Iraqi Journal of Science

The Mannich reaction is one of the most important types of organic chemistry
fundamental reactions. It is a crucial stage in the production of various medicines,
natural goods, and industrial chemicals. Chemists' imaginations have always been
piqued because of this. In general, the Mannich reactions can be used as part of a
tandem reaction sequence to produce complex target molecules in an elegant and
often easy manner. The following article examines and summarizes methods for
synthesizing Mannich derivatives, in addition to offering a survey of recent
advancements in several fields’ applications of the Mannich reaction, such as
biological applications, antimicrobial activity, anticancer activity, anti-inflammation
and antioxidant activity, antimalarial activity, anti-viral activity, and so on. We also
go over how mannich base is used in industry and agriculture.

This paper aims to find out if FOXP-3 was expressed in samples from Iraqi
cervical cancer patients. Expression of FOXP-3 was detected in 55 cervical tissue
samples by immunohistochemistry. Since thirty-five cases of aggressive cervical
cancer were included, along with 20 normal samples used as controls. The nucleus
and cytoplasm levels of FOXP-3 were counted, considering the ratio of positive
cells and intensity. FOXP3 cytoplasmic staining was found in 27 out of 35 cases.
Only 11 out of 35 samples displayed nuclear lymphocyte staining. Furthermore, four
samples expressed this marker in both the nuclear and cytoplasm of the cervical
cells. There is a highly significant difference in FOXP3 expression in the cytoplasm
of malignant cells and lymphocytes compared to normal samples. Seven samples out
of 11 cells correlated with lymph vascular invasion. These results show that tissue
positive FOXP-3 possesses a possible diagnostic marker for Iraqi cervical cancer.
FOXP3 is significantly expressed in cancer cells, and lymphocyte infiltrates [T-reg]
compared to normal.

The regeneration of used oil is one of the essential processes for economical,
industrial and environmental targets. Used oil is rich of hydrocarbons, metals (such
as: aluminium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silicon and tin),
gasoline, water and antifreeze. Due to the high increasing rate of the number of cars,
there is a huge quantity of used oil. In this study, different brands of used oil were
involved in extraction and adsorption processes as a regeneration process of these
used oils. The optimum conditions were determined such as solvents composition,
solvent: oil ratio, KOH concentration and temperature. The solvent mixture of 40%
of petroleum ether, 11% of 1-butanol and 4% of 2-propanol has shown the best
results in removing sludge. The 3:1 (solvent: oil) ratio may be considered as the best
ratio practically and economically.

The use of multifunction additives in the lubricant sector has attracted great
interest due to their ability to simultaneously improve and add multiple functions.
This work describes the preparation and evaluation of over-based magnesium
stearate detergent as a multifunction additive by the reaction of stearic acid with
carbon dioxide gas in the presence of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and ammonia.
The prepared over-based magnesium stearate was evaluated as a multifunction
additive through blending it in various concentrations of 1-5 wt/wt% with sixty
stock lubricating oils. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and
the Institute of Petroleum (IP) were used to determine the total base number (TBN),
viscosity index (VI), pour point (PP), rust prevention, copper corrosion inhibition,
and oxidation stability. The over-based magnesium stearate detergent gave higher
values for TBN and detergency efficiency. The blended oil with one percent of the
prepared additive showed more rust, oxidation, and corrosion resistance than the
standard antioxidant (hindered phenol HP). The VI values of the blended oils
showed that the 5 wt/wt% over-based magnesium stearate, which has approximately
the same VI values as the blend with 5% of the standard olefin copolymer (OCP),
provides better performance.

Menopause is the lack of menstrual cycle for at least six months. Due to
hormonal changes, the alternation of lipid profile as a risk factor related to heart
disease increases during menopause . One hundred twenty Iraqi women, aged
between 40-65 years, were selected for this study. They were divided into two
groups: 60 premenopausal and 60 postmenopausal women, and then each group was
further divided into two subgroups: 20 women with hyperthyroidism and 20 with
hypothyroidism, as well as 20 healthy women as control group. Blood samples were
collected to estimate hormonal parameter by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) and lipid profile using enzymatic technique. The results showed that
alterations in lipid profile included decrease in the cholesterol levels, triglyceride,
LDL and VLDL. Whereas HDL increased in hyperthyroidism as compared to
hypothyroidism and control groups in premenopausal women. In women with
postmenopause, alterations of lipid profiles included a decrease in the cholesterol
level, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein
(VLDL) except an increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) in hyperthyroidism as
compared to hypothyroidism and control groups. Also, the level of lipid profiles
increased in hypothyroidism rather than hyperthyroidism both in pre and
postmenopause. According to this study, the conclusion was reached that there was
an increase in the lipid profile level in postmenopausal women than premenopausal
women with hypothyroidism when compared to hyperthyroidism.

