AL-MA’HAD

The first source of the original source, the original source, the original source, the source, the source, the source, the source, the source, the source, the source, the buyer, and that it is the source of the buyer’s obligation to pay the price, and the rent is the lessor’s source to enable the tenant to benefit from the rent, and the source of the tenant’s obligation to pay the rent.

These institutions centered on the form of associations, unions, federations, and clubs with various specializations, sports, social, cultural, or scientific. The Iraqi legislator issued the beginning of the Iraqi Associations Law No. (1) of 1960, which was canceled and defined the association as a permanent group consisting of people Natural or moral, for a purpose other than material profit, and this includes clubs, organizations, bodies, and everything that falls under this definition. There is no doubt that sports or social clubs enjoy a legal personality and financial and administrative independence, and its management is entrusted to them with autonomy and have a special budget, and they are granted legal personality. Within the powers and responsibilities of the state.

The subject of criminal procedures during the trial in absentia in the Code of Criminal Procedure for the Internal Security Forces is one of the important topics in the Iraqi military legislation, as it raises many problems related to the basic rules of trial, the procedures it carries out, and the guarantees granted to the absent accused policeman, which were guaranteed by the legislator. The absence of a policeman from appearing before the courts wastes a large number of the guarantees granted to him, and the court rules him in absentia without his presence, and issues a judgment in absentia against him. An integrated study on the subject, the researcher followed the analytical approach to the legal texts related to the subject in the Iraqi procedural laws. For this reason, we divided the study into three demands, and a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and proposals we reached, which we hope will help the legislator to provide solutions to some problems when conducting a review of the Code of Criminal Procedure for the Internal Security Forces No. 17 of 2008.

The subject of criminal procedures during the trial in absentia in the Code of Criminal Procedure for the Internal Security Forces is one of the important topics in the Iraqi military legislation, as it raises many problems related to the basic rules of trial, the procedures it carries out, and the guarantees granted to the absent accused policeman, which were guaranteed by the legislator. The absence of a policeman from appearing before the courts wastes a large number of the guarantees granted to him, and the court rules him in absentia without his presence, and issues a judgment in absentia against him. An integrated study on the subject, the researcher followed the analytical approach to the legal texts related to the subject in the Iraqi procedural laws. For this reason, we divided the study into three demands, and a conclusion that included the most important conclusions and proposals we reached, which we hope will help the legislator to provide solutions to some problems when conducting a review of the Code of Criminal Procedure for the Internal Security Forces No. 17 of 2008.

We can say that contemporary China foretells of a new global power, whose position is no less than other influential global powers such as the United States of America and Japan if it does not exceed its importance and ambition, and this may make the twenty -first century a Chinese century par excellence. The nature of China's relationship with the Gulf states came as a result of the desire of the Gulf states, in general, to diversify their external relations, in light of three main dimensions, the first of which is determined by the change of the conditions of the world order and the nature of the global powers dominating this system , the second is through the changes and transformations that affected the same Chinese policies, and finally through changing the same Gulf perceptions and the desire to deal with new developments, including those bumpy world forces such as China and India, and we can understood the importance of the region for China in light of its increasing need for different energy sources of oil and natural gas to manage Chinese economic expansion . Despite China's attempts to diversify its sources of oil and natural gas, it gets 50% of its oil needs from the Middle East, and 30% of its needs from Saudi Arabia and Iran. The development continued in Chinese -Gulf relations until 2012, and the region became important to China because it is an important source of energy supply and investments, and important in terms of exporting Chinese goods.

The research explores the impact of regional changes on the Gulf-Israeli relations، and we try through the research to clarify the basis for that influence and how the relationship between the two sides was during the post-2011 transformation phase; The Arab movement in 2011، the role of regional powers and the escalation of the regional security threat from the Iranian nuclear project and its regional policies، and the role and position of Israel in it، the researcher put this history into an important detail; Because of the transformations that took place in the region to dangerous and unprecedented outcomes at the same time، they pushed to open new horizons in the relationship between Israel and the Gulf states.

