Rafidain journal of science

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of
Azadirachta excelsa oral dose (250 mg /kg of b.w.) every other day for 28 days on the
histological changes of the ovary and uterus, serum levels of progesterone and estrogen and
the fertility of adult female mice.
The results showed histological changes in the ovaries of the treated groups indicating
an increase in the number of secondary follicles, absence of the mature follicles, presence of
the atretic follicles, bleeding tissue and congestion of blood vessels in the second group,
while in the third group, they showed a decrease in the number of the primary and
secondary follicles, absence of the mature follicles, presence of the atretic follicles and
fibrosis of the ovarian cortex.
The uterus sections of the treated groups showed fibrosis of the uterus wall,
hyperplasia of smooth muscle in the second group and papilloma of endometrium,
congestion of blood vessels of serosa in the third group. The results observed a significant
increase in progesterone and estrogen levels of the treated groups compared with control.
The results observed an obvious decrease in the mean of newborn of the treated groups,
which proved reduction of the fertility of the treated females. Thus, the application of this
plant extract is important in the rodent control programs.

The detailed investigation of a sensitive spectrophotometric method for the
determination of trace amounts of tellurium (IV) is described. The method is based on the
reaction of tellurium (IV) with chrome azurol S in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride
hydrate surfactant at a final pH of 3.1 to form a pink coloured chelate absorbing maximum at
525 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed over the range (5-50) μg/25 ml, with a molar absorptivity of
(2.5 ×104) l.mol-1.cm-1 and a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.9997. Sandell’s sensitivity
index is (5.104×10-3) μg.cm-2, a relative error of (0.8-0.2%) and a relative standard deviation
of (0.2 to ±1.8) %, depending on the concentration levels in the calibration curve. The
method has been applied successfully to determine Te (IV) in sea water and some synthetic
alloys.

This study included the isolation of the enzyme Matrix Metalloprotrinase-1 (MMP-1;
Collagenase-1) from serum of healthy individual and synovial fluid (SF) of a patient with
rheumatoid arthritis using different techniques.
After precipitation of proteins using saturated ammonium sulfate, two porteinous
components had been isolated by gel filtration chromatography. It was found that only the first
peak has high activity of latent-MMP-1. The apparent molecular weights of MMP-1 in serum
and SF using gel filtration chromatography was found to be (47752 ± 816 and 48194 ± 707)
dalton respectively.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to show the extent of purity.
The main maximum of the enzyme from serum and SF appeared at retention times (1.652 and
1.65) minutes respectively compared with the retention time of standard enzyme at (1.571)
minutes. The approximate molecular weight of latent-MMP-1 by HPLC technique, in serum
and SF were found (48067 and 48033) dalton respectively.
The study included, also, the effect of some material compounds on the activity of latent-
MMP-1. The results revealed that the addition of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA),
2,4-dinitrophenol, sodium azide, potassium oxalate, mercaptoethanol (MEH), glutathione
(GSH), cystein and healthy human serum decreased the activity of latent-MMP-1, while the
addition of NaCl, MgSO4, CoCl2, CaCl2, CuSO4, ZnSO4, HgCl2 and pepsin increases the
activity of enzyme.

The research includes measurement of some biochemical parameters in serum of
uterine cancer patients. Serum samples were collected from (20) healthy females and (20)
females with uterine cancer, their ages ranged between (35-68) years. These parameters
included: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and the level of some antioxidants like
vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and peroxynitrite. Some
trace elements (copper and zinc) were also tested in the present study.
In comparison with the healthy females, the uterine cancer exhibited a significant
increase in the level of MDA, peroxynitrite, LDH and copper. They also exhibited a
significant decrease in the level of vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione and zinc in comparison
with healthy females.

Molar conductivities of dilute solutions for the complexes: Co(II)(alanine + valine),
Ni(II)(valine + serine), Ca(II)(alanine + serine), Mg(II)(valine + serine) in water were
measured in the temperature range from (293.16–313.16K). The ionic molar conductivity
(Λ), the association constant (KA), distance parameter (R), and (σΛ) at best fit values were
determined by treating experimental data with Lee-Wheaton conductivity equation.
Thermodynamic quantities for the ion association reaction were derived from the
temperature dependence of KA. The obtained results provide information on ion – ion and
ion-solvent interactions.