The research was aimed tostudy themorphological and anatomical characteristics
as well as habitatand geographical distributionof speciesPeltariaangustifolia DC.,
This study indicated that the plant specimens are perennial glabrous herbs,
distinguished by the presence of distinct basal and cauline leaves, and simple
corymb inflorescence. Flowers perianth consists of four obovate sepals, and four
spathulate petals, with hexanderiaandroecium characterized by dilated filaments
from the bases and gynoecium consists of obovate ovary and sessile stigma, the fruit
reticulate silicula, and the seeds are ovate-elliptical with faintly reticulate
configuration. As for the anatomical study, it included the study of the dimensions
and characteristics of each root, stem, leaf, as well as the nature of the leaf venation,
and cuticular study. A study of the geographical distribution showed that the species
is very rare in Iraq. It is located in the mountain region and exclusively in Jabal
Sinjar district.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity and markers
associated with salinity tolerance in three genotypes of wheat created for salt
tolerance by plant breeding program, as well as two Iraqi varieties using random
amplified polymorphic cDNA (RAPD-PCR) with eight primers were used. The
results of RAPD marker revealed that there are genetic variations in several
particular segments of various sizes between the selected genotypes and the local
varieties with more genetic variation except for (OPG-09) did not appear any band
with the selected genotypes and local cultivars . The results of the phylogenetic tree
analysis (cluster) based on the presence or absence of DNA amplified for each
primer were used to classify similar genotypes into two main groups (1H, Iraq)
genotypes were clustered in first group with a genetic distance of 85% and (2H,
Ibaa99) genotypes clustered in second group with a genetic distance of 84%.The
results of genetic similarity based on RAPD data shows the relationship between the
selected genotypes and local cultivars, the highest genetic distance was 0.428571
between the selected genotypes (1H and 2H) and the local cultivar of (I), and the
lowest value was 0.066667 between the selected genotype (1H and 3H). The results
confirmed the efficiency of RAPD based cDNA technique of those genotypes that
are studied for determination of genetic diversity and distance among them.

High concentrations of prolactin (PRL) during the lactation period have an
essential role in milk production by mammary glands stimulation. PRL may have an
impact on calcium regulation and bone mineral density. We investigated if the PRL
concentration during the lactation period could influence osteoclast (OC) activation
and bone mineral density (BMD). In vivo, the Calcium Detection Assay, and ELISA
were used to detect serum calcium, PRL, and inflammatory cytokines, respectively.
BMD was evaluated by μ-CT in six months old female mice during lactation. The
osteoclast (OC) activity was detected by Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP),
Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). In vitro,
osteoclast differentiation, resorption and their activity markers TRAP, Matrix
metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), Cathepsin K (CTSK), C-reactive protein (CRP),
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β (RANK) and inflammatory cytokines
were measured in osteoclasts stimulated with recombinant prolactin protein (rPRL)
or with an anti-prolactin blocker. We found that serum calcium, PRL, and
inflammatory markers were increased. BMD was significantly reduced in lactating
mice; TRAP activity was increased and tubercular was reduced in lactating mice
compared to normal mice. In vitro, the osteoclast number, resorption, and activation
markers TRAP, MMP-9, CTSK, CRP, and RANK were significantly increased after
treatment with rPRL protein, but not in osteoclasts treated with anti-prolactin
receptor antibody and rPRL. The gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and Monocyte
chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) but not IL-1b were significantly increased in
osteoclasts with PRL treatment compared to the untreated osteoclasts. Taken
together, the high level of PRL could activate osteoclasts and proinflammatory
cytokines expression which reduce BMD in the lactation period

Methotrexate (MTX) is still one of the gold standard treatments for rheumatoid
arthritis (RA). It shows diverse outcomes in blood level and clinical response, this
was demonstrated by its relation to the genetic polymorphism in the
pharmacogenetic study. This study aimed to investigate the role of
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms in relation to
MTX efficacy and toxicity in Iraqi Kurdish RA patients. Sixty-four RA patients
were involved in this study with an average age of 47.78 ±14.08 and female to male
ratio of (8.1). Diagnosis and disease activity were confirmed. Blood analyses,
including those of laboratory markers of disease activity, were done. The 28 joint
disease activity score (DAS28-CRP) was calculated. MTHFR gene polymorphisms
were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The most frequent genotypes
which were identified in RA patients were the CT genotype of the C677T single
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (51.6%) and the AC genotype of the A1298C SNP
(48.4%). Patients with non-response to treatment had high frequencies of genotypes
CT and TT (58.0% and 12.0%) of the C677T SNP respectively, as compared to
those in the responder group; 28.6% and 0.0%); T-allele was associated with drug
non-responding OR=4.17, P value=.0.009, meanwhile; genotypes AC and CC of the
A1298C SNP were seen in (54.0% and 16.0%) in non-responder group. Patients
with active RA had increased frequencies of CT and TT genotypes of the C677T
SNP (60.0% and16.0%) respectively as compared to those who were in remission
(26.6% and 0.0%); T-allele was associated with high disease activity; OR = 5.11. No
association was found between C677T SNP and A1298C SNP, and MTX level
status (P> 0.05). However, the variant alleles (T and C) were associated with the
MTX toxic level (OR: 2.05, 95% CI [0.97 – 4.32]) and (OR: 1.99, 95% CI [0.96 –
4.18]) respectively. This study suggests that genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR
SNP (C677T and A1298C) are associated with MTX efficacy but not toxicity in RA
patients. This may assist the physicians in personalizing RA treatment in Iraqi
patients.