The occurrence of any dispute in the field of international private relations requires the judge before the dispute to decide on an important preliminary issue related to the extent of the jurisdiction of the dispute’s trial in relation to other foreign courts through the rules of international jurisdiction.” The importance of these rules in the field of private international law and its impact Great on the issue of determining the applicable law, and then revealing the final solution to the conflict, because the rules of attribution are not uniform in all countries, but rather that each country sets these rules based on certain criteria determined by its legislator, and because any dispute is first presented to the national judge, therefore, determining the competent court according to As a result, the rules of jurisdiction will lead to the determination of the final solution to the dispute. In the sense that the rules of attribution have an impact on the determination of international jurisdiction.

the position of the United States intelligence on several issues, including the issue of Terrorism, especially in the issue of the terrorist ISIS, as well as the intelligence position on the Covid 19 epidemic (coronary disease), as this study shows that the American intelligence had a major role in killing ISIS leaders, as well as in revealing the secrets of its origin and the method of finding a vaccine for it.

Russia is one of the most important countries in the world that possesses huge energy resources to the degree that it, along with a limited number of countries, has qualified it to control the reality and future of energy production and distribution programs globally, and accordingly it effectively influences the economic and development aspects of many countries of the world and its reflection on their political and perhaps strategic decisions. . In this context, since 2000, Russia has developed an energy policy with a high degree of strategic planning aimed at restoring Russia to its global role by employing its capabilities in the field of energy of all kinds to influence the course of the global economy, especially in two very important regions, namely the European Union and Asia, as well as increasing the level of coordination with countries. major energy producers around the world, , and thus influencing the nature and form of patterns of cooperation, competition, conflict, alliances and global partnerships at all levels, which allowed Russia to regain a large part of the capabilities of the Soviet Union related to global influence and influence, but with new goals and means to draw the features of a world that is least said to be a fragile unipolar world It is moving towards multipolarity.

The Russian-Egyptian relations since the fifties and sixties have been characterized by development and improvement in many factors, up to the era of President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, and this matter made Egypt an important and pivotal country, and it headed towards the Russian Federation, specifically at the present time, and behind Egypt’s orientation towards Russia was the creation of new alliances Away from the pressure of some other powers such as the United States of America, especially since the desire of the Russian Federation to penetrate the region, and then Egypt must move towards the Russian Federation and strengthen relations between them, especially in the political, security and economic fields, and this matter further consolidated the Russian-Egyptian relations during the era of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.

Jurists seek to interpret the rules of international law so that they can be applied in national laws, especially when the state is a member of a multilateral international treaty or agreement. This also requires the presence of a competent authority that exercises the function of interpretation. The judge can perform this task and undertake to clarify and interpret the rules of international law when applied so that they are far from ambiguity and ambiguity. IN Iraq, the State Council is the body competent to interpret the texts of the law, including the texts of the international agreements to which Iraq is regulated, in order to facilitate their inclusion in national laws. Here the question arises whether this interpretation has legal value or not? Does the interpretation require certain conditions? Is there a jurisprudential and judicial agreement on the interpretation of the rules of international law.

The study of the issue of Iraqi-Gulf relations carries a kind of exceptional importance because of the importance of the Gulf role in Iraq before and after the American occupation, where the Gulf role emerged in the Iraqi scene in terms of political and security due to its important interests in Iraq that serve to preserve Gulf national security through the exercise of influence In the course of political life in Iraq. Alongside this comes the importance of economic interests and the increasing Gulf interest in the Iraqi market, especially in the field of Gulf exports to Iraqi markets and investment in Iraq. And then the research tries to present a vision for the future of Iraqi-Gulf relations in light of what is in place and the changes that may arise that affect the drawing of features. That is the foreseeable future.

