Journal of International studies

Agriculture is a significant contributor to Iraq's GDP, coming in second only to oil revenues, and a major source of income for farmers. Agriculture and food security in Iraq are at risk due to the effects of rising drought and water scarcity, which have caused a significant drop in crop yields and arable land, leading to a general decline in agriculture and threatening food security in Iraq. Essentially, the study aims to establish the most significant risks and challenges posed by climate change, and their effect on food security in Iraq over the short, medium, and long term. The study concluded that climate change will lead to a decrease in the irrigation efficiency of the agricultural sector as a result of an increase in the percentage of loss in the distribution of the quantity and quality of available water resources, the loss of a portion of arable land, and an increase in desertification areas. It will also lead to a decrease in the production of crops and livestock, and thus this will have a negative impact on security Citizen's food.

This research aimed to study and analyze the role of the Special Envoy of the United Nations Secretary-General in the political transition process in the Republic of Yemen during the period (2011-2015), covering the tenure of Mr. Jamal Benomar from April 2011, when he was sent to Yemen at the head of a fact-finding mission, until April 2015, when he resigned from his position as the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General to Yemen. The research focused on studying and analyzing the role of the UN Envoy during the youth revolution by examining the UN Secretary-General's decision to send a fact-finding mission to Yemen and the Special Envoy's mediation in negotiations among Yemeni political forces. Additionally, the research focused the Envoy's role during the transitional phase and the National Dialogue Conference, particularly his contributions to implementing the President's decisions regarding military institution reforms, preparing for the National Dialogue Conference, and proposing initiatives during the conference to bridge gaps between different parties. Furthermore, the research focused on studying and analyzing the Envoy's role in the post-National Dialogue Conference phase, including his efforts to complete the implementation of the Gulf Initiative and its executive mechanism, as well as his mediation in addressing military and security imbalances that emerged after the conference.
Among the findings of this research is that the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General to Yemen had a varying degree of influence on the political transition process in Yemen, depending on the nature of his tasks in each phase. His role was highly influential in the first phase, more effective in the second phase, and less impactful in the third phase compared to the previous two

This the study title ( The modernity and the problem of materialism and arrogant tendency in contemporary Islamic political thought: Reading in the opposition Islamic discourse) came in order to show that the modernity is not innocent idea as much as it is a misleading idea exported by the western world under glamorous headlines around about it is humanitarian and civilized idea, and an explanation of that , we divided this study into an introduction, three sections and conclusion.in the first section we dealt with the concept of modernity and its historical development . in the second section we appropriated modernity and the problem of materialism. the third section concerned modernity and the problem of the arrogant tendency in contemporary Islamic political thought . finally , the study reached to results about subject matter.

The social aspects of the drug phenomenon are among the most important aspects that threaten the unity of society, as it represents a major threat not only to the unity of the family and society, but also to the national security of any country, especially since targeting the youth means destroying the future of this country and leaving it in a state of instability. Therefore, community efforts must be combined to continuously raise awareness of the danger of this phenomenon and its negative impact, in addition to activating the role of the state and its security institutions in combating and navigating drug dealers and legislating strict laws, in addition to providing places and clinics to treat addicts and reintegrate them into public life.

This research aims to analyze the position of the United Arab Emirates within China’s Belt and Road Initiative, one of the most prominent developmental and strategic initiatives of the 21st century. It sheds light on the vital role played by the UAE, stemming from its strategic geographic location, advanced infrastructure, and growing economic relations with China. The study reached several findings that addressed its hypotheses, foremost among them being that the UAE represents a key hub within the initiative, making it an indispensable partner in achieving its objectives

Iraqi-Saudi relations after 2003
Iraqi-Saudi relations are among the most important regionally, given the two countries' position and status in the regional system, and the international dimensions associated with their policies.
The relationship between the two countries has spanned several decades, marked by fluctuations between conflict, tension, and cooperation. This continued until 2003, when relations began to take on new characteristics. Although opportunities were available to push relations toward cooperation, they slid into tension until 2014, when they began to move toward gradual cooperation.
Studying these relations is important, and the research aims to examine the history of relations between the two countries, the variables affecting them, their past, and their future. It is noteworthy that relations have witnessed phases of cooperation and tension. The most significant phases occurred in 1990, when they escalated into tension. Relations continued to escalate in 2003, and after 2016, relations began to open up toward cooperation.

The surface water resources in most Arab countries are shared waters with countries outside the region, which threatens the security and safety of these resources despite the international agreements concluded between the upstream countries and the downstream countries. The water crisis in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers represents a model for the water crisis in the Middle East, especially Turkey and Iran. As a result, the water problem leads to the emergence of social, economic and political challenges, which makes it a geopolitical issue and constitutes a new source of instability and conflicts in Iraq and the region. This has led Iraq to move towards diplomacy, and to enhance coordination and consultation with the upstream countries.

