Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

This research topic addresses a study on a subject of great importance that has occupied humanity in various parts of the world since he began to look around him، trying to find an explanation for the universe surrounding him and to understand it، especially after witnessing the death of nature and its resurrection with the changing of the seasons، and then confronting the death of humans، prompting him to ask and question، attempting to answer them، distinguishing between the death of gods and the death of humans.

Kingdom of Urartu, researchers consider that the Urartians are the ancient and original inhabitants of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the Zagros regions. At its greatest extent, the Kingdom of Urartu included areas from Syria in the west to the Black Sea in the north, and extended to Iran and Armenia in the east.The kings of Urartu were able to make it an important kingdom in that era. It played an influential role in the civilizations of the ancient Near East. It had its own culture and religious beliefs that were very similar to the religious beliefs that prevailed in the various regions of the ancient Near East in Mesopotamia and ancient Syria.
In each of these civilizations, there was a religious complex that included many gods that were worshiped, and who often represented the forces of nature that had a direct impact on human life, such as the god of rain and thunder, the god of the sun and the moon, and others. Such a religious complex was found in the Kingdom of Urartu, and multiple gods were worshiped in it.The supreme god varied from one period to another. When the importance of the military power of the state began to increase, we found that the god of war rose to the highest rank in the list of gods until he stood by the king in his wars and granted him victory over his enemies.
As Urartu began to expand, the immortal sun god and war god became the national god of the ancient kingdom of Urartu, which ruled the plateau around Lake Van, in present-day eastern Turkey, from about 900 to about 600 BC. Haldi is depicted as a man, with or without wings, standing on a lion; In the absence of religious texts, his other qualities are not known.

The idea of establishing a medical college in Iraq was a significant step during the early years of the modern Iraqi state. Dr. Harry Sanderson played a crucial role in refining this idea and persuading King Faisal I of its importance. After deliberations and discussions, the king was convinced, and a royal decree was issued in 1926 to establish the college. Official studies commenced in 1927, marking the beginning of its academic journey. From that point forward, the college's scientific and academic mission took off and has continued uninterrupted to this day.

The Bani Uqama family had great contributions to the intellectual life in Yemen. Jurists, scholars, and hadith scholars emerged from them who attained great scholarly standing, especially the science of jurisprudence. The prominent figures of this family were known as the Shafi’i jurists because they studied the sciences of Shafi’i jurisprudence and began to teach them to the people and worked to spread them in Zabid and the Tihama region through the mosques that were held. They held their study circles, most notably the Al-Ash’ar and Al-Kabir Mosques. These circles attracted many students from all over Yemen and from outside it.
In addition to the many books they wrote, some of which were specific to the Shafi’i school of thought, such as the book “Ahkam al-Khanthi” by Abu al-Futuh ibn Abi Uqama, and other books that included many sciences, including surveying, gemology, arithmetic, inheritance, and others. The members of this family also took up oratory in the mosques of Zabid and became famous for them. Al-Aqama sermons are named after Al-Hasan bin Abi Uqama, who was distinguished by his style of improvisation on the pulpit.

Due to geographical isolation and the reality of social and economic backwardness experienced by Afghanistan, where illiteracy was widespread in the country and religious education constituted a great value throughout the decades in which the Afghans who tried to develop education for the Afghans ruled the country. The research sheds light on the beginnings of education in Afghanistan, the efforts of the princes to spread modern education in the country, the reforms of Prince Amanullah Khan, and the creation of the first Ministry of Knowledge during his reign, and then the developments that the educational institution went through during the era of the modern Afghan kingdom during the reign of King Muhammad Nader Shah and his son Muhammad Zahir Shah up to a year 1973.