In-situ measurements of ultraviolet (UV) and solar irradiance is very sparse in
Nigeria because of cost; it is estimated using meteorological parameters. In this
work, a low-cost UV and pyranometer device, using locally sourced materials, was
developed. The instrument consists of a UV sensor (ML8511), a photodiode
(BPW34) housed in a carefully sealed vacuumed glass bulb, the UV and solar
irradiance sensor amplifiers, a 16-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADS1115),
Arduino mega 2560, liquid crystal display (LCD) and microSD card for data
logging. The designed amplifier has an offset voltage of 0.8676 mV. The sensitivity
of the irradiance device is 86.819 Wm-2/mV with a correcting factor of 27.77 Wm-2
and a maximum range of 1200 Wm-2. The instrument validation error is 9.67% and a
correlation coefficient of 0.89 when compared with a standard SRS100 pyranometer.
The UV sensor showed a close response with a correlation of 0.99 in comparison
with a standard Skye instrument. From 08:00 to 16:00 local time (LT), there is a
very close agreement between the standard device and the developed counterpart,
with marginal differences of about 9.6% observed at the two extremes.

The goal of this research is to use optical emission spectroscopy to investigate the
parameters of exploding silver wire plasma. The silver discharge plasma's emission
spectra were recorded and studied. For silver wire of diameter 0.4 mm and different
currents 75,100, and 125A in deionized water, the plasma electron temperature (????????)
was calculated by Boltzmann plot and container plasma medium temperature by
thermal camera, and the electron density (????????) was computed by Stark broadening
using the hydrogen (H line) at 656.279 nm With increasing current from 75 to 125
A, the electron density (ne) increased from 3.160×1017 to 8.762×1017 ????????−3, while
electron temperatures increased from 0.571 to 1.334 eV under the same conditions.
The plasma's optical emission spectrum (OES) includes a peak at 653 nm that
corresponds to the H line of the hydrogen atom, as well as additional peaks that
belong to Ag (AgI and AgII lines). Researchers looked into the relationship between
plasma electron temperature, emission line intensity, and number density.
Nanoparticle concentration rises as the intensity of the emission line rises, while
their size decreases. It is feasible to deduce that plasma parameters have a regulated
relationship with the concentration and size of nanoparticles produced.

Graphene (Gr) decorated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were used to
fabricate a wideband range photodetector. Silicon (Si) and porous silicon (PS) were
used as a substrate to deposit Gr /Ag NPs by drop-casting technique. Silver
nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were prepared using the chemical method. As well as the
dispersion of silver NPs is achieved by a simple chemistry process on the surface of
Gr.
The optical, structure and electrical characteristics of AgNPs and Gr decorated
with Ag NPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), x-ray
diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of Ag NPs exhibited 2θ
values (38.1o, 44.3 o, 64.5 o and 77.7 o) corresponding to the silver nanocrystal, while
the XRD pattern of Gr-Ag NPs shows two distinct diffraction peaks at 2 θ =
26.2°and 54.7 which correspond to the (002), and (110). The absorption spectrum of
Gr-AgNPs extended from UV to near IR region, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)
absorption peak position for the AgNPs at (~320-480) nm. The I-V characteristics
for the photoconductive detector on Si were measured with three sources: UV,
visible, and IR. The photocurrent increased under the illumination of UV light
(10W, 365nm), a Tungsten lamp (250W, 500-800nm), and a laser diode (300mW,
808nm). The I-V characteristics for the photoconductive detector on PS were
measured with three sources: UV, Visible, and IR. Furthermore, we coated
polyamide-nylon polymer on Gr/Ag NPs samples deposited on a Si and PS layer by
the drop-casting method the results show that the photocurrent increased for all
samples.

The dielectric properties of the fabricated composites MgO:ZnO with various
mixing ratios (100,75:25,50:50,25:75, and 100 wt. %)were investigated. The
structure analysis was conducted using X-ray diffraction. The structure phase,
crystallite size and purity of the fabricated MgO:ZnO composites were confirmed
using X-ray diffraction spectra. The results declared that the diffraction spectrum of
100%MgO composite samples were compatible with cubic structure along the plane
(200) while the structures of residual composite's samples were compatible with
hexagonal structures. The crystal size of the most pronounced plane (101) for crystal
growth was changed from 30.4 nm to 53.2 nm by increasing ZnO ratio from 25 to
100wt%. The dielectric properties were studied as function of frequency over the
range (50Hz-10MHz). The a.c conductivity σa.c(ω) showed power low dependence
for the full frequency range except for the composites samples of 0 and 75 %wt.
ZnO which showed d.c region in the low frequency range. The exponent (s) values
which represents the slope of ln σa.c(ω) and ln(ω) changed in non-regular manner by
increasing the ZnO ratio. The dielectric constant ε1 and the dielectric loss ε2
increased with the increase of the ZnO ratio up to 75% ZnO and then decreased with
further increase of ZnO ratio. The dielectric loss peaks observed in the plot diagram
of ε2 against ln(ω) is found to shift towards the high-frequency side which indicates
the decrease of relaxation time and prompt movement of charge carriers .The
polarizability values (α) estimated from the COLE –COLE diagram increased from
0.112 to 0.467 when the ratio of ZnO changed from 0 to 50wt.% which referred to
reduction of the intermolecular forces. While (α) reduced drastically at 75wt.% ZnO
which referred to the growing of the intermolecular forces.

