AL-MA’HAD

Water
resources among the most important natural elements on the face of the earth , and therefore we find that national and international communities give them great attention for their major role in achieving water security for these communities , in addition to their important role economic and social development in various areas of life. But , this vital resource it confront many risks that lead to its depletion , in the forefront the waste processes that affect it as a result of unregulated exploitation , which must be confronted by the competent administrative bodies to preserve this important resource from various manifestations of waste . Therefore , these administrative bodies must have means and tools that enable them to intervene within the framework of preserving this wealth from the illegal exploitation that causes in to waste .

The
regular and steady operation of public facilities and the daily life of citizens is a necessity that requires the individual to submit to the administrative decision, even if they have doubts about its legality and until the administrative decision is ruled to be cancelled. The goal of this is not to cause disruption or delay to daily life in addition to the resulting harm to the public interest, which It prevails when it conflicts with private interest, and the presumption of the validity of administrative decisions has a basis that came from it and was born with the decision and became inherent to it throughout its existence. This presumption is based on several foundations, both theoretical and practical, and includes the effective practice of administrative work in addition to the due legal insurance for the prevailing administrative and legal position, in addition. This presumption requires the existence of certain conditions, and the administration is obligated to adhere to these conditions in order to maintain legitimacy, and therefore its decision will not be challenged by the judiciary or individuals

With
its growing geopolitical inclination, Russian foreign policy has been considered as a resurgence of Eurasianism (Neo-Eurasianism). Notwithstanding its strong geopolitical sense, Eurasianism is multifaceted concept. It is often associated with philosophical thinking, cultural and political doctrines which changed over time and yet full of contradictions. This article seeks to find out the influence of Neo-Eurasianism in Russian foreign policy. Tracing back the idea of Eurasianism from historical perspective and this article argues that the rise of Neo-Eurasianism in Russia is driven by the needs to define and strengthen the spheres of influences. It is mainly motivated by ethnocentric sentiments to expand the sphere of influences across the border as a safeguard and protection.

The
historical factor is considered one of the primary elements influencing the formation of memory within societies. This influence can be discerned through the examination of the relationship between memory and history, shedding light on the role of historical experiences, events, and narratives that societies have encountered over time. History plays a crucial and significant role in shaping the collective consciousness of individuals and human groups, which is reflected in the formation of memory. Often, this role is overlooked, prompting scholars since the 1990s to advocate for a greater seriousness in engaging with history. This advocacy can be attributed to the Annales School, which contributed to expanding the field of history in the early twentieth century in terms of its purposes and subjects. Therefore, the historical factor is a decisive element in shaping the memory of societies, working to reconstruct and highlight memory within the practices of a particular community, thus influencing the formation of identity, values, beliefs, political development, and social cohesion.

The
The principle of good faith is one of the basic principles that is closely linked to the principle of binding force of the contract and the idea of breach of contract. The Iraqi legislator did not know the principle of good faith except at the stage of implementing the contract, as Article (150) of the Iraqi Civil Code stipulated that the contract must be implemented in accordance with what it contained.
And in a way that is consistent with what good faith requires, but the most important thing that is observed through extrapolation of the legal texts is that the stage of terminating the contract came devoid of any regulation or reference to the principle of good faith and the obligations resulting from this principle, so this study will be limited only

The
Fethullah Gulen movement, or what is called the Service, is one of the Islamic movements that has a great influence on the political and social arena in Turkey because of its intellectual values and adoptions that differ from other Islamic movements. Since its founding in the 1970s, it has been able to have an important place, especially on the social and educational levels. In the country because it is the field it has taken to strengthen its position and role and spread its ideas based on its founder, Fethullah Gulen, who proposed a innovative vision different from the various Islamic movements on a large number of issues about the relationship between religion, the state, the Turkish nation, and the importance of education and awareness in Turkish society.
In addition to the relationship with the West, which made it develop and spread very quickly in Turkish cities as well as in a large number of regional and Western countries, the clash with the Justice and Development Party, the accusation of the movement of a coup d’état in Turkey, and the campaigns of arrest, dismissal, and trials that targeted its members, reflected negatively on its activity.

This
ongoing research aims to address the issue of economic policies and patterns of economic lifestyles that were evident in Jerusalem between the years 1864 AD - 1914 AD.
As for the most prominent aspects of the research as a whole that can be addressed in the following. This discussion will be about the most important industries and crafts that were widespread at that period. These raw materials assisted and facilitated to establish what is considered as the most important yet vital development regarding these industries and crafts, adding to the most important tools that were used and highlighted to show the importance and vitality regarding each aspect of these industries.
Keeping in mind the full vivacity of trade, both internal and external this can highlight the taxes and fees that were imposed in that era by the governing body, after clarifying and illustrating the most important and vital currencies that were in circulation among the residents of Jerusalem. Finally, we explain the most important coins, currencies, coinage and types of measurement that were used in Jerusalem.