The parliamentary system is a form of representative democratic government, and it is the result of political, social and economic conditions, and the establishment of the Iraqi parliamentary system is in accordance with what was stated in the constitutional system confirmed by the Iraqi Constituent Assembly, as this council laid the first foundations for the establishment of the first Iraqi parliamentary life, and it will be in the form of an Iraqi state with A hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary form. According to the Iraqi parliamentary system, there are three bodies that contribute to power: (the king, the ministry, and parliament(

Ancient Egyptian thought was distinguished by its insight into the underworld that he would join after his death, and for this reason he was creative in creating a type of funerary texts and worked on writing down his listed ideas about what the topographic underworld is, its sections, and its inhabitants. These topographical sections of the underworld were divided into hills and the texts explain it. It is part of Paradise (Paradise), and the importance of the topic lies in the texts of the Book of the Dead, as they are texts for guiding the dead on the paths and paths in the underworld. The precise description of these hills and the topographical nature in Paradise reflected the living image of what the Egyptian mentality created, and this description is almost identical to what the topography of the surface of Egypt is, represented by fertile lands from Upper Egypt (Upper Egypt) to Lower Egypt (Upper Egypt), with the Nile River flowing through it. On both sides of the river are crops that Egyptian thought did not ignore, in addition to the hills that are abundant in Upper Egypt.
The aim of this study, “Paradise Hills in Ancient Egypt,” is to examine the hills that constitute the topographical component of Paradise’s sections. They were mentioned in Chapter 149 of the Book of the Dead, whose recording dates back to the era of the New Kingdom (1580-1085 BC), in which four were recorded. Ten of the hills and what they contain.

The study aimed to demonstrate the prosperity of the urban movement during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustadi' bi-Amr Allah by mentioning the facilities that were built during his reign, including palaces, mosques, and schools, in addition to the renovation and expansion of various buildings, as well as talking about the impact of those works during that period. The biography of the Caliph was also addressed, and the most prominent stations in it were stated, including his birth, wives, children, assuming the caliphate, and his death. The study concluded that the Caliph Al-Mustadi' bi-Amr Allah was distinguished by being a strong personality with historical weight through his insightful thinking in dealing with some difficulties and proving his military success in building a strong state. The study revealed to us the Caliph's interest in the urban aspect, and this appeared clearly through his interest in expanding and building mosques and schools, in addition to the ministers and scholars building mosques and schools

This research aims to study the life of Abdullah bin Asaad Al-Yafei, and his approach in writing his book (Mirror of Heaven and Lesson of the Vigilant in Knowing What is Considered from the Incidents of Time). The importance of this study lies in the fact that it sheds light on the biography of Imam Al-Yafei from his birth to his death, and sheds light on the importance of his book and his historical approach in writing this work. The research plan was divided into two sections: The first section included: his name, lineage, upbringing, family, scientific biography and travels, sheikhs, and death. The second section included an introduction to the book (Mirror of Heaven and Lesson of the Vigilant) in terms of: its name, date of composition, edition of the book, arrangement of the book, and importance of the book.

The study of the pre-Islamic period based on church sources is considered an important field, as it sheds light on the bright aspects of that era, due to the various relationships that existed at the time, particularly those related to religion and its connection to political matters. This research aims to examine the historical and religious figure (a controversial one) whose story has been mentioned in the writings of Christian historians.
This study aims to present and discuss the figure of Saint Mar Ahodame in church historical sources from the 5th century AD to the 14th century AD, specifically in the writings of (John of Ephesus, Dionysius of Tell Mahre, the Nou manuscript, Mar Michael the Great, Ibn al-‘Abri, and Abduh Shua’ al-Subawi), where their accounts are presented in full, sequentially, and supported with sources and references. The study also analyzes the most significant aspects of their narratives to reach a relative truth that enriches the research. The main issue of the study revolves around the following questions: how are saints mentioned in church historical sources? How are their lives depicted? And is their role highlighted? by using the hypothesis of their mention in primary sources, treating them as part of the continuum that completes the history of their predecessors. The study focuses on the historical and geographical context of Mesopotamia from the 4th century to the 15th century AD, using an analytical and descriptive approach, discussing the various narratives and opinions, followed by a conclusion that summarizes the most important findings of the researcher.

