Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

This research focuses on the study of the Iraqi-Japanese relations, especially the economic ones, during the period (1973-1974) through what was reported by the documents of the Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the documents of the British Embassy in Baghdad, Tokyo and London, which are unpublished and unclassified (UNCLASSI FIED)
I considered this period to be one of the critical periods that the countries of the world went through, as it coincided with a significant rise in oil prices in the global markets. After the price of a barrel of crude oil did not exceed (3) dollars in 1972, it rose to more than (5) dollars, then (11). Dollars in 1973 on the one hand, and the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli war on the other hand, which led to negative repercussions on the internal economic situation of Japan, which sought to overcome it by all means and methods, including heading towards Iraq to conclude economic agreements with it that ensured the arrival of oil supplies and the opening of new markets for the disposal of its industrial products.

The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan placed the United States in front of security and economic challenges. After the invasion, the United States did not have a clear strategy for how to respond to it, and when Ghulam Farooq visited the United States, a prominent member of the "Najat Milli" front and Afghan Minister of Education under Burhan Uddin Rabbani and met with officials in Washington, he concluded from his meetings that the United States feels Worried that the Soviet Union would not stop in Afghanistan and perhaps continue its expansionist policy towards Pakistan, did not hide its concern about its interests in the region, but she did not find the appropriate way to address this issue. All they knew was that the Afghans were ready to fight the Russians and that the Americans were ready to help them. At the end of the 1970s and throughout the 1980s, US policymakers underestimated their uncertainty in the future, as they made political choices regarding Afghanistan. They believed that they had more control over the events than they actually enjoyed, by providing financial and military support to the Afghan Mujahedeen, they will be able to control the Mujahedeen either directly or through Pakistan, and reduce any potential problems with them, which may arise as a result of their financial and military assistance. At the same time, they have failed to understand "the ethnic and linguistic division, social, and religious ideology of Afghans", which are important factors for understanding Afghanistan and its people. In addition, policymakers in Washington were unable to look outside the scope of their experience and wanted to see things positively. Their optimism misled their perceptions and thinking, which simplified the complex nature of the Afghan jihad. In other words, the United States believed that if it provided money and weapons to the Afghan Mujahedeen, they would fight the Soviet Union and the communist regime, causing the regime to collapse in Kabul, and then the situation would return to what it was before the invasion. On the contrary, not only did matters return to normal, but after the Soviet withdrawal and the collapse of the Communist regime, it ended in a civil war. This failure may be due mainly to the United States' misunderstanding of the social and religious structure of this country, and perhaps also to Pakistan's deliberate attempts to mislead the US vision that in one way or another influenced US foreign policy toward developments in Afghanistan.

The research deals with the Saudi position on the American attack on Libya on April 15, 1986, specifically the position of the Saudi press on the attack, as this attack left a wide echo and resulted in global and Arab reactions. The official and popular position of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