Iraq witnessed after 2003 a great interest by International Financial Institutions especially from International Monetary Fund ( IMF) and World Bank (WB) in Trying to Fix its Bad Economy as a Result of Wars and Embargo and try to Change it from Centralized Economy to Free Market Economy, The International Financial Institutions had a Great Impact on Iraqi Economic Policies through the Conditions That Accompanied with Grants and Loans Made to Iraq especially after 2014 which witnessed the occupation of Criminal Gangs of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria ( ISIS) to a Large Areas of Iraq Accompanied with Collapse of Oil Prices which Forced Iraq to Ask for Help of International Financial Institutions.

Oil holds great importance in the international economy, as it represents an economic and strategic commodity that influences international economic relations, particularly the nature of relationships between oil producers and consumers. Due to the American need to manage the oil market, it was essential for the U.S. to adopt means to manipulate this market in a way that compels oil-producing countries to align with American management, whether by increasing production or through the use of pressure tactics, such as price reduction policies, economic sanctions, and imposing conditions of insecurity and political instability in oil-producing countries. This is achieved by exploiting the growing state of international and regional conflicts, allowing the United States to appropriately distribute roles among allies to achieve benefits and arrange the interests gained from that manipulation. This is a distinctive feature of American security policy, given that the U.S. is the largest consumer and importer of oil.
As the United States attempts to turn the oil resources of wealthy countries that oppose its policies into a source of weakness rather than strength, it is currently applying this strategy in its policy towards Iran by imposing pressure and forcibly utilizing all available tools. This aims to undermine Iran's oil and natural gas sectors, despite their vast capabilities (Iran ranks fourth in oil reserves and second in natural gas reserves). Among the American tools for manipulating the oil market is the use of price reduction through coordination and cooperation with its Gulf allies, as a means of pressuring some oil-producing countries, including Iran, to comply with the U.S. administration. The goal is to gain control over Iran's oil wealth, completing the circle of its dominance over all oil production chains in the region, especially since Iran accounts for approximately 8.3% of the total global oil reserves.

The resurrection of the baath regime on April 9 , 2003 was in the hands of the American occupation forces began to formulate the form of the Iraqi state form a unified state of centralization to a federal state when the Governing council was formed in Iraq in 2004 the law of the Iraqi state administration was issued for the transitional stage which came in Article 4 of it on : the regime in Iraq is a federal a pluralistic democratic , and when the constitution was established in 2005 it is a constantly clearer federal constitution in its first article : the Republic of Iraq is an independent state with the sovereignty of the regime in which a parliamentary is afederal democrat this system.

This study highlights the emergence of Iraq's role in the region, from an arena of tension to a platform for dialogue. It relies on mediation as a tool to achieve the overall objectives of its foreign policy after 2003, taking the mediation between Saudi Arabia and Iran as a practical model. It also plays an active role in resolving the dispute between the two parties by hosting five dialogue sessions between 2021 and 2022 and contributing directly to decision-making.
This mediation serves several strategic objectives of Iraqi foreign policy, including: affirming commitment, restoring Iraq to its natural position as a central state in the region, the impact of the conflict on Iraqi influence, and affirming bilateral relations with partners based on alliance principles. Through this role, Iraq also affirms its ability to build a new image internationally, its confidence in the independence of its political positions, and its ability to determine collective security.
The results of this mediation, despite its limitations, have seen an improvement in Iraq's standing. Google met at the door, cooperated, and was concerned about security between Baghdad, Riyadh, and Tehran. The study concludes that mediation represents a soft diplomatic tool that is diverse and effective, and can be effective in Iraq and mitigate its political and economic environment if invested in an institutional and sustainable manner.

Iraq and Egypt are major Arab and Middle Eastern countries, and each has its own policies adopted, and the relations between the two countries go back to the civilizations that were founded on their respective lands, and continued later, with their existence within the framework of: the Arab-Islamic civilization, up to the two contemporary states that were established after independence.
The State of Iraq was founded in 1921, and obtained national independence in 1932, while the Kingdom of Egypt was founded in 1922, and became a republic in 1952, and relations between the two countries date back since the beginnings of the establishment, as each of them contributed to many events in the Arab region, including the establishment of the League of Arab States, and the close positions of managing Arab wars with the Zionist entity, and there are many differences in relations, including: The position on the Camp David Accords of 1978, and the position on the events of 1990, nevertheless share great cooperative relations.
In 2014, Iraq was hit by major violence, due to the invasion of the terrorist organization ISIS in some provinces of Iraq, at a time when Egypt had witnessed the 2011 revolution, and then political change in 2013. Relations are witnessing an important development, politically and economically, culminating in the new Sham project, in cooperation with Jordan, which leads to the development of relations between the two countries in the future.