A simple, rapid, accurate and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed
for the quantitative determination of sulfadiazine (SDz) in both pure and its dosage forms.
The method is based on diazotization of primary amine group of sulfadiazine with sodium
nitrite and hydrochloric acid followed by coupling with γ-resorsolic acid (2,6-
dihydroxybenzoic acid) in alkaline medium of sodium hydroxide to form a yellow coloured
azo dye shows a maximum absorption at 458 nm against reagent blank solution. Beer's law is
obeyed over the concentration range of 10-300 μg of SDz / 25 ml (0.4-12 ppm) with a
determination coefficient (R2=0.9998 ) and molar absorptivity 4.38×104 l.mol-1.cm-1 and a
relative error in the range of 0.1- 0.64% and a relative standard deviation from ± 0.27 to ±
1.21 % depending on the concentration level of SDz. The method is suitable for the
determination of sulfadiazine in the presence of other ingredients that are usually present in
dosage forms. The effect of organic solvents on the spectrophotometric properties of the azo
dye and the composition of the resulting product have also been worked out and it is found to
be 1:2 γ-resorsolic acid: sulfadiazine. The method has been successfully applied to the
determination of sulfadiazine in its pharmaceutical preparations ( tablet, and burn cream ).

New α-(2-pyridyl)benzylidine (5-nitropyrid-2-yl)amine (L) ligand has been
synthesized by condensation of 2-benzoyl pyridine and 2-amino-5-nitro pyridine in 1:1
molar ratio in ethanol. Further the Co+2,Ni+2 and Cu+2 complexes were synthesized by
reacting above ligand with metal chloride in (1:1) (1:2) or (2:2) (Ligand:metal) molar ratio
in ethanolic medium. The ligand and their complexes were characterized by electronic and
IR spectra, magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductance and metal content
analysis. The complexes (1-3) and (7-9) are found to be non ionic in nature while the
complexes (4-6) are found to be (1:2) electrolyte. The magnetic moment and electronic
spectral studies show a tetrahedral geometries for the complexes (1-6) and octahedral
geometries for the rest of the complexes.

In this study, the electron energy distribution function in capacitively coupled radio
frequency dry air discharge in three different regions along discharge tube was measured. It
was observed that all regions do have Fermi electron energy distribution function which
increases in magnitude with increasing the applied power, and decreasing with increasing the
internal pressure. This function magnitude reaches its highest value near the powered electrode,
while it decreases towards the earthed one.

In this research, our concentration was directed to study the effect of weight fraction of
the reinforcement materials (E-Glass) chopped strand laminates fibers, (E-Glass) continuous
fibers and Glass powder, on the alternating bending fatigue behavior of the unsaturated
polyester matrix (polymeric composite).
The result of this study reveals that the variation of the weight fraction percentage of
the reinforcement materials could affect the fatigue resistance of the produced composite.
It has been noticed that the increase in the weight percentage fraction of both, glass
laminates fibers (No. of laminates) and the glass continuous fibers, contributed effectively
to improve the fatigue resistance, this reflects the longer fatigue life of the composites, that
increase in the fatigue life could approach to more than hundred times, in the case of using
glass laminate fibers and to more than twenty four times, in the case of using glass
continuous fibers, at the same stress levels (9MPa), and the same percentage of weight
fraction (6wt%).
The result obtained of fatigue test in the case of using glass powder, suggests that the
fatigue life depends on the percentage of weight fraction. The results also reveal an
improvement in fatigue life three times longer for the weight fraction (2.5wt%), of glass
powder, but the higher weight fraction (6wt%), reduced the fatigue life to a third compared
to unreinforced base matrix.

