Rafidain journal of science

This research included experiments in laboratory and green house to study the effect of
Eucalyptus camaladulensis leaf extracts at concentrations ( 5,10 and 15) % W:V on seed
germination and growth of the weeds (Datura spp., Sonchus spp. and Sinapis spp.).
Laboratory experiment, showed an inhibition in germination and seedling growth as the
aqueous extracts concentration increased. The maximum inhibition in (germination,
plumule length and weight) reaching (30.51, 52.4,56.2)% respectively in Sinapis, while the
maximum inhibition in radical growth (55.5,53.5)% was shown in Datura at (15%).
Green house results also showed that the highest inhibition (26.96,58.66,45.6)%
respectively in germination and (shoot length and weight)in Sinapis at (15%), and high
inhibition in (root length and weight) was (56.97,75.7)% in Datura at (15%). The Results
were accompanied with the inhibition in the content of N, P, K maximum inhibition of N
content (58.73%) in Datura, of P content (75.47%) in Sinapis and of K content (49.93%)
in Datura at (15%). The content of the K increases in Sonchus at (10,15)% and in Sinapis at
(15%). It was also shown that the weeds differ in their response to the allelopathic effect of
Eucalyptus leaves extracts,indicating that Sinapis weed was sensitive whereas Sonchus
seems to be resistant.

Pooled protoscoleces and hydatid fluids were collected from different sheep livers, and
compared with protoscoleces and hydatid fluid from liver of one sheep. Toxin fraction of
protoscoleces (P) and hydatid cyst fluid were isolated from hydatid cyst of sheep origin.
Chloroform-methanol soluble fractions (CMSFs) were separated by thin layer
chromatography (TLC) on silica gel G 60 (Riedel-deHean) coated plate (20X20 cm) on
mixture of hexane:diethyl ether:formic acid (80:20:2 v/v/v). CMSFs were identified by TLC
separation, ultra-violet light (254 nm) and by iodine evaporation under visible light.
the separation of toxin fractions (TFs) and hydatid cyst fluid (HCF), from different
batches of liver protoscoleces and HCF, on TLC, indicate the existence of some differences
in the number and rate flow of the TFs between protoscoleces and cyst fluid of the same
host and between protoscoleces obtained from cysts of different sheep, the same was
obtained in case of HCF of different sheep hosts.

In this study, the in vitro activities of eight phenolic compounds (xanthotoxin,
imperatorin, quercetin, hydroquinone, catechol, resorcinol, salicylic acid and vanillic acid)
in the petroleum ether and ethanolic extracts of Ammi majus (Khillah) herb and five
antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cephalothin and trimethoprim) against two
Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and three
Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris) alone and
in combination are evaluated. Among the seven Ammi majus extracts, the extract (No.7)
which contain salicylic acid, resorcinol and quercetin in high concentration showed
stronger inhibitory activity against all the bacterial isolates studied with inhibition zones
in the range of (16-23) mm. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis
were reported to show sensitivity to trimethoprim, ampicillin, penicillin and cephalothin
respectively with inhibition zones in the range of (10.5-23) mm and resistance to
cefotaxime. While Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris are more
resistant to all the antibiotics used. The best synergistic interactions showed trimethoprim
and ampicillin with all Ammi majus extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and with all
extracts (except with extract No.7) against Staphylococcus epidermidis, and (ampicillin,
trimethoprim, cephalothin), (cephalothin, ampicillin), (cephalothin only) with some Ammi
majus extracts against Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis respectively.
Hydroquinone enhance the activity of ampicillin against Escherichia coli, while vanillic
acid inhibit the activity of cephalothin against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis.
Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Proteus vulgaris were
the most sensitive microbes to most of the combinations.