There is no doubt that the study of history and the tracing of its events are not completed except after studying its personalities, especially those personalities who left a clear imprint in the performance of their work, which is something that history does not overlook in any way, and the contemporary history of Iraq witnessed many personalities who contributed to making its social, political and economic events By virtue of that, I had a great desire to write about the personality of Atta Abdel-Wahhab, The Iraqi politician who excelled in his studies and excelled in the jobs he held despite all the obstacles and difficulties he went through. In our research entitled "Ata Abdel Wahhab and his political role in Iraq until 1958", we shed light on his social roots and his studies at the Faculty of Law, then we talked about his functional role in the royal era, starting with his appointment as a clerk in the Endemic Diseases Directorate in 1945, then an observer editable in the ministry Justice, and his transfer to the judiciary, which he stayed for four years, then moved to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and practiced diplomatic work for years, in which he won the admiration of many, including the royal court, which expressed his desire to second the services of Atta Abdel Wahhab from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Royal Court as a private secretary to King Faisal II and Prince Abdul God, a job he remained in until the collapse of the monarchy on July 14, 1958.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's efforts focused on ridding Turkey of the external dangers surrounding it, and indeed his efforts were crowned with success, as the Western countries recognized the Turkish Republic. And as soon as things settled inside Turkey, Atatürk approached the West, by following a policy of modernization by implementing a set of laws he issued in this regard, as he changed the Arabic letters to Latin letters, abolished the caliphate, and changed the personal status law and other laws . It was believed that the application of these matters in domestic politics; From his point of view, it meant rapprochement with the Western world by adopting Western civilization, and thus Ataturk was able, throughout his rule in the early twenties of the twentieth century until his death in 1938, to distance Turkey from its eastern character.
This research came to shed light, albeit briefly, on the political developments in Turkey for the years (1939-1960), as the first date represented the outbreak of World War II, which coincided with the assumption of power by Ismet Inonu, as the policy of his predecessor Atatürk in the internal and external policies; While the second date represented the first military coup in contemporary Turkey, on May 27, 1960, which was followed by much political and economic upheaval.
The research was divided into three main axes. The first axis dealt with Turkey's position on the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945), that position that served as the starting point for Turkey in its transformation towards the European West, while the second axis dealt with Turkey's internal policy 1945-1950, which It briefly discussed the economic, agricultural, industrial and commercial developments in Turkey, while the third axis studied the conditions of Turkey after the Democratic Party assumed power 1950-1960, as it clarified the policy of the Democratic Party for ten years, as well as referring to the most prominent internal problems that Turkey suffered from at that stage.

The civilization of Mesopotamia was characterized by its diversity and comprehensiveness, to include all aspects of human and natural life, interaction with all the details and components of this life,- active interaction with it and being greatly influenced by it, especially the religious aspect (through offerings and incantations), which took a large part of the lives of the inhabitants of Mesopotamia.

We have taken in the light of this research the importance of wings in human and animal wings, as the first archaeological indications of interest in birds and their details were received, as in the Nimrik site around 8000 BC. The suites are named after the city of(Adabaki ).In one of the most important references to wings, they were worn by gods and orcs alike, and these wings were often used in the installation of guardian deities, as in the city of Assyria. And because of the importance of the wings, they were made of gold, onyx and lapis lazuli.

be upon the most honorable of creation and messengers, Aba Al-Qasim Muhammad (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace) and all his companions.
After this period that I spent writing this research in studying the economic aspects, including the food industry, through the book “The Basis of Balagha” by Zamakhshari, which provided us with information on the economic aspects, and we reached a number of results, the most important of which
Al-Zamakhshari is considered one of the most important linguists of his time, and the book “The Basis of Rhetoric” received great attention from scholars, and it is considered one of the most prominent language books
the study, we showed the importance of industrial activity and how the Arab Islamic state was distinguished by the food industry, being the main source on which people rely to secure their strength and the main source of their livelihood, such as the dairy industry and mills and their types.
The study showed the interest of Muslims in the grain industry, and because in every environment these grains are produced and produce a different type of agricultural crops, and each type of these agricultural crops has multiple uses, as well as humans benefited from animals in plowing the land and delivering water, as these food industries were considered one of the most important industries because
Arabs depended on it in their daily lives
This study showed the interest of the Arabs in food industries, which al-Zamakhshari mentioned in his book “The Basis of Eloquence”, including the dairy industry, grains, mills, oils and molasses.

This research represents highlighting the importance of the geographical location of the most important Greek cities and its role in the importance of their emergence and establishment, especially since most of the Greek cities that appeared were after the beginnings of the first millennium BC, but the city of Corinth was the oldest of these cities in terms of emergence and emergence .

The years that followed World War II witnessed the division of the world into two camps, different in terms of system, concepts, and ideology. The first camp was capitalism, led by the United States of America, and the communist socialist camp, led by the Soviet Union. He concluded many different agreements and alliances to extend their control over political events in Europe, and among those disagreements was the Warsaw Pact or what is known as the Warsaw Pact, and even what was called the Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Cooperation,In addition, the Warsaw Pact came as a result of the Soviet Union's fear that the United States of America and its alliance would dominate the European arena, and thus its defensive alliance would turn into an offensive alliance. Therefore, many countries joined the Warsaw Pact because they find in it the right step to preserve their interests and maintain their independence. Despite the withdrawal of some from this alliance later, especially in light of the information contained in the alliance in this research, the dominance of the Soviet Union and its control over the rest of the member states, and this is what affected the weakness and disintegration of the alliance, and therefore the complete Soviet control over the alliance led to the emergence of many independence movements And try to get rid of this control, as happened in Hungary, Romania, Poland and Albania.