A successful protocol was used for black poplar (Populus nigra L.) micropropagation
through tissue culture, through initiation stage which studied, the effect of concentrations
0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 mg / l of Benzyl Adenin (BA) and explants of two different types
(single node and shoot tips). In multiplication stage the effect of BA concentrations 0.0, 0.5,
1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mg / l alone or in combination with IBA or NAA 0.1. 0.3 mg / l. The results of
initiation stage after four weeks of culture showed significant differences for single node
application in comparison with shoot tips, by ratios value of response (80%, 68.33%) at a
time the growing node has a significant superiority for growth in MS without regulators in
relation with that MS medium having different concentrations of BA. But the results of the
multiplication stage, after eight weeks of culture showed different cultured nodes of
response to different concentrations of BA, the medium with 1.0 mg / l BA is significantly
different for a number of shoot traits (2.7 shoot / node) and the longest shoots more than
0.5 cm. (2 shoot / node) in comparison with other concentrations studied of BA. On the
other hand, the combination of 1.0 mg / l BA with 0.3 mg / l of IBA or NAA causes a
significant increase for some studied characteristics in comparison with the control (1 mg / l
BA) and other studied interactions by which we have got the highest number of shoots (4.7
shoot / node, 4.9 shoot / node) respectively in relation with control (2.6 shoot / node), also
we have highest number of leaves (17.4 leaf / node, 17.2 leaf / node) and shoots longer than
0.5 cm. trait of (3.7 shoot / node, 3.5 shoot / node) respectively. The shoot regenerated from
tissue culture rooted by ratios of 73.5 % in MS medium with half of the strength of salt with
0.5 mg / l IBA and then adapted and transferred to field conditions at success rate 90% .

This study was conducted to determine the effect of evaporation of plant seeds
Peganum harmala on the tissues of the testes in male albino rats treated with
Chlorpromazine. The rats aged 3-4 months and weighted 200-300 g were divided into two
groups, the first group is control negative included 10 rats which were dosed with distilled
water and remaining animals were dosed with Chlorpromazine (2 mg/kg) of body weight
per day for six weeks. Then the treated animals were divided into 4 groups, each group
consists of 10 rats. The positive control treated with drug, the second group evaporated for
7 days, the third group evaporated for 14 days and the last group evaporated for 21 days.
The results showed an injurious effect on the control positive group represented by
necrosis and degenerative for some epithelial cells in seminiferous tubules that elucidate
reducing the tissue. After the first evaporation it was observed that there was a clear and
partial improvement represented by increasing the number of cells in seminiferous tubules
compared with the control positive group. In the second evaporation period it was noted that
there was a continuous increase in the number of cells in the seminiferous tubules. Finally,
in the third evaporation the seminiferous tubules approximately regained the normal
situation represented by compensation of the number of reducing cells resulting from the
injurious effect of drug. This information gives a definite indication for the positive
reformative effect of evaporation on testicular tissue.

The present study aimed to show the role of variable concentrations of tobacco water extract (10،50،100،150) in initiation, growth and regeneration of leaves callus of lettuce (lactuca sativa L) plant by using MS 1.0mg/L of BA and NAA. The best medium was (MS + 1.0 mg/L BA and NAA +50mg/ml of tobacco extract), in which the fresh weight of callus reached 2.150 mg after 35 days of culture and with regeneration rate reached 63%. Also the result referred that nucleic acid (DNA, RNA), proteins and carbohydrate were greatly affected by tobacco water extracts and it varied with extract concentrations. As to carbohydrate content was varied with the increase or decrease in protein and nucleic acid content. The Detection and isolation of Alkaloid nicotine from the alcoholic extraction of lettuce were analyzed by (IR) where exhibited activity nicotine as bands.

The research included studying the ability of some bacteria that were isolated from urinary catheter tips and urine samples in a previous study, to form biofilms by Congo red and tube method. The results showed that the highest biofilm formation using tube method was occurred by Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli and klebsiella spp.(100%), while Pseudomonas fluorescens did not form a biofilm. of gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest biofilm formation (87.5%), while Micrococcus spp. showed the lowest level (33.3%).
Using the congo red method in the gram positive bacteria, S.aureus showed biofilm formation of 31.25%, while S.epidermidis and Micrococcus spp. did not form biofilms. Using the same method for gram negative bacteria, E.coli showed a highest ability of (50%), while Ps.fluorescens and C.freundii did not form biofilms.

One hundred and four isolates of gram negative enteric bacilli were isolated from (700) sputum specimens taken from lower respiratory tract infections with isolation percentage of (14.8%). The bacterial isolates belonged to the species: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, Proteus mirabilis, with variable isolation percentages. The isolates showed an obvious resistance to different β-lactam antibiotics including third generation cephalosporins, where the resistance percentages to Cefixime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime reached (52.9%), (51.9%), (42.3%) respectively, they also showed resistance to Cefoxitin (31.7%), while Cefepime, Meropenem, Imipenem had a high activity against the isolates, as the resistance rates were reduced to reach (8.7%), (1.9%), (1.0%) respectively. Ps.aeruginosa isolates were the most resistant species to β-lactams, followed by K.pneumoniae isolates, while Pr. mirabilis isolates were the most susceptible ones.