The goal of this investigation is to prepare zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-thin films by
pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique through Q-switching double frequency
Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) wavelength, pulse frequency 6 Hz, and 300 mJ energy
under vacuum conditions (10-3 torr) at room temperature. (ZnO) nano-thin films
were deposited on glass substrates with different thickness of 300, 600 and 900 nm.
ZnO films, were then annealed in air at a temperature of 500 °C for one hour. The
results were compared with the researchers' previous theoretical study. The XRD
analysis of ZnO nano-thin films indicated a hexagonal multi-crystalline wurtzite
structure with preferential growth lines (100), (002), (101) for ZnO nano-thin films
with different thicknesses of un-annealed samples and after annealing. While the
UV-Visible spectrum manifested that the ZnO has a high absorption at UV range
and wide energy gap values of (3.4, 3.42, and 3.46 eV) for the three thicknesses. The
surface topography of the films evinced a rough surface which increased with
increasing thickness, whereas the grain size decreased, and the average grain size
was about 56.68 nm. Furthermore, the nano-thin films showed a granular
morphology with a tendency to form smaller particles with increasing thickness.

The longitudinal electron scattering form factors and the electric quadrupole
moments are calculated for the states with Jπ T= 3+0 (ground state) and 1+ 0 (583keV
excited state) of 22Na and Jπ T= 3+2 (ground state) of 26Na. Shell model calculations
are based on USDA, USDB and Wildenthal interactions. The exact center of mass
correction is included in Born approximation picture to generate the longitudinal
form factors. The core polarization (CP) effect with the values of effective nucleon
charges ep=1.35, en= 0.35, with Bohr Mottelson formula gave a good agreement with
the measured electric quadrupole moments. The structure of the nuclei under
consideration shows that the 1d5/2 orbit is dominant configuration for 22Na, and 2s1/2
orbit for 26Na.

In this work, the effect of laser energy on the properties of a calcium plasma
generated by a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser at the fundamental wavelength was
studied using spectroscopy. The Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening method were
used to measure the main plasma parameters (electron temperature and electron
density). The electron temperature ranged ( 0.169 -0.172 ) eV, the electron density
ranged ( 2.10 – 2.63 ) × 1018????????−3 for laser energy range of ( 400 – 700) mJ. Other
basic plasma properties were also measured, including the Debye length, the number
of particles in the Debye sphere, and the plasma frequency. Laser energy affects all
plasma parameters, according to our results.

The amount of radioactive isotopes in submerged Ceratophyllum demersum
plants samples were estimated using passive track detector CR-39. The samples
were collected from four selected sites along the Tigris River in Baghdad city, on a
monthly basis for one complete year of 2019. Certain factors like radon
concentration (Bq.m-3), radium content (Bq.kg-1) and uranium concentration (ppm)
were evaluated. The average values of 222Rn level, 226Ra content and 238U
concentration in Ceratophyllum demersum samples for site (1) were (593.1 Bq.m-3,
5.8 Bq.kg-1, 0.113 ppm), site (2) were (413.4 Bq.m-3, 3.8 Bq.kg-1, 0.074 ppm), Site
(3) were (465.5 Bq.m-3, 4.3 Bq.kg-1, 0.083 ppm) and site (4) were (431.3 Bq.m-3, 3.9
Bq.kg-1, 0.077 ppm), respectively. The results obtained in this work indicated that
the radium content and uranium concentration present in the Ceratophyllum
demrsum is acceptable which does not pose any risk to the aquatic ecosystem.

The current research demonstrates the ERI method's effectiveness as a
supplementary engineering site investigation approach. Engineering site research is
important to indicate the subsoil of proposed production sites. The benefit of the
dipole-dipole array for ERI electrical resistivity imaging is that it provides
informative records of subsurface geology and condition along with profiles. The
dipole-dipole array was performed along with three parallel profiles at the Diyala
University site to identify the buried facilities (pipes and cables) in the area. The
buried electric cable embedded in a plastic tube was used for simulation to report and
verify the field resistivity results. Interpretation of field facts confirmed that the used
ERI method was robust in locating buried structures. The dipole-dipole array's strong
horizontal sensitivity to subsurface resistivity releases made it possible to provide
greater certainty of site characteristics concerning the buried systems. The results
were consistent with the information on wells near the work site.

The climate parameters (rainfall, number of rainy days and temperature) data for
about seventy years from 1941 – 2009 for three Iraqi meteorological stations
(Diwaniya, Nasiriya, and Kut) were investigated and gave good evidence of climate
change. As well as the climatic water balance and the climatic conditions were
determined at Karbala meteorological station for the years (1982-2015). The annual
precipitation for Karbala station-reflect declination from 105 mm for the period
1982-1990 to about 71 mm for the years 2011- 2015 confirms the effect of global
climate change. Analyzing Karbala climate parameters reflects that the total annual
rainfall is (89 mm), evaporation is (2984 mm), while the mean monthly relative
humidity% is 47.9%, sunshine is 8.8 h/day, temperature is 24.1 C and wind speed is
3.0 m/sec. the water surplus in the Karbala area is 8.49 mm, 12.28 mm, and 6.65
mm in December, January and February, respectively. The climate classification of
the Karbala area was continental and dry climates, as well as the region, has a
significant water deficit of up to 93 % of the total rainfall values.