The economic relations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire witnessed instability and connection with the political relations between the two countries. In several periods of time, these relations were interrupted due to the repeated wars between the two countries. However, these economic relations after the First World War witnessed a large trade exchange, as well as economic relations in all fields, such as the exchange of experiences, the development of factories, complexes, and exchanging economic experts, among others. The Ottoman straits were of great importance to Russia being the main artery of the Russian trade with the external world and the only outlet for warm waters. Russia in all its agreements with the Ottoman Empire and then modern Turkey was trying to obtain special concessions for its ships to unconditionally cross through the Turkish straits in times of peace or war. After the October Revolution in 1917 and the formation of the Soviet Union, governments sought the same Old Russian approach to sign agreements with Turkey, guaranteeing freedom of navigation in Turkish waters and through its straits, in return Turkey obtained great economic offers. This led to the development of trade between the two countries, and the signing of long term trade agreements, mostly in favor of Turkey

The Rasulid state that ruled the country of Yemen (626-858 AH/ 1229-1454 AD), is one of the Islamic countries that had a great share in contemporary historical studies, perhaps one of the reasons for the students ' interest in it that this state was able to unite Yemen. It has been stable and longest lasting, as it has political presence in Yemeni history,Therefore, It paid great attention to the creation office, which is considered a mainifestation of stability and political, administrative and scientific originality.

This research deals with the family of Banu Abd al-Sami’ in Egypt and its role during the Fatimid era, and it is one of the families that came to Egypt and inherited several sciences such as: the science of hadith and jurisprudence, and this explains to us how they occupied various positions in addition to the position of rhetoric and for a period of time and what they obtained from a privileged position in the state Fatimid
From this glimpse available to us about the Banu Abd al-Sami’, we can say about them that they are among the personalities whose members worked in the judiciary in Iraq and Egypt, the emirate of Hajj and the Imamate of the Two Holy Mosques, and the preachers of Egypt for 64 years during the Fatimid era. With qualities and virtues, they had competitors and envious people for their position, but they were able to compete with them, and when the Ikhshidid state fell and Egypt entered under the authority of the Fatimids, the Banu Abd al-Sami’ continued to preach to the Fatimids almost until the era of the Fatimid Caliph al-Zahir to honor the religion of God (411-427 AH / 1020-1035 AD)

If the exploitation of rivers running within the borders of one country, which is called national rivers, is one of the easy and clear things, the exploitation of the water of rivers that flow within the territories of a number of countries or form borders between them, which are called international rivers, often raises several difficulties and problems between riparian or sharing countries of these rivers, and is always a focus of disputes and continuous disputes among them, especially since studies and research on water affairs indicate that The current century will witness severe conflicts and crises between these countries in what has become known as (water wars), due to the possible shortage of water resources of these rivers, which have become a rare and valuable commodity whose economic importance may exceed the importance of oil itself, especially in light of the high rates of the growing population in the world and the growing rates of human growth in it, in addition to the unprecedented rise in temperatures and the emergence of global warming and climate change phenomena in a dangerous and serious manner. The United Nations has warned on more than one occasion that climate change could provoke conflicts over water, especially in the Middle East, which includes a large number of important international rivers such as the Tigris, the Euphrates, the Nile and Jordan. Which is among the hotspots in these conflicts and the most sensitive towards this issue in the foreseeable or long term, given the limited water resources in the face of the escalating and growing needs and the increasing need for them at all levels.
In this context, the neighboring Iran, in recent decades, alone and without consulting with the Iraqi government, has cut off many of the rivers shared with Iraq, amounting to about forty border rivers shared between large and small, and converted into its territory or the establishment of huge water projects in its basins, including dams, reservoirs, canals and tunnels, to benefit from them in the interior fully without any regard to Iraq's historical rights acquired since ancient times in these rivers and the great impact of these actions and activities on the natural, environmental and social life in it, whether directly or indirectly, especially since some of these rivers constitute by their geographical and formative nature important sources and tributaries of the Tigris and Shatt al-Arab rivers and the southern marshes, and it is also an important element of natural life in the Iraqi border areas, cities and kasbahs. There is no doubt that such actions constitute in themselves a clear violation by Iran of the principles of And the rules of use of the waters of internationally recognized international rivers, whether it is a convention, especially the United Nations Convention of 1997 on the exploitation of international rivers for non-navigational purposes, customary or general principles settled in the vicinity of international relations in general and between the riparian countries in these rivers in particular, as well as that the international judiciary and jurisprudence has approved and adopted in many of its rulings, decisions and jurisprudential and advisory opinions