Approaching
completion and touching perfection usually takes an upward path linked to experience that grows and increases over time, and this applies to the tasks of the relatively newly established Federal Supreme Court. Based on this, Alina follows the path of the court from its first formation until now, to determine its vision towards the concept. The renewal of democracy, considering the short lifespan of the constitutional judiciary in Iraq, represented by the Federal Supreme Court, as an original variable, and in return, the modernity of the democratic experience as a dependent variable. Therefore, the more the Federal Court’s return intensifies and the maturity of its integrated constitutional thought, the more the modern foundations of democracy become established, and the resulting positive results on At all levels, otherwise there will be negative repercussions and a decline in democracy and perhaps its extinction. The problem of research lies in the extent to which the Federal Supreme Court takes the level to which democratic countries adhere in their legal rules as a criterion and control for its oversight of legislative rules and in the interpretation of constitutional texts, and whether it possesses the capabilities to deal with the democratic situation without resorting to academic expertise, to the extent that it should be re- Considering the constitutional text that requires the inclusion of legal scholars in its formation. The research concluded that the maturity of the idea of the principles of modern democracy in the decisions of the Federal Supreme Court, whether related to constitutional appeals or interpretive decisions, passed through two eras: The first era of the formation of the court was represented by neglecting the concept of democracy and dealing abstractly with constitutional texts, until it reached advanced stages comparable to what the ancient comparative constitutional judiciary had settled upon, as the presence of the modern idea of democracy in the decisions of the Federal Supreme Court took an upward path and reached its peak. In the second era of the court formation. Thus, the Federal Supreme Court has become stronger and its experience has accumulated, and its ability and ability to deal with the democratic situation in its modern sense have become clear

issue of preserving the freedom and dignity of the individual is raised in all laws, and freedom is at its highest level in Islamic law. This is because Islam has honored man and enhanced his value, and Islamic societies must preserve this dignity from humiliation and waste. Likewise, democratic systems have sought to preserve human rights from distortion. By stipulating and emphasizing human rights charters, and since the judiciary is independent and has no authority over it other than the law, it is possible to confiscate a person’s freedom by arbitrarily using power and denying justice. To say so scratches the face of the truth whose foundations we seek to establish in the public order and society. Therefore, I decided to research the issue. The possible error in which the judiciary or authority makes by ruling on an innocent person and limiting his civil rights, or placing him in an environment that affects his normal behavior, in addition to removing him from life and disrupting his interests, or releasing a dangerous criminal as a result of this error, and the importance of this issue - which may be a reason If a person loses his confidence in the judiciary first, and in the state secondly, it must be shed light on it, and what possible oversight should be placed on the rulings issued by the courts, as well as oversight of the courts of appeal. By this, I do not mean that the state should interfere in the work of the judiciary, because the judiciary is in order to carry out the task that has been assigned to it. He must be independent, but there is no doubt that the criminal judge’s arrival at a ruling requires effort and difficulty because the truth is not an easy matter, which makes it possible for him to make a mistake, and judges differ in their personalities, beliefs, and the legal foundations on which they base their assessment of evidentiary evidence. Therefore, under the principle of judicial conviction, the judge is given complete freedom to derive his conviction from any evidence he is comfortable with from the evidence presented in the case.

The
world is still living under the impact of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which began on February 13, 2022 and continues to this day. A war initiated by Russia with the intention of it being a military operation of limited duration and specific objectives, in the words of Russian President Vladimir Putin, who said when announcing the start of military operations - After a long explanation of the reasons for Russia’s decision to take this decision - I decided to launch a special military operation, Given Ukraine's geostrategic importance, as well as its ethnic and demographic diversity, it is considered a country that separates Russia from the West. The battlefield has expanded and become more complex, and reaching settlements through political efforts has become almost non-existent at the present time. Therefore, this study came to show the American strategy towards the Russian-Ukrainian war..

Constitutional
amendment is one of the mechanisms of political reform because it achieves the framework and organizational basis for reforming the state system in a way that ensures its adaptation to all variables and the development of its systems and policy methods in accordance with the development of needs and requirements. The constitution is the basis for every state, and it regulates the form of government, monitors basic rights, and ensures the balance between the three authorities: the legislative authority, the executive authority, and the judicial authority. The importance of constitutional amendment for the state's social system lies in achieving harmony between the provisions of the constitution and contemporary economic conditions, allowing freedom to choose the economic direction of the state within the framework of preserving freedom of economic activity and social justice, guaranteeing the right to ownership in all its forms, and protecting labor rights. It guarantees every generation the freedom to choose the economic system that responds to new developments in public life so that the provisions of the constitution do not stand as an obstacle to this development imposed by the reality of life.

