journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Abstract:
This study investigates the effect of ambidextrous leadership behaviors on organizational immunity in the Iraqi Ministry of Education. Based on ambidextrous leadership theory which is a balance between open and closed leadership behaviors, the study investigates how these two dimensions impact organizational learning, memory, and DNA. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, data was collected through questionnaires and interviews from 183 administrative leaders. The results indicate that organizational immunity is significantly affected by open leadership behaviors as well as closed leadership behaviors. Open behaviors foster innovation, knowledge sharing, and collaborative problem solving, whereas closed behaviors maintain structure, consistency, and focus on goal achievement. Further, ambidextrous leadership allows the ministry to strengthen its resilience and perform proactive decision-making in the face of internal and external challenges. Reliable information, employee engagement, and strategic planning have been highlighted as some of the key factors by the study in building a strong organizational immune system. The results suggest that investing in leadership development can enhance adaptability and long-term stability in public institutions.

Abstract:
The research aims to know the impact of wise leadership in its dimensions (Intellectual shrewdness, Spurring action, Moral conduct, and Cultivating humility) in achieving sustainable performance (economic performance, social performance, and environmental performance). The researcher chose the Midland Oil Company as a field for applying the research. The researcher distributed a questionnaire to a purposive sample of (126) managers working within the Midland Oil Company, which included (department managers and division officials). The number of questionnaires valid for analysis was (121) out of (126) distributed questionnaires. The researcher relied on the questionnaire as a primary source for collecting information from the research sample. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method in collecting the data and information required by the research. The results concluded that there is a positive impact relationship between wise leadership and its dimensions in achieving sustainable performance and its dimensions. The research results also indicated that the top leadership in the Midland Oil Company seeks to enhance its sustainable performance and long-term success by preserving the environment, contributing to social responsibility, and achieving economic profits. The current research explains the role of leadership in the Midland Oil Company in supporting the economic, social, and environmental aspects of the state and society through adopting sustainable performance practices.

Abstract:
The research deals with the impact of strategic awareness and its dimensions (Reframing, System Thinking, Reflecting, and Learning Orientation) on organizational Brilliance and its dimensions (Leadership Brilliance, Service Brilliance, and Knowledge Brilliance) of Dhi Qar Oil company. The research addresses the following question: “To what extent does strategic awareness affect the organizational brilliance of Dhi Qar Oil Company?”. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach to ensure the accuracy of the results and conclusions. The sample included the general manager and his assistants, directors of bodies, department managers, and division managers. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to 113 leaders and were analyzed using SPSS V.28 to test the hypotheses and research questions. The results highlight the great interest of the company's leaders in strategic awareness, which reflects its compatibility with the company's investment operations. This awareness is vital in light of local and global economic changes and greatly affects the company's ability to achieve organizational Brilliance in the oil sector.

Abstract:
This study aims to identify the impact of social marketing on the sustainable development goals at the University of Mosul. The study consists of two main variables: the independent variable, which includes social marketing, and the four dimensions: social product, social price, social promotion, and social distribution. The dependent variable represents the sustainable development goals, whose dimensions consist of: Goal 1: No Poverty, Goal 2: Zero Hunger, Goal 3: Good Health, and Goal 4: Quality Education. This research paper highlight on social marketing as a modern trend in business organizations linked to sustainable development goals, which has led many companies to adopt the philosophy of sustainable development as a development model for managing their businesses, the results of the finding notified the existence of a significant relationship between of the Social Marketing and Sustainable Development Goals in Mosul University. To achieve the objectives of the study, the main results of the research paper, we note that the value of the regression coefficients for the dimensions of the independent variable social marketing with its dimensions (product, pricing, promotion, distribution) respectively, as the significance is less than (0.05), except the pricing dimension, which has a statistically insignificant significance, as its significance reached (0.066). From another hand, questionnaire forms were distributed to (384) individuals from the students at the University of Mosul, including 184 Paper Questionnaire and (200) Electronic form for hard-to-reach colleges (geographically distant) and all forms were retrieved as the number of forms valid for analysis was 384 by a 100% percentage, in addition to the challenges of cost, time, and effort. The sample size was 384 in various faculties, with 17 faculties. The number of students at the university was 51253 for the academic year 2023-2024. On the other hand, the data was analyzed using the statistical package SPSS Version 25. The research reached a set of recommendations, the most important of which were: Benefiting from successful international experiences in major countries and working to implement them on the ground in developing countries to motivate governments to achieve the sustainable development goals in all areas, thus ensuring the achievement of sustainable development in the long term.