Within the scope of the administrative case, the litigants seek to resolve its procedures in order to reach the final ruling that would protect their legal positions. Therefore, they are keen to submit specific requests or pleadings that would contribute to the build of the judge's conviction to resolve the case in their favour, and to prove that the legal action issued by the administrative authority was not be legitimate.
In line with the foregoing, the Iraqi legislator adopted the provisional suspension system (delaying) by temporarily suspending the litigation procedures due to a related litigation within the jurisdiction of another court, which may be civil, criminal or constitutional. And waiting to a final judgment in it that would affect the considered administrative case and prevent inconsistency in the judgments issued by the Iraqi courts that would make some of the litigants in a state of denial of justice as they are required to implement contradictory judgments. The regulation did not address the legal effects of the court’s decision to suspend in cases of the opponent’s failure to complete the procedures related to filing a lawsuit regarding the initial issue, or submitting the request to detriment of the other litigant in order to delay the resolve the case, but it did not address the case of the urgent and non-contentious judicial, in addition, the fate of the administrative decision or the contract subject of the administrative case was not regulated during the delaying stage, pending a judgment will be issued by another court.

This research analyses the problem of Iraqi sovereignty ideologically. as explained by iraqi political parties according to its intellectual, doctrinal and political basis and its thinking away from modern state basis and its political, social, economical and security values .and subsequent behavior and practice deepen ed the sovereignty crisis and increased its complex problem. the study devided into seven parts ,the first have the sovereignty concept ,the second have the Iraqi sovereignty crisis historically, the third focused on sovereignty problem ideologically and its reflection on the Iraqi situation ,while the fourth and fifth have the internal and external sovereignty problem of Iraqi state after 2003 ,the sixth have governance philosophy in Iraq and the problem of sovereignty ,while the seventh focused on the political system and the problem of sovereignty ,then its end in conclusion and recommendations.

This research deals with the most important sources of financial wealth in the Islamic state as the basic component of the state’s components, so that the reader stands on the diversity of sources of wealth in Islam, and removes the illusion that some of them have that the sources of wealth are based on zakat and the fifth only, as the research shows that there are other sources of wealth that he did not know Most people owe them, such as: financial tax revenues, which are divided into two parts. The first section includes: financial taxes related to wealth, such as: the one-fifth tax, zakat, and tax, and the second section: includes: financial taxes related to control, such as: zakat al-fitrah and ransom for prisoners. , tribute, sacrifices of Hajj and its penances.
The research also deals with: imports of economic activities and public affairs of the state, such as: the agricultural sector, which falls within the economic activities of the Islamic state, the industrial sector, and imports of land or Anfal, which fall within the revenues of the general state and the property of the governing body, such as: lands that were not forcibly opened, and lands Which has no owner, the deserted lands of the abode of Islam, the lands of the abysmal conquests of Islam, the coasts of the seas, the forests and forests, the tops of mountains and the valleys, the estates of kings, minerals and mines, and the inheritance of those who have no heirs.

Algeria is one of the important countries with a strategic position in the North African region because of its strategic components at all levels (historical, geographic, cultural, social, political and military). In 1962, its distinguished location in the northwest of Africa and its location on the Mediterranean coast made it an important strategic location, not to mention what it contains of important economic materials represented by oil, gas, foreign investment and tourism, as it made it a country with an important economic dimension, as well as a cultural component And the social and civilization that Algeria contains, a diverse historical legacy and a distinct language, as well as the Arabic language, which is the Berber language, as well as the political component of Algeria, because Algeria contains revolutionary and constitutional stations, which are the source of the strength of its state. We believe that all of the foregoing is worthy of research and study due to the scientific necessity and to highlight the importance of Algeria’s strategic position. in the North African region .

Genocide is an international crime and a serious crime that threatens international peace and security, and the crime of genocide is the crime of mass murder of a group of people on a discriminatory basis with the intent of their total annihilation as a race, people, or a distinct group independent of civilization, culture, language or religion or for any reason that distinguishes them from human beings without Intent to annihilate them as a distinct group, rather the order is to get rid of them in a certain area or for another reason other than their total annihilation.
The Iraqi people were exposed to the largest brutal crime in the history of humanity when ISIS violated the system of rights and targeted women, children, civilians, minorities, religion and belief and the right to education, and committed many crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity, deserting millions of citizens and recruiting thousands of children, which constituted a flagrant violation of human rights and international law, The humanitarian.
The crime of (Spiker) as a crime of genocide in which all the elements were provided to violate the right to life, by the terrorist gangs of ISIS, a mass killing of the soldiers of the air base in Speicher, in a systematic manner and on sectarian grounds.