This research explores the significance of mythical animal motifs in Islamic art, particularly focusing on carpet designs as one of the most prominent decorative art forms. The study examines the historical development of these motifs and their influences from various civilizations, including Persian, Byzantine, and Chinese cultures, which significantly contributed to shaping Islamic artistic identity. It highlights how Muslim artists employed abstraction and transformation techniques to avoid realistic depictions of living beings under religious principles, leading to the creation of unique and innovative designs. These mythical motifs carried different meanings; for instance, dragons often symbolized strength and protection, while the phoenix represented wisdom and renewal, and certain motifs such as winged horses or lions had religious connotations.
The research also examines the various techniques used in weaving carpets with mythical animal motifs and how these techniques evolved over different historical periods. It delves into the artistic schools that contributed to the advancement of this decorative tradition, such as the Safavid school, known for its intricate detailing, and the Ottoman school, which often incorporated geometric patterns with abstracted natural forms.
Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of preserving this unique artistic heritage, which reflects a rich cultural and historical exchange between civilizations. Islamic carpets have long served as an essential element in expressing spiritual and aesthetic values. However, with modern industrialization, traditional carpet weaving faces significant challenges, including the loss of ancestral craftsmanship and the increasing preference for mass production. The research advocates for preserving this heritage and supporting artisans who continue to create these exquisite works using traditional methods.
Ultimately, this study affirms that mythical animal motifs in Islamic carpets serve not only as artistic elements but also as cultural symbols that demonstrate the dynamic interaction between different artistic traditions. These motifs continue to represent a fusion of aesthetics, spirituality, and history, preserving an invaluable aspect of Islamic visual culture.

As defined by the Holy Quran and the Prophet's Hadith, part of the Islamic cultural heritage is the fair and just treatment of the People of the Covenant (dhimmis) following treaties and agreements. This approach became, for the most part, a path adhered to by the Fatimid Caliphs. The Fatimid Caliphate represented a shining example of this treatment and tolerance of the People of the Covenant. This treatment was not limited to their participation in public service but instead included the participation of the People of the Covenant in the public service of the Fatimid state in Egypt, represented in economic, social, administrative, and other diverse aspects of life.

Through the study of this subject, we see that the United States of America has defined its foreign policy early since its independence from Britain in 1998, as it drew the determinants of those foreign relations by laying down a rule based on reciprocity for the major European countries, especially France. Therefore, we see that the United States did not succumb to the political blackmail that France practiced it against it by insulting its diplomats. Apple took a firm governmental and popular stance against French policy, and some military skirmishes took place between the two countries, and things almost reached a comprehensive military confrontation between the two countries. As a result of that policy pursued by the United States, France was forced to restore diplomatic relations between the two parties.

Art is one of the most important architectural characteristics in the city of Hatra, as it expresses the cultural and historical identity of the city and includes within its concept sculpture, coinage, music and decoration, which in turn represents a unique element of delicate elements such as acanthus, sycamore, rosary, animal flower, human faces and shapes, quadrilateral and hexagonal leaves, toothed decoration, egg, arrow, grapes, rope, Before talking about the details of these decorations, it is necessary to know what their shapes are. Some of them are geometric, either clear and simple, such as a ribbon, or complex, such as a circle, or a quarter oval. These decorations may be found in a compound form, or in reverse, or in the form of a rose, known as acanthus. The latter is one of the beautiful geometric decorations that the urban artist loved and was creative with. It is called the acanthus, or the morning flower in Greece.

This research explores Dr. Ashraf Mounis methodology in writing history by studying his approach to analyzing and documenting historical events. The research focuses on Dr. Mones perspective on the concept of history and its dimensions, along with his view of the role of a true historian in providing an accurate and objective historical narrative. It also discusses the distinction he makes between modern history and contemporary history, while highlighting his methodology in dealing with historical sources and documenting information.