Abstract:
This research paper deals with SPP and their role in reducing poverty in Iraq. The study aimed to identify the impact of economic empowerment policies and programs and their effectiveness in generating income, in addition to social protection network programs, to verify the credibility of the hypothesis presented in the research. The analytical method and both the deductive and inductive approaches were relied upon. The results indicated that SPPs are effective tools for improving the conditions of people with low incomes, enhancing their productive capacities, providing sustainable job opportunities, and achieving social justice. This study examines the impact of SPP on poverty reduction and analyzes its effectiveness in different regions. It provides insights for policymakers and sheds light on the economic and social impacts. This study contributes to the literature by providing an analytical perspective on the effectiveness of SPP in reducing poverty, providing empirical insights, and proposing policy recommendations to enhance their impact on fragile populations.

Abstract:
This research investigates the possibility of assessing and applying Malaysia's learning-information-base of successful private sector financing strategies for spurring economic growth in the Iraqi setting. The Malaysian model, especially with regard to support for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), is studied to chart the relevance and applicability of the concept to the Iraqi economy in the span of 2004-2023. Adopting descriptive-analytical and inductive method, the study brings forth Malaysia's diversified financing arrangements involving internal sources, external sources, public-private partnerships, and incentives with a specific aim. It is found that the Malaysian systems for its SME development, along with tax incentives and strategic privatization, contributed enormously to GDP growth and job creation, whilst on the contrary, the Iraqi economy remains strongly oil-dependent, with some meager participation of the private sector, mostly due to bad financing structures and policy inefficiencies. Three strategic scenarios are suggested to Iraq: improving the business environment; SME development; and public-private partnerships. If implemented, these strategies will make Iraq's economy more resilient, reduce unemployment rate, and provide more sources of revenues.

Abstract:
This research examines the relationship between aggregate supply and inflation in Iraq during (2004-2023) through deviations in aggregate supply that lead to changes in output and inflation. The core issue of the research lies in how any change in aggregate supply results in a shift of the aggregate supply curve from its initial position. This study employed a deductive methodology, theoretical frameworks, descriptive and quantitative assessments, and econometric techniques to analyze the connection between aggregate supply, which is treated as a dependent variable, and inflation, categorized as the independent variable. The findings of the analysis validated the hypothesis and confirmed a statistically significant association between the explanatory variable, identified as aggregate supply, and the dependent variable, recognized as inflation. Additionally, we outline a prospective research agenda and highlight the governance of oil revenues that aid in diversifying income sources to bolster resilience against shocks to aggregate supply. The core issue of the research lies in how any change in aggregate supply results in a shift of the aggregate supply curve from its initial position. This study employed a deductive methodology, theoretical frameworks, descriptive and quantitative assessments, and econometric techniques to analyze the connection between aggregate supply, which is treated as a dependent variable, and inflation, which is Categorized as the independent variable. The findings of the analysis validated the hypothesis and confirmed a statistically significant association between the explanatory variable, identified as aggregate supply, and the dependent variable, recognized as inflation. Additionally, we outline a prospective research agenda and highlight the governance of oil revenues that aid in diversifying income sources to bolster resilience against shocks to aggregate supply.

Abstract:
For climate change adaptation and mitigation, a sustainable transition to green growth is essential. The aim of this study is to evaluate green growth indicators using three methods to assess the situation of green growth in Saudi Arabia. The vector error correction model (VECM) was used to estimate the relationship between electricity generation and carbon emissions (CO2), and then examine the mitigation scenario, followed by analysing Saudi green growth indicators versus Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) indicators. The results indicate carbon emissions are influenced by the GDP and electricity generation in Saudi Arabia. Environmental scenarios findings indicate that the baseline scenario (BAU) result shows that carbon emissions from 2021 to 2030 will continue rising, while the scenario 1 result implies that Saudi Arabia's carbon emissions will decrease from 2021 to 2030. In addition, it analyses the green growth indicators for Saudi Arabia, comparing Saudi initiatives with OECD green growth indicators to explore if these actions align. After reviewing Saudi Arabia's green initiatives, Saudi is in alignment with OECD indicators. Finally, the study highlights some policies which could help the country achieve its initiatives and reach zero carbon emissions. Thus, this study contributes to the literature by evaluating the effect of green growth initiatives represented in energy abatement policies on CO2 emissions to explore if it is consistent with the Paris Agreement and NDC.