This research involves the application of spectral indices and GIS techniques
coupled with the Analytic Hierarchy Process, to assess Baglia site, eastern Missan,
as a water harvesting potential site. The AHP and pairwise comparison have been
used through select four criteria including TWI, TRI, MNDWI, and NDSI, which
were deemed as impact factors for this study. All these criteria have been weighted
according to their significance in the water harvesting system. The findings of the
AHP analysis method explained that the WH potential zones in Baglia site were
divided into three zones, namely, high, medium, and low suitability. The findings
demonstrate that Bglia site, where the highly appropriate zone is located in the deep
valley area, is the ideal location for setting up water harvesting operations. The low
suitability zone, in contrast, is located in a higher terrain when there is a steep slope
area.

The Hartha Formation (age Late Campanian – Early Maastrichtian) is considered
an important oil reservoir in Iraq. The petrography and the diagenetic features were
determined based on the analyses of 430 thin sections from selected wells within
Balad and East Baghdad oil fields, Ba-2, Ba-3, EB-53, Eb-56 and EB-102.
The most important and common diagenesis processes that affect Hartha Formation
include Cementation, Neomorphsim, Micrtitization, Dolomitization, Compaction,
Dissolution, and Authigenic minerals. This diagenesis deformation on Hartha
Formation has overall accentuated the reservoir quality heterogeneity.
The reservoir quality evolution is affected by destruction by grain compaction
mechanical and chemical (stylolitization) causing decreases in porosity and
permeability. The porosity is continuous through stylolite and is affected by
dissolution precedes between the stylolite walls. The permeability decreased due to
cementation. These processes led to seven proximately heterogeneity units in the
Hartha Formation, characterized by a decrease in their porosity as barrier units of the
Balad Oil Field. While in the East Baghdad oil field the effective porosity units
appeared with less thickness of the barrier unit.
The reservoir quality enhancement has resulted from dissolution, recrystallization,
and partial dolomitization appeared alternately with the barrier unit in the upper part
of Hartha Formation of Balad and Baghdad Oil Fields.

This study focused on the soil of the Al-Khassa Sub Basin, thirty-four soil
samples were collected from different areas of land use and differences in human
activity.
Physicochemical properties of the soil were examined Hydrogen Potential (pH),
Organic Matter (O.M), Loss Of Ignition (L.O.I), Total Organic Carbon (TOC),
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Total Hydrocarbon (THC).
Hydrogen Potential (pH) showed that the soil is alkaline above seven with a mean
7.98.
Organic Matter (O.M) of the study area with a mean 1.28 % and high value found in
Agricultural areas.Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) with a mean 42.64 (cmol/kg)
that is proportional to the granular size of the soil that silty clay. Both Total Organic
Carbon (TOC) and Total Hydrocarbon (THC) acceptable concentration values
compared to the soils of the arid region.
In the present study abundant elements (Calcium (Ca), Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al),
Magnesium (Mg), Sulfur (S), Potassium (K), Chloride (Cl), Titanium (Ti) and
Phosphorous (P) ) and Trace element(Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Nickel
(Ni), Zinc (Zn), Vanadium(V), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic (As), Cobalt (Co),
Mercury (Hg) and Molybdenum (Mo)) that have been analyzed in this study and
compared with the limits to elements distribution in world soil and local study of
Lesser Zab.
Elements that are higher than standard Ca, Cl, Cu, As,Hg, Mo, Zn because of
excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides and poor irrigation practice and other
anthropogenic sources. High concentration elements (Ni, Ca, Co) as a result of the
weathering of the parent rocks, it occurs naturally in soils. Other elements that were
partially higher than the standard is (K, Cr, P, S, Mg( only in dense agricultural
areas.
Elements that were lower than Standard (Ti, Al, Si, Mn, V, Pb) represent the
unpolluted elements at some locations the sub-basin because they are elements that
increase in urban and industrial areas that are not available in the Al-Khassa Sub
Basin, main activity and land use of sub basin were rural area and cultivated land.
The results of the enrichment factor (EF) and the contamination factor (CF) are
calculated for contamination assessment. The Enrichment factor (EF) of the subbasin
is EF 2 depletion to minimal enrichment, indicating no or minimal pollution,
but there is a real beginning of contamination of the magnesium element EF 2-5
moderate enrichment, indicating a real beginning of contamination of the
magnesium element. indicating of moderate pollution due to the presence of farms
that were use of magnesium sulfate fertilizers by villagers at sedan.

Three seismic instantaneous attributes (phase, frequency, and variance) were
utilized on 3D-seismic poststack migrated data, covering 617.31 km2, integrated
with data of two wells (Du-1 and Du-2) in Dujaila oil field, southeast of Iraq. They
gave good results in detecting reef buildups and confirmed the existence of the
stratigraphic hydrocarbon trap that was not obvious in the conventional seismic
amplitude sections. They display several seismic criteria in attribute sections for
recognizing reef buildups and hydrocarbon accumulation, such as phase reversal,
low frequency, and high amplitude variance. The seismic attributes emphasized that
the stratigraphic trap of reef rudist buildups with hydrocarbon content is constricted
in the upper part of the Mishrif Formation (Cenomanian-Early Turonian) the vicinity
around productive well Dujaila-1. It is located at a time from -1730 ms in the Top
Mishrif to underneath at a time -1775 ms, which has correspondent the depth 2825
m to 2887.5 m, respectively. This stratigraphic trap covered 70 km2 (length is 10.0
km in direction N-S, and the width is about 7.0 km in the E-W direction). The
enclosure of the stratigraphic trap extends about 7 km towards SW from the well
Dujaila-1 and did not reach well Dujaila-2 (Du-2). That may explain why it was dry.
As a result, the circular region around well Du-1 of a radius of about 4 km, and the
area extended about 7 km toward SW from well Du-1 represent a zone of low riskdrill
for new exploration wells.