New derivatives for acetylenic morpholine were prepared. Acetylenic amine (Npropargyl
morpholine 1) was synthesized by the reaction of propargyl bromide with
morpholine in aqueous medium. This compound was used as a synthone for hydroxy
acetylenic compounds. Compound (1) was converted to the Grignard reagent (2) by the
reaction with methyl magnesium iodide. The reaction of the intermediate (2) with different
carbonyl compounds afforded hydroxy acetylenic compound (3). Finally, prepared Npropargyl
ether morpholino (4a-i) was prepared by the reaction of the hydroxy acetylenic
compound with chloro acetanilide, benzyl chloride via willamson reaction. The structure
of the synthesized compounds has been elucidated by the available physical and spectral
methods.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace
amounts of bismuth is established. The method is based on the reaction of bismuth with
bromopyrogallol red at pH 3 in the presence of a mixture of cetylpyridinium chloride and
triton X-100 surfactants to form a blue coloured complex which shows maximum
absorbance
at 644 nm. A plot of absorbance with bismuth concentration gives a straight line indicating
that Beer,s law has been obeyed over the range 3-150 μg/25 ml, i.e., 0.12-6 ppm with a
molar absorptivity of 3.3×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and Sandell,s sensitivity index of 0.006
μg.cm-2. The interfering effect of a number of common captions and anions in the presence
of comosite mixture (NaF and tartaric acid) and ascorbic acid as masking agents has been
studied. The effect of common excipients has also been examined. The method has been
applied successfully to the determination of bismuth in water samples and a veterinary
preparation.

The oxidation–reduction reaction between hydroxyurea and ferric ions has been utilised
for spectrophotometric assay of hydroxyurea. The ferrous ions that are produced from the
redox reaction were complexed with 2,2´-bipyridyl reagent to form a pink-red tris-chelate
which has an absorption maxima at 522 nm. Beer's law agreed with the range of 5-150 μg
of hydroxyurea per 20 ml, i.e., 0.25-7.5 ppm, with a corresponding average molar
absorptivity of 1.65x104 l.mol-1. cm-1, Sandell sensitivity index is 0.0044 μg.cm-2, limit of
detection 0.01μg.ml-1 and limit of quantitation of 0.03 μg.ml-1. The present method has been
applied successfully to the determination of hydroxyurea in its pharmaceutical preparation
as capsule.

The lipoxygenase (LOX) can influence the risk of cardiovascular disease (and diabetes) by
virtue of its effect on lipid metabolism. Therefore, the present study deals with the separation
and estimation of the level of LOX in blood of males with cardiovascular disease (only /or in
addition to diabetes).
The enzyme was separated and purified from the blood-cells homogenate by precipitation
(using 0-55% ammonium sulfate), dialysing against the buffer solution and then by applying
ion exchange chromatography, when three bands were distinguished. The enzyme showed
different specific activities in the elution of these bands and the highest activity was for the
second band. Concerning the characterization of enzyme, it has been found that the optimum
condition of the enzyme was at pH 8, 40oC and the enzyme has km=1.99 mM at 12mM of the
substrate (linoleate) concentration.
The results showed that the incidence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes led to a
significant increase in the level of LOX in both the blood-cells homogenate and the serum.
The study also focused on assessing the serum total cholesterol (TC), high density
lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The results
indicated that there was a significant increase in the level of TC and MDA and there was a
significant decrease in the level of HDL-C and GSH in addition to an increase in the ratio of
TC/HDL-C.
On the basis of the results, it may be concluded that the LOX in blood cells has more than
one isoenzyme with different activities. In addition, the high level of LOX is considered as a
negative indicator that promotes cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

The paper handles a new method that is utilized in determining the best bore diameter of
two electrodes of the electrostatic lens design. However, the bore diameter is considered the
most important geometrical parameter in any electron optical device. Accordingly, the
immersion electrostatic lens have been designed and its electron optical properties were
calculated for different bore diameters of the two electrodes to determine their optimum value.
Also the study is concerned with the equal values of the bore diameter for the two electrodes,
and the ratios of their first to the second bore diameters found including the calculated value of
the optimum bore diameter. It was found that the best electron optical properties were obtained
when the ratio of the bore diameters for the electrostatic lens is approximately equal (0.66).

The compression curves for NaCl have been calculated using Birch-Murnaghan, Vinet,
Misra-Goyal, Bardeen, Brennan-Stacey and the modified Lennard-Jones equations of state.
The curves result from these equations of state have been compared with the results
calculated from other theoretical methods based on Kumar equation. The variation of V/Vo
with T at different pressures are calculated using Kumar equation to show the effect of P
and T at the same time on V/Vo. The compression curves resulted from the used equations of
state and Kumar equation at room temperature are plotted together with the experimental
data of NaCl for the sake of comparison.

