the marginalization of the political role of cities in influencing and moving events and focusing on the role of the capital, Baghdad, had a great impact on my choice of subject, as what is written about the city of Najaf does not exceed the literary and political aspect of its major events except in a few of its parts .
The research is a documentary study that relied on the documents available to me related to the subject in the file (No. 27/69/Section 1) entitled (Public Security / Propaganda and Demonstrations in the Brigades), as well as documents in other files, all of which have never seen the light of day, and these documents are a collection of official correspondence that took place about the diaries of the Intifada and the events that preceded it between the Ministry of Interior, the Directorate of Secret Intelligence, the Directorate of Public Security, and the Special Division in the Directorate of Interior. Criminal investigations, the Administrative Inspection Department, the Karbala District Administrator and its security and police departments, and the Najaf District Governorship and its local administration, so it prepared a documentary disclosure that no one has touched on before regarding the role of Najaf in the Intifada, that these details, which were not presented before, have previously been attributed to the parties and movements without the people killed, wounded and detained, who are their real heroes, and thus they documented the details of the Event Circle first, and the role of the movement. Second, patriotism in resisting government authorities and their policies .
The research included a brief presentation of the events of the uprising in the capital, Baghdad, then a review of the details of the events that took place in the city of Najaf, such as strikes, demonstrations, confrontations with the police forces and then the army, and the positions of some religious leaders who were forced by the violence of the events to express an opinion to become part of the event, as well as the positions and activities of local parties, movements and personalities. The researcher did not want to obscure the rights of one party at the expense of another, believing in the commitment to neutrality and reviewing the events as described in the reports. We had an opinion that contradicted some of the descriptions and names .

Materialism is an ancient philosophical doctrine whose roots can be traced in the theses of Greek philosophy, which expressed itself in the form of atomic materialism, which we find with the philosopher Democritus and the philosopher Epicurus, where they considered the world to be material atoms that are formed purely by chance (without purpose) according to the motion of the atoms themselves.
This materialist trend was revived with the philosopher Feuer Bach in the eighteenth century, who believed that matter and motion were mechanically intermittent. However, with the dialectical materialism that emerged in the late nineteenth century, there was a development in this direction, as it presented an integrated philosophical conception of existence, man, and society, and later took a political form that was expressed in many countries of the world.
This research is devoted to the view of dialectical materialists on the subject of knowledge. This research is based on five main topics, in addition to the introduction and conclusion, which came to some important points in the topics presented by the research.

The present research aims to identify the level of lateral thinking and problem-solving skills of distinguished and ordinary school students in the light of the gender variable and the educational qualification of the father and mother. male and female students, including (114) male and (126) female students, distributed among distinguished and regular schools. The results showed that the level of lateral thinking of all the sample members and ordinary students was (below average), while the distinguished students had an average level. As for the level of problem-solving skills of the total sample members (distinguished and normal) was (average). It also showed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the responses of the sample members on the Lateral Thinking Scale and the Problem Solving Scale with its four domains. Also, there is a significant correlation between the responses of the sample members on the Problem Solving Scale and its four domains.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of teaching with the (PDEODE) strategy in acquiring physical concepts among second-grade intermediate students, by verifying the following hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group that studied according to the (PDEODE) strategy and the scores of the students of the control group that studied in the usual way of physical concepts.
The researcher used the experimental design with two equal groups and with a post-test to acquire physical concepts, two out of three divisions were selected for the second intermediate grade by random method from the medium of Habib Ibn Mazahir, and the number of sample members reached (60) students, and (30) students for the control group, which was studied in the usual way, and (30) students for the experimental group, which was studied by the (PDEODE) strategy. The two research groups (experimental and control) were equalized in a number of variables (chronological age in months, intelligence, mid-year exam score in physics, previous information), and the researcher taught the two groups (experimental and control) himself, and after the end of the experiment, the data were processed using the statistical bag (SPSS-20) and (Excel) program, the results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group that studied according to the (PDEODE) strategy. The students of the control group studied in the usual way in the concept acquisition test, and thus rejected the null hypothesis.
In light of this, the researcher recommended the use of the (PDEODE) strategy in teaching physics and suggested that multiple studies be conducted related to the current research .

Since the advent of man on the planet, man has sought to exploit as much natural resources as possible by all available means. Through this quest to control the environment around him, he has been able to harness a lot of natural energies to satisfy his desires. With the passage of time and as a result of this misexploitation, great damage has been done to the environment. It is mentioned in the Holy Qur'an that the Almighty said: "Corruption appeared on land and sea by what the hands of the people gained, so that some of those who worked might taste for them, so that they might return" (Al-Rum: 41).
The research aims to identify the extent to which biology textbooks for the secondary stage include the dimensions of environmental culture by analyzing their content in the light of the dimensions of environmental culture prepared for this study, which included (13) dimensions .
The analysis included six biology books and the number of their analyzed pages reached (1017) pages, and one of the most important results of the study is that the biology textbook for the fourth scientific grade has the highest percentage of (62.42%) in its inclusion of environmental topics included in the dimensions of environmental culture . In terms of the dimensions of environmental culture, the biosphere was the most important at 39.69%. The researcher recommended that the environmental dimension be included in the school curriculum by linking the curricula to environmental issues and problems.