The Mawat Ophiolite Complex located in north-eastern Iraq represents part of the
Iraqi Zagros Suture Zone, located at the border between the Arabian-Iranian plates.
It consists of peridotite, gabbro, subvolcanic sheeted dykes and volcanic pillow lava.
The geochemical signatures of the gabbro show a significant variation in major
elements concentration, low concentrations of TiO2 (0.06-0.36 wt.%), Na2O (0.44-
0.98 wt.%), K2O (0.024-0.48 wt.%), P2O5 (0.002-0.009 wt.%) and moderate
variations in SiO2 (46.13-53.77 wt.%) with wide ranges and high concentration of
Al2O3 (13.87-22.18 wt.%), Fe2O3 (0.04-2.95 wt.%), FeO (2.68-8.76 wt.%), MgO
(8.09-14.28 wt.%) and CaO (11.08-17.04 wt.%). The flat REE patterns of the
present rocks represent island arc tholeiite (IAT) tectonics and a subduction-related
environment. The main features of the magma generated in the supra subduction
zone are the enrichment of LILEs and depletion of the HFSEs and the strong
negative Nb anomaly. Geochemical evidence indicates that the tholeiitic gabbros
were generated in an arc-related tectonic setting. The tectonomagmatic diagrams for
gabbros and the very low Ti content propose that the gabbroic rocks of Mawat
Ophiolite have island arc tholeiitic (IAT) and possibly boninitic affinities which
have a related to the supra-subduction zone (SSZ).

The Jabal Sanam, a piercement salt plug, represents a unique geological
phenomenon in southern Iraq. It is a remarkable geological landmark that rises about
141 m above sea level and covers approximately 2 km2, surrounded by flat areas on
all sides. A radiological survey was conducted on the Jabal Sanam structure to
determine the natural radioactivity levels and related radiation hazard indices.
Eleven different rock types from several locations at Jabal Sanam were collected.
An optical microscope and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to examine and
identify the variable rock types in this structure. Natural radioactivity using field and
laboratory equipment for these rocks was measured. The findings indicated that the
average activity concentrations of the 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K radionuclides of the Jabal
Sanam rocks are 6.5 Bq kg−1, below the minimum detectable activity (MDA), and
83.3 Bq kg−1, respectively. The average radium equivalent (Raeq) activity value of
the investigated rocks is 12.87 Bq kg-1, below the world recommended rate of 370
Bq kg−1. Moreover, the average absorbed dose rate (D) is 6.51 nGy h-1, less than 60
nGy h-1. Furthermore, the average values of the external (Hex) and internal (Hin)
hazard indices are 0.035 and 0.052, respectively, which are also lower than the
allowed limit value of 1.0 set by the international agencies. Overall, the findings of
this investigation conclude that Jabal Sanam rocks do not have a radioactive health
hazard.

A mathematical model was created to study the influences of Hall current and
Joule heating with wall slip conditions on peristaltic motion of Rabinowitsch fluid
model through a tapered symmetric channel with Permeable Walls. The governing
equations are simplified under low Reynolds number and the long-wavelength
approximations. The perturbation method is used to solve the momentum equation.
The physiological phenomena are studied for a certain set of pertinent parameters.
The effects offered here show that the presence of the hall parameter, coefficient of
pseudo-plasticity, and Hartman number impact the flow of the fluid model.
Additional, study reveals that a height in the Hall parameter and the velocity slip
parameter increases the trapping bolus's apparition. Furthermore, the magnitude of
the trapped bolus can be reduced by enhancing the magnetic field.

The oscillation property of the second order half linear dynamic equation was
studied, some sufficient conditions were obtained to ensure the oscillation of all
solutions of the equation. The results are supported by illustrative examples.

We obtain the coefficient estimates, extreme points, distortion and growth
boundaries, radii of starlikeness, convexity, and close-to-convexity, according to the
main purpose of this paper.

In this paper we offer two new subclasses of an open unit disk of r-fold
symmetric bi-univalent functions. The Taylor-Maclaurin coefficients
|????????+1| ???????????? |????2????+1| have their coefficient bounds calculated. Furthermore, for
functions in ℳΣ,???? (????, ????, ????), we have solved Fekete-Szegö functional issues. For the
applicable classes, there are also a few particular special motivator results.

We introduce in this paper the concept of an approximately pure submodule as a
generalization of a pure submodule, that is defined by Anderson and Fuller. If every
submodule of an R-module ???? is approximately pure, then ???? is called Fapproximately
regular. Further, many results about this concept are given.