Twenty five sputum and throat swabs were collected from 25 asthma and bronchial
allergic patients from Allergy and asthma Centre Governorate of Basra/Iraq beside 25
indoor air samples from their houses. Another 25 samples were collected from normal
individual and from their indoor air.
These Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar at 25 and 37Co,seventeen
genera were identified in patient samples and (23) genera in their indoor air samples while
4and5 species were identified from normal individual and from their indoor air samples
respectively beside yeast colonies and sterile mycelium were recorded in all samples.
Hyphomycetes are the dominant group in all tested samples, it was 67.5% in patient
samples, and %75.38 in their indoor air samples beside 66.66% and 81.25% in normal
individual and in their indoor air samples respectively.
The prominence value of yeasts was 735.66 in patient samples and 69.86 in their
indoor air samples while it was 546.62 and 405.69 in the normal individuals and in their
indoor air samples respectively. According to the filamentous isolates, the genera
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Ulocladium, Paecilomyces, and Cladosporium have
the highest prominence value in the patients samples and in their indoor air samples. In
normal individuals, Aspergillus and sterile mycelium showed the highest prominence value
and Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Ulocladium in their indoor air samples.

The fungus Rhizoctonia solani was isolated from rice, this fungus causes many diseases
for plant and crops damage. To control this fungus by a safe method without causing any
damage to environment, animal and human, we prefer using the alcoholic extract of some
plants. The effect of alcoholic extract for leaves of Cassia spp., Salvia officinalis and Achillea
millefolium was tested by using four concentrations for each extract 5,10,15,20 mg /ml these
results were compared with antifungal Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride and it
was noticed that these extracts have a high inhibiting effect against this fungus. The percentage
of inhibition was 100% for all extracts and all concentrations that used in this study except the
concentration 5 mg / ml of alcoholic extract for the leaf of Cassia spp. the percentage of
inhibition was 90.3%. This proves that the alcoholic extract of the leaves has a high ability for
inhibition similar to the biocontrol agent that was used.

Lead and copper levels were determined in 96 samples of milk and twelve milk
samples were individually collected from buffaloes, cows, goats, ewes, adult and infant
dried powder milk, liquid pasteurized milk and condensed milk from different regions and
Local markets of Mosul city, during the period from October 2011 to March 2012. The
findings referred to the presence of lead and copper in the concentration of 0.623 and
0.590, 0.566 and 1.323, 0.191 and 0.640, 0.152 and 0.593 mg/kg in the buffalos, cows,
goats and ewes, milk, respectively. The percentage of milk samples exceeding the
permissible limits 100% of lead and copper in buffalos' milk and lead in cows' milk and
83.3% for lead in ewes' milk and for copper in cows, goats and ewes' milk and 66.6% for
lead in goats milk. The results showed that the mean concentration of lead and copper 0.524
and 0.824, 0.127 and 0.958, 0.323 and 0.375, 1.402 and 0.462 mg/kg in the adult dried
powder, infant, pasteurized and condensed milk, respectively. Milk samples which exceed
the permissible limits of lead 100% in adult dried, pasteurized and condensed milk and for
copper in the infant and adult dried powder milk and 83.3% for lead in the infant milk and
33.3%, 16.6% for copper in pasteurized and condensed milk. The findings showed no
significant differences in the mean concentration rates of lead and copper among all types of
raw milk in study. However, there was a significant difference in the mean concentration
levels of copper between adult and infant milk from pasteurized and condensed milk.

The electrochemical behavior of Eriochrome Red B (ERB) using square wave
voltammetry (SWV) with three electrodes cell was studied. The cell consists of working
electrodes, either graphite electrode (GE) or Poly ERB-graphite electrode (poly ERB – GE),
auxiliary electrode (2mm pt wire) and reference electrode (Ag/AgCl . sat.KCl).
The ERB gives two reduction peaks at GE and Poly ERB- GE, one at -0.194 V, second
at 0.068 V for GE and at -0.561V, 0.203 V for Poly ERB-GE.
The effect of pH on the reduction peaks of ERB at the two electrodes (GE and poly ERB-GE )
was studied.