Study objectives: The study aims to clarify the role of the Zionist lobby and its American pressure groups in preventing the American administration and influencing its decisions to prevent arming any Arab country, even those allied with the United States of America, in order to ensure the Zionist military superiority in the region and under the pretext of passing those weapons to the Palestinian resistance groups.
Methodology: The historical analytical method was used to study the American records and documents that dealt with that issue in detail and the disagreements witnessed by the American administration circles between those who support sending those planes to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and those who reject that idea for fear of the security of the Zionist entity.
Results: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia invested the opportunity of calming the situation due to the continuation of peace negotiations between the Zionist entity and Egypt on the one hand, in addition to the increase in Soviet intervention in the Horn of Africa after the fall of the Haile Selassie government in Ethiopia and the advent of a government with communist tendencies, which was accompanied by rising oil prices, and the American administration was unable to pass the aircraft deal until it sent them in one package with an aircraft deal to the Zionist entity.
Recommended: The aircraft issue has proven the great power that the Zionist entity enjoys within the United States of America through the American lobby and pressure groups loyal to it, and this matter is reflected in the foreign policy of the United States of America, as these groups aim primarily to protect the interests and security of the Zionist entity even if this harms American policy and interests in the world. In addition, we are certain through this study that the priority of American interests in the Middle East region is first the Zionist entity, then Iran, then other Arab countries, especially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, its main ally, and this is also due to the influence of the Zionist entity.

General Park Chung-hee carried out a military coup in 1961, thirteen years after the founding of the Republic of Korea in the South Korean peninsula. Park's government administration embarked on the country's economic development and began to develop the first five-year plans during the years (1962-1966) that focused on developing textiles and light industries such as shoes and wood directed for export, taking advantage of the abundance of highly skilled labor and building a sound economy and sustainable growth. Then it moved to implement the second five-year plan (1967-1971). This plan emphasized modernizing the industrial structure and quickly building import-substituting industries, especially iron and steel, machinery, and chemical industries. This was followed by the third five-year plan (1972-1976), in which the Korean government, led by Park, moved to expand heavy and chemical industries through investment, and worked primarily to bring the country into the international competitive market by developing these strategic industries. Then came the fourth five-year plan (1977-1981), and this plan was launched to enhance the development of industries designed to compete. Effectively in global export markets, it consisted of high-tech industries characterized by the density of skilled labor such as machinery, electronics and shipbuilding. The plan also emphasized the continuation of large heavy and chemical industries, especially iron, steel, petrochemicals and other metals.

Political work in one of its axes during the fifties of the last century in Iraq was centered around (the conflict). It was not in the concept of a conflict based on construction and growth like the nature of advanced parties, but rather it was a conflict of confrontation and elimination of the other, in which all ends that justify the means were used, but political Islam (meaning here Shiite) in some of its activity took upon itself the legitimate side in combating communism in Iraq, especially since communist thought began to take hold in the souls of Iraqi society after World War II, and its principles were sung by Iraqis keen to apply them, but they were ideas with a noble purpose among the poor, and thus this explicit belief, not implicit, was capable of leaping and penetrating in a dangerous way with the affiliation of some clerics to this thought in addition to other imported political trends represented by (the national trend), but in general, Iraqi communism became widely spread among Shiite Iraqis. It is worth mentioning that some factors encouraged the emergence of the political intellectual conflict between the clergy and the communists, including the methods and means of political Islam, as they were indirect through intellectual methods based on evidence. The reason for starting the study in 1954 is due to the Ministry of Nuri al-Said, called the Year of Decrees against Political Parties, and the end of the research in 1963 due to the coup of February 8 and the emergence of another political phase. The research section consists of this introduction, two requirements, a conclusion, research margins, a list of sources, and an English summary. The first requirement addressed the conflict and the factors of its emergence between political Islam and communism (1954-1958), and it includes the conflict (linguistically and technically), the factors of the conflict between political Islam and communism, and the political intellectual conflict between political Islam and communism (1954-1958). The second requirement is the political intellectual conflict after 1958, and it includes the development of the intellectual conflict between the two parties as well as the new variables. The conclusion contains the most prominent conclusions.