The
The referral order is the area that contains the content of the criminal case, after finalising the preliminary investigation procedures stipulated in the Military Code of Criminal Procedure. If the authority concerned with the referral is satisfied that the committed act in respect of which the investigation is being conducted constitutes a crime and that the evidence available is sufficient to refer the accused to the competent court, And its conviction that the incriminating evidence is weighted, so it issues an order to refer him to the competent military court, as the jurisdiction of the military court in hearing the case does not become complicated except after an order is issued to refer the criminal case to it by the authority concerned with the referral, and that it contains the name of the accused, the legal article that applies, his act, and the name of the president and members of the military court And the military prosecutor, as well as other information, and the name and signature of the referral order

Magic spreads and its spread varies from time to time, from place to place and from person to person according to varying reasons. In later times, the spread of magic and sorcery increased, and the methods varied. According to the approach of time, and the disappearance of many of the features of the Sunnah and guidance, and what is greatly talked about is the issue of solving magic with magic, so the sick flock to magicians in order to solve the magic or make them think that the one who has an illness is magic. Thus, the market of magicians became popular and they excelled in convincing people that they have magic and it has been cured, and this is all of this. Because people are far from the Sharia and following the guidance of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, in this research we wanted to show the legal and legal impact in Iraqi law on the issue of separating spouses, and whether the coming of witches and the circulation of magic is suitable to be a reason for separating between spouses, as well as the divorce resulting from witchcraft, the fact that this matter One of the most important problems facing society, which afflicts the family, is its expectation of performing a forbidden act in exchange for behavior that is not permitted by Sharia and the law. Therefore, this study deals with magic in action and in exchange that takes place between spouses, and the rulings that result from those actions, which in turn affect the relationship between the spouses, so what results This research will focus on the legal and legal effects of magic.

The
contract is not considered an administrative contract unless one of the parties is a public person and it relates to a public facility. Likewise, a public person may be a party to the contract. However, it is considered a private law contract if that contract is not related to a public facility. Or if this person has the same status as an ordinary person. Also, only administrative contracts fall within the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, while disputes related to private law contracts are within the jurisdiction of the ordinary judiciary, even if the administration is a party to them. The financial balance of the administrative contract must be in all administrative contracts, and the contracting party with the administration has the right to compensation for the damages that befall him as a result of certain circumstances, because it is not fair, just, or in the public interest for him alone to bear the burden of those circumstances, and therefore an integrated legal system must be developed in Iraq for administrative contracts that are subject to administrative law and the provisions of administrative law apply to them This is done by defining a distinct standard for the administrative contract and clarifying the rules and provisions that govern it as well. For the purpose of addressing the financial imbalance of the administrative contract, an independent legal regulation must be put in place, which is through restoring the financial balance of the administrative contract in accordance with applicable theories in order to encourage individuals to contract with the administration and thus It brings financial abundance to the state and achieves the public interest.

All
human societies seek to build their societies in a way that meets the needs of the people of society and to live in peace and security. However، this pursuit in Iraq faces several threats، including external and internal threats، which reflect their effects on society in all its aspects. After 2003، Iraqi society went through difficult challenges and threats that caused... A massive decline in human security indicators in all its economic، social، health، environmental and political dimensions، which led to the destruction of the economic، social and cultural infrastructure، the fragmentation of society، and the creation of a state of chaos and insecurity in it، as it clearly affected all segments of society and caused the decline of the health and educational system. All variables created an environment of Human inhumanity.

The
European Union Commission adopted the Repower EU plan in response to the Russian war on Ukraine and the accompanying turmoil in the global energy market. The plan targets to confront the climate crisis through the green transition of Europe. It also aims primarily to quickly eliminate dependence on Russian energy by the end of 2022, and reduce dependence on it completely before 2030. This especially crucial since Moscow inclined to utilize energy as an economic and political weapon, which in turn, and annually costs European taxpayers approximately 100 billion Euros

Iraq
is one of the countries that views the phenomenon of prostitution as a negative phenomenon that is harmful to society and the stability of traditions in it, and the shops designated for engaging in prostitution have greatly helped in the spread of this phenomenon widely among its members in its various segments. Therefore, the legislator criminalized the behavior of managing a place for engaging in prostitution and dealt with it through special criminal legislation, out of awareness of the seriousness of this behavior that becomes clear through the management, organization, supervision, and equipment of the place Such as arranging appointments, and allocating it to the practice of prostitution by others, whether for or without compensation, and then this has several dimensions that are evident through its harm to honor, and the destruction of the family entity and its ties, as well as the negative effects on the general social system represented by public security, health.
Therefore, due to the importance of the topic throughout the study and to cover it from all its aspects, we divided it into an introduction and two sections. In the first, we dealt with the nature of the crime of running a place for engaging in prostitution, and we devoted the second to explaining the substantive provisions for the crime of running a place for engaging in prostitution, and we concluded our study with the most prominent results and proposals that were reached.