The concept of semi-essential semimodule has been studied by many
researchers.
In this paper, we will develop these results by setting appropriate conditions, and
defining new properties, relating to our concept, for example (fully prime
semimodule, fully essential semimodule and semi-complement subsemimodule)
such that: if for each subsemimodule of ????-semimodule ???? is prime, then ???? is fully
prime. If every semi-essential subsemimodule of ????-semimodule ???? is essential then
???? is fully essential. Finally, a prime subsemimodule ℋ of ???? is called semi-relative
intersection complement (briefly, semi-complement) of subsemimodule ???? in ????, if
???? ∩ ℋ = 0, and whenever ???? ∩ ℬ = 0 with ℬ is a prime subsemimodule in ????,
ℋ ⊆ ℬ, then ℋ = ℬ. Furthermore, some results about the above concepts have
been mentioned.

In this research paper, we explain the use of the convexity and the starlikness
properties of a given function to generate special properties of differential
subordination and superordination functions in the classes of analytic functions that
have the form ????(????) = ???? + Σ∞ ????????????????
????=2 in the unit disk. We also show the
significant of these properties to derive sandwich results when the Srivastava-
Attiya operator ????????,????????(????) is used.

The purpose of this study is to calculate the effect of the elastic wall of a hollow
channel of Jeffrey's fluid by peristaltic flow through two concentric cylinders. The
inside tube is cylindrical and the outside is a regular elastic wall in the shape of a
sine wave. Using the cylindrical coordinates and assuming a very short wavelength
relative to the width of the channel to its length and using governing equations for
Jeffrey’s fluid in Navier-Stokes equations, the results of the problem are obtained.
Through the Mathematica program these results are analysed.

The main goal of this paper is to give a new generalizations for two important
classes in the category of modules, namely the class of small submodules and the
class of hollow modules. They are purely small submodules and purely hollow
modules respectively. Various properties of these classes of modules are
investigated. The relationship between purely small submodules and P-small
submodules which is introduced by Hadi and Ibrahim, is studied. Moreover, another
characterization of purely hollow modules is considered

This work aims to analyse the dynamic behaviours of the forest pest system. We confirm the forest pest system in plane for limit cycles bifurcating existence from a Hopf bifurcation under certain conditions by using the first Lyapunov coefficient and the second-order of averaging theory. It is shown that all stationary points in this system have Hopf bifurcation points and provide an estimation of the bifurcating limit cycles.

The method of operational matrices is based on the Bernoulli and Shifted
Legendre polynomials which is used to solve the Falkner-Skan equation. The
nonlinear differential equation converting to a system of nonlinear equations is
solved using Mathematica®12, and the approximate solutions are obtained. The
efficiency of these methods was studied by calculating the maximum error
remainder (????????????????), and it was found that their efficiency increases as ???? increases.
Moreover, the obtained approximate solutions are compared with the numerical
solution obtained by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method (RK4), which gives a
good agreement.

Recently, the Internet of Things has emerged as an encouraging technology that
is scaling up new heights towards the modernization of real word physical objects
into smarter devices in several domains. Internet of Things (IoT) based solutions in
agriculture drives farming into a smart way through the proliferation of smart
devices to enhanced production with minimal human involvement. This paper
presents a comprehensive study of the role of IoT in prominent applications of
farming, wireless communication protocols, and the role of sensors in precision
farming. In this research article, the existing frameworks in IoT-based agriculture
systems with relevant technologies are presented. Furthermore, the comparative
analysis of the apple disease prediction system concerning different types of disease
found in the apple crop are discussed. In addition, this paper presents the
contributions made by numerous researchers over the past few years in the apple
disease prediction system. The aim of this research is to support the development of
smart agriculture applications that would be helpful in precision farming for the
optimization of resources with the help of IoT in agriculture and early disease
prediction in apple crops.

Recently, much secured data has been sent across the internet and networks.
Steganography is very important because it conceals secure data in images, texts,
audios, protocols, videos, or other mediums. Video steganography is the method of
concealing data in frames of video format. A video is a collection of frames or
images used for hidden script messages. This paper proposes a technique to encrypt
secret messages using DNA and a 3D chaotic map in video frames using the raster
method. This technique uses three steps: Firstly, converting video frames into raster
to extract features from each frame. Secondly, encryption of secret messages using
encoded forms of DNA bases, inverse/inverse complements of DNA, and utilizing
3D chaotic maps, Thirdly, hiding encryption secret messages in that raster video
frame by using a secret key in the four corners of each video frame. This technique
hides large amounts of secret data because the video frame is large and accepts any
message size. The outcomes are efficient, robust, highly secure, and can tolerate
high capacity. These outcomes have been obtained from a set of tests like: peak
signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error (MSE), entropy, correlation
coefficient, and histogram and capacity.

Crow Search Algorithm (CSA) can be defined as one of the new swarm
intelligence algorithms that has been developed lately, simulating the behavior of a
crow in a storage place and the retrieval of the additional food when required. In the
theory of the optimization, a crow represents a searcher, the surrounding
environment represents the search space, and the random storage of food location
represents a feasible solution. Amongst all the food locations, the one where the
maximum amount of the food is stored is considered as the global optimum solution,
and objective function represents the food amount. Through the simulation of crows’
intelligent behavior, the CSA attempts to find the optimum solutions to a variety of
the problems that are related to the optimization. This study presents a new adaptive
distributed algorithm of routing on CSA. Because the search space may be modified
according to the size and kind of the network, the algorithm can be easily customized
to the issue space. In contrast to population-based algorithms that have a broad and
time-consuming search space. For ten networks of various sizes, the technique was
used to solve the shortest path issue. And its capability for solving the problem of the
routing in the switched networks is examined: detecting the shortest path in the
process of a data packet transfer amongst the networks. The suggested method was
compared with four common metaheuristic algorithms (which are: ACO, AHA, PSO
and GA) on 10 datasets (integer, weighted, and not negative graphs) with a variety of
the node sizes (10 - 297 nodes). The results have proven that the efficiency of the
suggested methods is promising as well as competing with other approaches.