Robert Lansing was historically known as the US Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson from 1915 to 1920, the most prominent position he held in his career. However, his work in the years preceding that date was no less important than the position of Secretary of State, his specialization in the field of law allowed him to work as a legal advisor in many American committees that defended the rights and interests of the United States of America in international arbitration cases. His experience gained in that field qualified him to participate in the founding of the American Society of International Law, of which he became a prominent member since 1906. He dedicated his membership in the society to give many speeches, in which he expressed his views on the federal system of the United States and its impact on its foreign policy. The historical frame of the research ends when Robert Lansing taking up the post of advisor in the US State Department in 1914.

The first educational conference in Iraq was held between April 9 and 15, 1932, with the approval of King Faisal I, the conference aimed to upgrade and modernize the educational sector in Iraq and move it to a new stage, this conference is considered the first of its kind in Iraqi educational history and is viewed as an achievement of the goals of what is historically known as the American trend in education, who are Iraqi students who had graduated from universities in the United States of America and the American University in Beirut played a significant role in shaping the conference, the conference included many of the visions of the American Monroe Commission, which had visited Iraq to study the Iraqi educational system in the same year in which that conference was held.

The research talks about an important aspect of social life in Islamic civilization, which is mechanical industries and their use in the fields of crafts and professions and the most important raw materials that were used in those industries.
The importance of the research is that it sheds light on what touches the details of the life of the Islamic community, which thus affects all other aspects of life.
While the aim of the research topic revolves around identifying those professions and industries and the most important primary materials used in them through what was stated in the sources that presented to us Islamic illustrations, which in turn highlighted many of them, in addition to that the extent of the intellectual and scientific development that the Islamic community had reached at that time.

Small clay pieces known as (Tokens) first appeared within the oldest levels of hunter gatherers groups in the early Neolithic period, the tokens group consisted of spherical shape that appeared synchronous with the agricultural as well as animal domesticating levels, the use of tokens were for administrative objects considering counting that coincide with the planting of seeds which spread across all the ancient middle east, Tokens were used since 9000 B.C until 3500 B.C to measure the quantities of seeds as well as the number of cattle and its shapes varied from spherical to more geometrical shapes with significant traces that remained for more than five thousand years n use despite the emergence of new products like pottery, the first use of tokens were for administrative purposes and the shapes reflected the items it represents, the cones for instance resembled seeds while oval represented liquids.

This research deals with the study of divination in Mesopotamia in light of the Mari archive. It sheds light on what divination is, its types, as well as the status of the fortune teller and his role as he is considered the mediator in conveying divine knowledge to humans through certain methods such as examining the liver or viscera or by knowing the movement and behavior of animals or pouring oil into water. The main purpose of divination is to predict the future on the official level of the king or state or on the popular level of individuals. Many letters were sent from fortune tellers to the kings of Mari reviewing the optimisms they conducted for various purposes according to the time and place of the fortune teller. This is what we will address through the letters sent from the fortune teller to the kings according to the Mari archive

The word (masjid) has been replaced by congregational mosque in Islamic architecture and among the general public as well, to the point that we rarely hear the word mosque. What is common among people is that a congregational mosque has a pulpit and Friday prayers are held in it, while a mosque does not have a pulpit and Friday prayers are not held in it. The truth is that the majority of mosques have pulpits and Friday prayers are held in them, so the name congregational mosque is repeated more than the name mosque. The larger the mosque is and the more worshipers visit it, the more it is called a congregational mosque. It is wrong to call it a mosque in the common concept, and this is the wrong fact that we are working to correct in this research.
There must be factors that influenced and prompted some mosques to be called congregations, although the name congregational mosque was not mentioned in the Holy Quran or the Sunnah of the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace), or even in the era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and this is what we noticed during the research and investigation. Before delving into the problems of naming between the masjid and the congregational mosque, we must present the factors that affected the planning and architecture of the mosque until it became in the form or forms that the planning and architecture of mosques reached, starting with the Prophet’s masjad and passing through other mosques.