Abstract:
The research aims to compare the results of forecasting financial market indicators in the Arabian Gulf using the hybrid ARIMA-GARCH model. The study assumes the efficiency of the hybrid ARIMA-GARCH model for predicting financial indicators. The hybridization technique starts by picking the best autoregressive integrated moving average model for predictions, which is found using an automatic selection function that identifies the models with the best statistical fit. The models chosen in the previous step serve as inputs to use the (1,1,1) GARCH model for the prediction. Both models predict financial market indicators from outside the sample for 12 months. Finally, we compared the actual closing points of the market indicators with the prediction results of the two models. The research concludes that ARIMA models are practical and efficient in predicting the indices of the Kuwait Stock Exchange and the Manama Stock Exchange. By contrast, the GARCH model outperformed the ARIMA model in predicting the Saudi Stock Exchange index and achieved excellent results. The prediction results for the Iraqi stock exchange markets were unsatisfactory; however, comparing average square error calculations indicates that ARIMA models are superior. This study argues for the possibility of traditional standard models predicting financial market indicators for relatively long periods, which is not provided by previous literature that argues for the efficiency of artificial intelligence models. It also confirms that standard models can predict short periods.

Abstract:
The research examined the impact of development programs on local buffalo milk ‎producers in the marsh areas of Iraq, focusing on productivity levels and residents' living ‎standards. Data was collected from 200 producers in the governorates of Dhi-Qar, Maysan, ‎and Basra, all participating in the development program. ‎
The research assumed that the introduction of modern technologies and the provision ‎of production requirements by international organizations or government initiatives would ‎enhance the production levels and productivity of the rural population. Consequently, this ‎improvement may reflect their standard of living and strengthen their connection to the ‎land, thereby reducing migration. These individuals not only require support to maintain ‎their self-reliance without the need for future aid but also to evolve into a dynamic ‎economic force contributing to the development of the national economy.‎
Using a superior logarithmic production function analyzed by the Frontier statistical ‎program, the study found that the number of buffalo and the amount of hay positively ‎affected milk production. At the same time, bran and barley had a negative impact. Technical ‎efficiency varied widely among breeders, with the highest efficiency at 0.9341 for a ‎participant breeder and the lowest at 0.2910 for a non-participant. Those adopting ‎technology had an average efficiency of 0.78 compared to 0.55 for non-adopters. The ‎findings emphasize the positive role of technology in improving efficiency and underscore ‎the need for increased adoption of these practices among producers. Furthermore, buffalo ‎breeders in the marshlands produce with low technical efficiency due to their inefficient ‎use of production resources. The study recommended increasing the use of modern ‎technologies, urging breeders to increase their use, and facilitating their adoption of this ‎technology.‎

Abstract:
A need for research that examines how financial inclusion alleviates poverty in Jigawa state with a specific focus on the moderating effect of financial literacy. The study utilizes Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Financial inclusion was found to contribute to poverty alleviation by granting access to essential financial amenities like loans, savings, and insurance. Additionally, financial literacy significantly curbs this relationship by enhancing the efficiency of financial inclusion in poverty alleviation. Individuals who utilize financial services more effectively were found to have higher financial literacy, resulting in improved financial stability, increased savings, and investments in income-generating activities. Recommendation from the findings suggests the implementation of financial literacy programs, the promotion of inclusive financial services and the leveraging of digital financial technologies. Furthermore, the vulnerable group should be focused on by integrating financial education into school curricula as a strategy for maximizing poverty alleviation through the impact of financial inclusion.

Abstract:
In this research, deep neural networks (CNNs) were used to estimate missing values in a univariate time series dataset and compared with DES/Holt and (SVR) estimation methods to determine their accuracy in handling missing values in the dataset. These missing values directly affect the process of building mathematical and statistical models, affecting the accuracy of the final results that enable us to make the right decisions in the future. The presence of missing values in the dataset is due to problems that occur during sampling, such as a malfunction in the measuring device, security attacks, or communication errors. The results indicated that the CNN model outperformed other methods by using a simulation approach that generated data randomly. Three different sample sizes (60, 100, 300) were selected with missing data percentages of (10%, 15%, 20%) for each, meeting the \"missing at random\" (MAR) condition. The Box-Jenkins MA (1) model was applied once with β = 0.5 and again with β = 0.9. The accuracy of the estimation methods was evaluated using the accuracy criteria mean sum of squared error (MSE) and root mean squared error (RMSE).