This study was capable to find the optimal conditions for callus initiation and growth from stems and cotyledonary leaves segments of Prosopis farcta, by using different concentrations of plant growth regulators NAA, IBA, Zeatine and BA alone or in an interaction between them in agar-solidified MS medium. The better media that encouraged callus induction from stem segments were those supplemented with 3.0 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BA, 2.0 mg/L IBA + 1.0 mg/L BA, 0.5 mg/L NAA + 2.0 mg/L Zeatine, 3.0 mg/L IBA + 2.0 mg/L Zeatine in which the induction percent reached 90%, 90%, 90%, 60% and fresh weight that reached up 1.44, 2.1, 2.17, 0.9 gm respectively. Whereas the better media that encouraged callus induction from cotyledonary leaves segments were those supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L BA, 3.0 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L BA, 0.5 mg/L NAA + 2.0 mg/L Zeatine, 2.0 mg/L IBA + 2.0 mg/L Zeatine with callus induction percent reached to 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and fresh weight average 1.89, 2.42, 2.47, 2.67 gm respectively. It is clear that 0.5 mg/L NAA has an important role in callus initiation alone or with BA and Zeatine dependent on callus induction percent and its fresh weight.
On the other hand, the explants failed to continue in its viability when cultured on agar-solidified MSO medium.

The study included the role of some plant growth regulators and their effect in Prosopis farcta explants response for initiation and growth of callus cultures and detection for caffiec acid in the callus cultures.
Results showed that the best treatment for sterilization of Prosopis farcta seeds was treating the seeds with 96% ethanol for 2 min., then treating them with sodium hypochlorite diluted with distilled water )1 : 2) (water : sodium hypochlorite( (v : v) for 10 min. Results also showed that when Prosopis farcta seedling stem explants containing nodes were cultured on MS solidified medium containing 2.5 mg/l of BA and 0.5 mg/l of 2,4-D was the best to initiate and grow of callus depending on fresh weight of callus.
This study included the detection of caffeic acid in callus cultures of Prosopis using Thin layer chromatography )TLC(. It was found that the Rf value of the standard sample is almost the same as that for the callus sample.it was concluded that callus cultures of Prosopis contain caffeic acid.

The research included the separation of lactoperoxidase (LP) from camel and buffalo milk locality using different biochemical techniques. One proteinous band had been isolated by gel filtration using sephadex)G-50 and G-100) that produced by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The apparent molecular weight of the isolated protein as a source of enzyme using gel filtration chromatography (G-100) was (75219 + 900) Dalton for camel milk and (76493 + 1000) Dalton for buffalo milk.
The results showed that the purified LP from camel and buffalo milk were at (70 µg/ml) of enzyme concentration using (0.08 mol/l) phosphate buffer at pH (7) act for (25) minutes at (45C) and (400 mmol/l) of pyrogallol as a substrate. Using Line Weaver-Burk plot, the values of maximum velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) were found to be (3.49 µmol/ min) and (26.3 mmol/l) respectively for camel milk and (4.44 µmol/ min) (45.4 mmol/l) for buffalo milk.
Finally, the research was, also, involve the study of the effect of some chemicals and drugs on the enzyme activity. The results showed the sodium meta arsenite (NaAsO2) uncompetitive inhibitor while phenylphrine is noncompetitive inhibitor for the enzyme at different concentrations of inhibitor, but disodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (Na2-EDTA) and tetracycline were activators to LP.

Two models of an electrostatic immersion lenses of double electrodes have been designed of equal diameter and pole thickness, at different distances between their electrodes for the upper and lower parts. Each model includes two lenses according to its electrode angle that varied. The effect of variation of the single electrode angle was studied for each lens on the optical properties at a constant voltage ratio. An optimum electrode angle has been chosen for the lenses one with a lowest spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients in order to compared its optical properties at different voltages ratio at zero magnification condition. It was found that the lenses E1and E3 are better than E2 and E4 in the two models. Moreover, it was found that E3 has an optimum optical performance within the two models. The results of the optical properties of the electrostatic lenses in the present work have been compared with those of the published results. A great improvement in the optical performance of the considered lenses has been found.