The research includes a clinical study of adiponectin hormone and its relation with
cardiovascular diseases. The normal value of adiponectin hormon level in human serum was
found to be (9.79± 0.91 ug/ml) in control group for both sexes at age (35-70 year). The
study also showed a significant decrease in adiponectin hormone level (6.12 ±1.01 ug/ml)in
serum of cardiovascular patients group for both sexes at (39 -75 year) in comparison to
control.
The results also indicated a significant increase in the level of insulin hormone,
glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), concentration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low
density lipoprotein -cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein –cholesterol, the risk factor
ratio (total Cholesterol/ HDL), total lipid, malonaldehyde (MAD), the activity of
Peroxidase, GOT and ALP in patients group. While a significant decrease in concentration
of high density lipoprotein – cholesterol, glutathione also the activity of glutathione –Stransfers,
glutathione peroxidase, arylesterase and catalase in patients group was found in
comparison to control.
The relationship between adiponectin hormone and some clinical variables were
examined in control and patients. The results showed that there were a significant positive
correlation between adiponectin hormone and concenteration of high density lipoprotein –
cholesterol (HDL- C), the activity of glutathione peroxidase and arylesterase in control
group and patients. The results also showed that there was a significant reverse correlation
between adiponectin hormone and level of insulin hormone, glucose, insulin resistance(HOMA-IR), concenteration of total cholesterol, triglyceride, (total Cholesterol/ HDL),
total lipid, malonaldehyde (MAD) and the activity of GOT and ALP in control group and
patients.
It is concluded that the low level of the hormone adiponectin Index is a serious risk
of cardiovascular disease and plays an important role in regulating the level of the hormone
insulin, insulin resistance and its glucose, which refers to the relationship of diabetes. It also
shows a role in regulating the level of lipids and the relationship with oxidative stress
processes.

The research is concerned with preparing a cold aqueous extracts of Agrimonia
Eupatoria, to isolate oil, tannins, and falvonoids and proteinous and non proteinous
compounds by gel filtration technique and using column containing gel type Sephadex G-
50.Two compounds: A M.wt (264667) Dalton, B M.wt (3958) Dalton from the cold
protienous precipitate were isolated. The effect of these extracts and the compounds
mentioned above was studied on serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density
lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C) and very
low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, also glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde
(MDA) levels in liver, kidney and heart tissues in mice exposed to oxidative stress via the
intra-peritoneally injection.
The results obtained from this study showed that the cold crude aqueous, nonprotienous
extracts, protenious precipitate, proteinous and peptidic compounds, also the
tannins, oil, and falvonoids at the doses of (300, 17.3, 3.04, 5.9, 10.3, 4.6, 5.28, 17.8)
mg/kg body weights caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum glucose, TC., TG.,
(LDL-C), (VLDL) and MDA level in liver, kidney and heart tissues. However, a significant
increase (p<0.05) in serum HDL-C level and GSH level in liver, kidney and heart tissues in
mice exposed to oxidative stress was observed while B peptidic compound caused a
significant decrease in serum HDL-C level.
Finally, it was found that the falvonoids is more effective as a hypoglycemic and
reactive oxygen spices.

In this research, Asymmetrically Parabolic Concentrator (APC) was designed. It was made
of plate covered with paper that is made of polymer coated zinc available in local market. The
APC effects on Silicon solar cell parameters have been studied during the Iraqi spring season
(Afternoon March and April) in the city of Mosul. The result showed that in March Solar cellefficiency had increased from (4.9%) to (5.5%) due to the existence of APC, while during
April, it did increase from (3.9%) to (7.2%). Four Solar cells of equal dimensions were
connected in parallel in order to take advantage of Solar radiation reflected from the center on
the surface of cells.

Asymmetrical excited single pole magnetic lens has been designed, using different
geometrical coils of equal areas and at different positions with respect to the lens pole.
The objective focal properties and its resolution were calculated. It was found
that the geometrical shape of the coil and its position play an important role for exciting the
lens pole.
It was noticed that the lens L4 at constant excitation (NI=20 kA-t) shows better
results in comparison with the other lenses.