They
are international organizations emerging from organizations that paid extensive attention to the Convention on Useful International Disputes, and cooperation in this regard with international organizations. They were delayed until they became an important aspect of any more cooperative and cooperative organization among the relations between its members, clearly stated in the texts of those organizations that It was keen to agree to this and explicitly state it in the agreement establishing it, until it recognized one of the basic elements that you must not have as a majority organization. The League of Arab States was one of the first founding international organizations. The fields of cooperation in regional international organizations are expanding to include not only the political scope in the narrow sense, and not the formal peace represented by preventing the use of force and settling disputes peacefully, but also in achieving international cooperation in resolving international issues of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature, in order to preserve On international peace and security

When
the crime occurs in a society, this requires following up the perpetrator, holding him accountable and inflicting punishment on him, and for this, the legislator organized the procedures of the investigative and judicial authorities, Haliem Niema Hussein and gave each of them its competence to practice its work tasks within the scope of its drawing for it in advance.The legislator has determined the types of jurisdiction according to the internal criteria, which include the personal jurisdiction represented by the person of the offender and the qualitative jurisdiction related to the quality of the court that exercises jurisdiction and the spatial jurisdiction that means the location or place where the crime was committed. The legislator has determined the types of jurisdiction according to the internal criteria, which include the personal jurisdiction represented by the person of the offender and the qualitative jurisdiction related to the quality of the court that exercises jurisdiction and the spatial jurisdiction that means the location or place where the crime was committed. the place of their commission on the territory of another country and the perpetrator was not among its nationals, even if it did not touch its sovereignty or security, but it is sufficient that they are crimes of general danger to society as a whole.

The
When a crime occurs, it results in a disturbance of public security and harm to social order. At the same time, it may lead to physical, financial, or moral damage. Therefore, two rights arise from its occurrence. The first is the right of society to punish the offender and deter others by filing a criminal case. As for the right Secondly, it proves that whoever has been harmed may demand compensation for the harm he has suffered by filing a civil lawsuit and that this second right is called the personal right. From this standpoint, we notice the emergence of a kind of duality in the crime, as it has two subjects, one of which is original and represented by the criminal lawsuit that was brought with intent. Punishing the perpetrator means a public right; the second is secondary, represented by the civil lawsuit that is filed to claim compensation for the damage caused by that crime. Based on the unity of origin of the two lawsuits represented by the crime, the legislator has granted the right to the person harmed by that crime to demand compensation for the damage he suffered from it by filing the civil lawsuit to claim compensation before the criminal court is an exception to the general principle.

Death
disease is a disease in which a person is unable to perform his usual activities, death is common, and he dies in this state before his age has passed. Three conditions must be met for the disease to be considered a death disease: that the patient is unable to perform his usual activities, that he is likely to die, and that he dies within a period of one year from the beginning of the disease. Sharia jurists have agreed that it is permissible for a terminally ill patient to marry, but they stipulated that consummation should take place. Conversely, the contract is invalid and has no effect if death occurs for either of the spouses during that illness. As for the divorce of a terminally ill patient, it is valid as long as the husband enjoys awareness and awareness until Even if he was dying.

The
The research topic addresses a very important issue that has a direct bearing on the subsequent procedures in the criminal case represented by the preliminary investigation stage and the trial stage, which is the role of judicial officers in the stage of investigating crimes and collecting evidence prior to the two stage above and the extent of the importance of that stage in finding the perpetrators, identifying them, and collecting relevant evidence. Prejudicing the committed crime and collecting information, and the extent of its validity Evidence to prove or deny the occurrence of the crime.

There
is no exaggeration to say that “the world cannot enjoy peace unless individuals enjoy security, and that what human needs have produced has made man the cause of climate changes, to the point that those changes have become a threat to his existence, and the international response has come to manage those risks, the international community has identified a foundations to confront climate fluctuations through international agreements and protocols that established the adoption of national strategies targeting the causes of climate deterioration, especially addressing gas emissions of various types and the extent of the damage resulting from them, especially strategies to reach (net zero) emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases, according to different timetables, and the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015 represented the broadest and most comprehensive response in the context of confronting the climate change, while countries have adopted strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change, by adopting strategies to confront climate change by completely eliminating the emission of chlorofluorocarbon gases, and unconventional strategies concerned with adapting to climate change, including the Gulf strategy that worked to create environmentally friendly cities, sustainability projects, such as artificial rivers, seawater desalination projects, and others, as well as the establishment of a carbon bank, as well as the adoption of hybrid approaches, renewable energies, and innovations associated with the environment in meeting human needs.