Iraq is an important part of the Middle East, a vital region for Russia for many reasons, including strategic, economic and political ones. Despite Russia's public opposition to the war on Iraq, it tacitly agreed to the war. The Russian policy towards Iraq after 2003 and its opposition to the US occupation of it stems from the nature of the Russian economic and military interests in Iraq, as Iraq has strategic relations with the Russian Federation and before that the former Soviet Union, which made Russia see that any military attack on Iraq could lead to a threat to its interests in Iraq and the region, foremost of which are the commercial and oil contracts of Russian companies in Iraq. The Russian position on the US war on Iraq in 2003 was characterized by the positionThe Russian position was also characterized by holding the United States of America and Britain responsible for what is happening in Iraq of clear security chaos and demanded the necessity of speeding up the handover of power to the Iraqis and expediting the expulsion of foreign forces from Iraq. On the other hand, the Russian Federation expressed its readiness to support Iraq in building a democratic, independent and united state, and its support for its efforts in combating terrorism, and stressed its interest in strengthening relations with Iraq, stressing its keenness on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iraq within the framework of security and stability in the Middle East region away from regional l interference, International

The research deals with the issue of turning public opinion into a weapon in the soft war, or the fourth generation wars, and the role of the media and social media in controlling, directing public opinion through various psychological and behavioral influences, including psychological warfare, propaganda and counter-propaganda, and brainwashing. Under intense, targeted and deliberate media pressure, and then exploiting it to strike the state and topple it from within through internal conflicts and bloody protests and use terrorist groups, the killer and the murdered in it are citizens of the country, and the result is to bring the state to the level of failed states in order to facilitate control over them. And the beneficiary of what is happening from "creative chaos" as former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice called it, for the driving force behind her, at no cost, in rearranging the state's conditions according to their programs, projects and plans.

The line of workers in private universities and colleges is a line that has its own weight in working and scientific life at the present time, as it plays a role no less than its theory in public universities. It is known that this last section is subject to laws and instructions regulating their relationship with the place they work for, but the issue of their relationship with place which they work for is that sometimes they're subjected to working law and sometimes subjected to provisions of civil law, until the matter was presented to the Reference Determination Board of the Iraqi Court of Cassation, thus it issued its decision No. 1 of 2022, which adapted this relationship according to legal premises and found it consistent with reality.
In this regard, we have devoted our research to discussing this opinion from the same legal aspects which was launched by the Reference Determination Board to show the extent of consistency of the last decision with the legal truth and what is its impact on the rights and obligations of a faculty member in private universities and colleges.

Administrative grievance is an important matter because it is directly related to administrative decisions and orders that are taken by people who assume tasks in the state. Therefore، these decisions and orders may be tainted with the element of violation of the principle of legality and violation of laws، for reasons that may be natural، i.e. human nature is subject to error or errors As a matter of clinging to power، and this is a matter in the shadow of governments throughout history، and in the event that decisions or administrative orders that are tainted with an element of violation may negatively affect both the person concerned or the party issuing the decision، and this does not serve the public interest and the public facility managed by the state، which is the basic characteristic For which it was found، and in order for the decision to be valid، it must meet the basic elements in terms of the cornerstone of the place، the reason، the purpose and the formality required in it. From the Iraqi constitution for the year 2005: (It is forbidden to stipulate in the laws that any act or administrative decision is immune from appeal) and it is good that what our modern constitution provides for the immunization

Stripping the debtor of his money first and before collecting debts from the sponsor’s money is one of the legal means to address that dependent behavior of the debtor. , and others expanded on that and decided with explicit texts that it is a procedure that takes place in the stages of litigation and implementation, so the demand for payment was not limited to stripping the debtor as a payment for the refutation of the creditor’s claim. Another, but the content remains the same, which is to refer to the debtor first, and this last payment is not prevented from it even according to the one-procedure legislation, as it was proven during the research. It has the effect of giving the guarantor the opportunity to protect his money until what can be collected from the original debtor’s funds, and to refer to the guarantor for the remainder of the debt after stripping the debtor during the executive procedures.