Developed countries are facing many challenges to convert large areas of existing
services to electronic modes, reflecting the current nature of workflow and the
equipment utilized for achieving such services. For instance, electricity bill
collection still tend to be based on traditional approaches (paper-based and relying
on human interaction) making them comparatively time-consuming and prone to
human error.
This research aims to recognize numbers in mechanical electricity meters and
convert them to digital figures utilizing Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in
Matlab. The research utilized the location of red region in color electricity meters
image to determine the crop region that contain the meters numbers, then extracts
this numbers region and convert it into binary image and extract the numbers as a
text using OCR technique.
A camera for the Iphone 6 (8-megapixel) is used to take a snapshot of the meter
screen. The red box in the meter is used to calculate the window coordinates
(vertical and horizontal length) that contain the numbers in the original image. The
results show a high level of accuracy, reaching 100% due to the effort done on preprocessing
the digital images before feeding the part that contains the numbers into
the OCR engine. Compared to the maximum accuracy obtained in other previous
research of less than 100% in most of related works, the suggested method provide
better approach to obtain the optimum results .
Despite the strong results, some challenges still need to be investigated further to
find the best solutions, for example the issue of scratched or unclear meter screen,
also the meter type 2 (the type that do not have the red box)

Clustering is an unsupervised learning method that classified data according to
similarity probabilities. DBScan as a high-quality algorithm has been introduced for
clustering spatial data due to its ability to remove noise (outlier) and constructing
arbitrarily shapes. However, it has a problem in determining a suitable value of Eps
parameter. This paper proposes a new clustering method, termed as DBScanBAT,
that it optimizes DBScan algorithm by BAT algorithm. The proposed method
automatically sets the DBScan parameters (Eps) and finds the optimal value for it.
The results of the proposed DBScanBAT automatically generates near original
number of clusters better than DBScanPSO and original DBScan. Furthermore, the
proposed method has the ability to generate high quality clusters with minimum
entropy [ 0.2752, 0.4291] in TR11 and TR12 datasets.

In the task of detecting intrinsic plagiarism, the cases where reference corpus is
absent are to be dealt with. This task is entirely based on inconsistencies within a
given document. Detection of internal plagiarism has been considered as a
classification problem. It can be estimated through taking into consideration selfbased
information from a given document.
The core contribution of the work proposed in this paper is associated with the
document representation. Wherein, the document, also, the disjoint segments
generated from it, have been represented as weight vectors demonstrating their main
content. Where, for each element in these vectors, its average weight has been
considered instead of its frequency.
The proposed work has been evaluated in terms of Precision, Recall, F-measure,
Granularity, and Plagdet. It is shown that the attained results are comparable to the
ones attained by the best state-of-the-art methods. Where, through applying the
proposed method to PAN-PC-09 and PAN-PC-11 for the detection of intrinsic
plagiarism, a Recall scores of 0.4503 and 0.4303 have been recorded, even though
further improvement for Precision (0.3308 and 0.2806) and Granularity (1.1765 and
1.1111) needs to be made. Concerning f-measure, the proposed approach has
recorded 0.3814 and 0.3397. In terms of the total performance of a plagiarism
detection approach, Plagdet, the proposed method has recorded 0.3399 and 0.3151.

The purpose of the study is the city of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, was chosen
to study the spectral reflection of the land cover and to determine the changes taking
place in the areas of the main features of the city using the temporal resolution of
multispectral bands of the satellite Landsat 5 and 8 for MSS and OLI sensors
respectively belonging to NASA and for the period 1999-2021, and calculating the
increase and decrease in the basic features of Baghdad .The main conclusions of the
study were,
This study from 1999 to 2021 and in two different seasons: the Spring of the
growing season and Summer the dry season. When using the supervised
classification method to determine the differences, the results showed remarkable
changes. Where he was in 1999 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
925km2 and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) 75.3km2 In the case of an
increase during the growth period, while the values decreased during the period of
dry to (NDVI) 390.8km2 and (NDWI) 51.9km2.As for Soil Adjusted Vegetation
Index (SAVI) 1692.9km2 and Normalized Difference Built up Index (NDBI)
782.1km2 we notice a decrease in the growth period, while the values increase
during the dry period to (SAVI) 2239.1km2 and (NDBI) 1495.7km2.
In 2021 (NDVI) 242.7km2 (NDWI) 83.4km2 in the case of an increase during the
growth period, while the values decreased during the period of dry to (NDVI)
122.2km2 and (NDWI) 73.2km2 .As for (SAVI) 3016.3km2 (NDBI) 1263.3km2 we
notice a decrease in the growth period, while the values increase during the dry
period to (SAVI) 3702.3km2 and (NDBI) 1882.2km2.
Where most of the changes in LC were due to human activities, and the most
prominent changes in LC were due to urban expansion on agricultural lands
continuously in all years that resulted from land degradation.