Widely considered to be the cradle of civilization, Mesopotamia brought significant cultural developments, including the oldest examples of arts, in the form of both statues and reliefs.
Art was associated with Mesopotamian society through the rituals and religious rituals practiced by the people of Mesopotamia, and it revealed the political, economic and social aspects of the country.
The development of thought in Mesopotamia clarifies the functions or purposes for which human statues were made, as some of them were made for a religious function or to glorify important personalities (the king, ruler, or priest), or for magical purposes, in addition to the foundation statues that are buried at the bottom of buildings.

At all times and places on earth, man has needed a place to live and protect himself from human and natural accidents. Mesopotamia is one of these areas that led to a change in nature, climate, the needs of life, and the human need for homes and settlements to the idea of building buildings, and this invention of settlement comes after humans left them alive in the caves. The construction and development of architecture went through several stages, the most important of which was the construction of their homes and temples in the shape of a circle.
Where archaeological finds provide complete evidence that people in the Middle Ages and the Neolithic period, and later, had adopted circular buildings. Of course, there were many reasons for designing house plans, including human intelligence and knowledge level, the geographical nature of the area, the materials available, etc.
This study sheds light on the oldest designs of circular maps, and the study was accompanied by the remains of circular buildings that were found, as a result of archaeological excavations in different regions of Mesopotamia. However, in this study, the researcher tries to highlight the purpose of using circular buildings.

The position of the judiciary is considered one of the most prominent positions in the Fatimid state, as it played a decisive role in the state’s policy and its social life. Therefore, the Fatimid state worked in the Maghreb and Egypt (297 AH / 567 AD / 909 / 1171 AD) in order to preserve the position of the judge and the judges, but this matter did not take place. Some judges were killed, dismissed, displaced, imprisoned, or the caliphs were angry with them, and the slander and slander left clear effects on the judges of sects that differed from the state's doctrine, so we see that the courier or snitch was taking advantage of such a matter to entrap his competitors or enemies with or without reason.

The Galilee family is one of the most important families that ruled the city of Mosul, and to it belong most of the archaeological buildings in the city. This family was able to gain the confidence of the people of Mosul through the good reputation enjoyed by the men of this family and their many construction works such as building walls, castles, forts and building mosques The university and the restoration of the old ones, as well as the construction of inns and markets, as well as many endowment buildings that they built for themselves and their descendants.
The research was divided into several paragraphs: The first paragraph dealt with the urban fabric of the city in terms of narrow alleys and adjacent houses, the layout of the houses and its most important components.
The second paragraph came to talk about the walls, castles, and towers of the city, which were reconstructed and parts restored in this era.
The third paragraph dealt with the most important mosques built by the Galilean rulers and the most important schools that were attached to them.
and in the last paragraph, we talked about the most important khans that were built and stopped during this period.
The research relied on a number of sources and research related to the topic, including the book of Abd al-Salam Raouf (Mosul in the Ottoman Era), Imad al-Din Khalil's book (Steps in the Heritage of Mosul) and other research.