Its importance lies in urging all countries to consider the crime of nuclear, chemical or biological terrorism a criminal offense under their national legislation, or the use or threat of using radioactive materials or devices, or even damaging nuclear facilities in a way to release or risk releasing radioactive materials with the intent of causing death or causing Serious bodily harm or serious harm to property or the environment. This Convention also requires each State Party to take such measures as may be necessary to criminalize an offense under its national legislation, in particular the fact of unlawfully requiring the delivery of radioactive materials, devices or nuclear facilities by resort to threat. . It requires states parties to establish jurisdiction over relevant offenses in certain circumstances.

The nursery is one of the important topics in the field of personal status, as it represents a place around which problems arise within the same family, which motivates the legislator to surround the center of gravity in the nursery represented by the child in custody with protective rules that provide him with protective walls from the effects of those problems so that his interest represents the best interest among interests The conflicting relations related to the family pillars, and the importance of custody and the necessity of submitting it to the law that is best for the child in the context of special international relations arising from mixed marriage has emerged.

The right of movement and residence of the individual in a country is considered a human right of important effect, it includes not only patriotism but extends to other foreigners, we have shown the extent to which this right is guaranteed in the light of declarations, charters and conventions and their adoption at the international and regional level, and what is the legal protection for the maintenance of the right of movement and residence of the foreigner, and what impact those conventions and agreements have on the internal level, We discussed the constitutional protection of this right and the extent to which Iraq complies with the international conventions, declarations and conventions that it affirmed under the permanent 2005 Constitution and the special legal rules it has enacted to regulate the right of movement and residence of foreigners in Iraq, such as the Aliens Residency Act (76) of 2017 on the entry, residence and movement of foreigners until its exit, removal or dimensions, and the statement of what legal guarantees of this right and the restrictions on it and the sanctions imposed on it for violating the provisions of this law.

The right to work is based on a number of interrelated and closely integrated rights, all of which revolve around one goal, which is the protection of the right to work and the rights of workers. Traditional rights and liberties, on the other hand, are modern or newly created rights, and all of them entail legal obligations on states. The right to find work, protect it and organize it legally, protect it judicially, equality, and achieve equal opportunities in obtaining it according to fair and decent working conditions are all rights and freedoms related to the right the work .

The decision of employee’s suspension from practicing his job is one of the precautionary taken by the administration against the employee, as it is sometimes considered mandatory by the force of law, otherwise it is permissible according to the discretionary authority of the administration for the safety of an investigation. The decision of suspension has consequences that directly affect the employee’s position in his job, as it affects the employee’s legal and financial rights such as, paying the employee half of his salary. In addition, the decision of suspension includes expulsion of the employee from working during the period of suspension, thus, his work is considered void during this period. Therefore, the suspension decision is considered among sensitive decisions that assigned to the minister or head of the administration. However, it is not considered as one of the disciplinary penalties stipulated in the employee discipline law, which were mentioned exclusively. It was also mentioned in the law that suspension decision is one of the decisions that can be appealed, but regardless executing the penalty. Yet, Iraqi legislators has to entrust the task of examining the appeal decision in the employees’ judiciary court. The appeal is considered as one of the guarantees for the employee during the period of suspension, as s/he is returned to his job immediately after the end of the period. On the contrary, a decision may not be issued from the administration despite his detention, which considers him/her absent after which the service is terminated and considered as resigned for the lack of notifying the directorate of the detention. Consequently, the procedures for reappointing the employee to job will be difficult, especially when disposing his post.

International Law and International Law International Law on Legal Relationships We have to consider in order to determine the moment of the emergence of the legal relationship, but this stable is fixed and stable in the philosophy of the European Court of Justice, and then the accepted analogy And what is related to the moment of the emergence of the legal relationship in this particular subject, may falter to another time, and the delay of this time standard is based on a certain specificity. One of the parties to the contract causes a cause, which leads to a permanent and stable change in the rules and principles of the rules of private international law.