Achieving food security is a central issue for all countries of the world and therefore seeks to achieve it in all circumstances، Given the position of Russia and Ukraine in the global economy in terms of the production and export of food, fertilizers, energy and minerals, the war between them has led to negative socio-economic repercussions on global food security, which poses a challenge for several countries, raising the rate of food insecurity and The Associated negative effects on the mental and physical health of the peoples of those countries. Thus, the effects of the Russian-Ukrainian war on global food security have led to rising food prices, disruption of supply chains, worsening food insecurity, as well as ongoing challenges, including climate change, geopolitical unrest and high production costs. This required cooperation at the international, regional and national levels through the development of long-term policies to build the resilience of the agricultural sector and crisis preparedness, diversify agricultural inputs and food products, invest in technological innovation and infrastructure, and strengthen cooperation and coordination between various stakeholders.

The research addresses the main factors that contributed to the decline of absolute US influence, in addition to the impact of the rise of other international powers and the decline of US influence in Africa, as it moves from a unipolar to a multipolar system. There is no doubt that the United States has begun to retreat voluntarily under the pressure of economic challenges, abandoning its dominant role in leading the international system unilaterally. In addition to the role of the Democratic Party and its influence on US policy, this has had an impact on the decline of US influence in the global arena. This decline was evident in President Obama's refusal to intervene directly in the Libyan crisis in 2012, in addition to adopting a strategy based on partnering with other countries in crisis management.

Iraq has occupied an important strategic position at the regional and international levels, as it is one of the countries that influence the formulation of American strategic policy and directions, due to its possession of many economic, military, and political components, which made the foreign policy of former US President Joe Biden tend to build diplomatic relations with Iraq in order to achieve the desired interests in the country, and this is what contributed to strengthening relations between the two countries on the one hand and achieving American interests on the other hand.

Iraq has occupied an important strategic position at the regional and international levels, as it is one of the countries that influence the formulation of American strategic policy and directions, due to its possession of many economic, military, and political components, which made the foreign policy of former US President Joe Biden tend to build diplomatic relations with Iraq in order to achieve the desired interests in the country, and this is what contributed to strengthening relations between the two countries on the one hand and achieving American interests on the other hand.

Political awareness has a major impact on the process of achieving citizenship within Iraqi society, and then developing it. The lack of social and political awareness in Iraq is considered a fundamental problem of the absence of citizenship after the change that occurred after 2003, as a result of a group of eternal obstacles and previous accumulations that it left behind. The previous regime and the circumstances of change after the occupation of Iraq and the chaos and absence of law that followed, which negatively affected the concept of citizenship and awareness in Iraq. To achieve citizenship under these circumstances, it was necessary to develop comprehensive methods and strategies for good, comprehensive social-political upbringing for members of Iraqi society, and to develop mechanisms for building national unity, as a foundation for civilizational construction, societal integration, and integrated work aimed at building citizenship, and to develop mechanisms to activate conscious political participation. Promoting loyalty, belonging and national mobilization, as it is necessary to build political awareness to achieve citizenship.

Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations have been marked by numerous problems due to their geographical proximity and social intermingling. Tensions in relations between the two countries escalated after the end of the Iran-Iraq War due to the problems of war, the border issue, and the problem of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990. After 2003, Iraq witnessed a turning point in relations between the two countries, and the subsequent establishment of a democratic political system that contributed to reshaping relations between the two countries.

On September 15, 2021, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia announced the signing of a security alliance called the AUKUS Alliance, under which the United States will provide Australia with nuclear-powered submarines. The aim of the alliance is to create a strategic balance in the Indian and Pacific Oceans region while transferring American and British technologies to Australia in other areas such as artificial intelligence and computing. This alliance reflects changes in the global strategic context and may carry contradictions in the positions and relations of European countries. In addition, the alliance has repercussions on the relationship between the allies in the context of the Chinese confrontation and hegemony in the Indo-Pacific region. .

Sustainable development aims to bring about continuous change in improving the structure of society in a continuous, progressive and constructive manner and achieving well-being in all aspects of life. Governance and its emergence as a concept closely linked to achieving comprehensive sustainable development were accompanied by new calls to rebuild democracy, adopt economic reforms and give a greater role to the private sector. Despite the importance of governance in achieving the goals of sustainable development, the failure of development experiences in many developing countries was due to public policies characterized by improvisation, lack of clarity and confusion .Governance works to achieve the main demands of the people, which are sustainable development, freedom, human dignity and living in peace. Sustainable development is a permanent and continuous process that includes all social and economic aspects. To achieve the role of governance in sustainable development, this requires broad interaction between the public sector (government), the private sector and civil society organizations.

On October 7, 2023, the world witnessed a qualitative shift in the course of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, following the launch of the “Al-Aqsa Flood” operation by Palestinian resistance factions. The repercussions of this event were not limited to the internal Palestinian or Israeli arenas but extended to leave a clear mark on the international system, particularly within the context of U.S.
-Russian rivalry,This operation was utilized in the political discourse of both Washington and Moscow, as each major power sought to leverage the event to serve its own interests—whether by supporting one side or by attempting to influence global public opinion. The geopolitical implications of the Al-Aqsa Flood have affected regional and international balances, while the ongoing war in Ukraine and rising tensions in Asia continue to fuel this great-power competition.