journal of kufa studies center

At the end of the twentieth century, the forces of the socialist camp were undermined faster than they had been formed, and nationalist currents – especially in the Arab region – retreated on their heels, and their slogans became futile after exposing the falsity of their proponents. The conditions of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1978, and the events and aspirations that accompanied it, and the victory of Islamic currents or those calling for Islam here and there, (as in the Maghreb and Turkey), all of this led the Western powers, or those who followed their political philosophies, to fear new Eastern powers to restore Islamic dominance over the world of the twenty-first century, if some of them believed in the restoration of the cycles of human history, the decline of existing civilizations and the establishment of other civilizations. The features of modernity, globalization and the expansion of the fields of rapid and multiple communication have helped, which have made Al-Amsar one Egyptian, and these fields of communication have become accessible to everyone, cheap, open to horizons and times, and far from the eyes of censorship, which leads to the convergence of ideas and cross-pollination of visions, or to the knowledge of what is going on in Islamic societies or in the ideas of the Ummah. All of this has made the Islamic world witness great intellectual transformations for the sake of a great awakening of the Islamic peoples.

This research aims to study the concept of prophecy by comparing the biblical vision of it and the ambiguity and ambiguity that is far removed from the characteristic of holiness, and the philosophical vision of it through the writings of one of the most important Jewish philosophers and speakers, Maimonides, who strived in his book "The Guide of the Perplexed - The Significance of the Perplexed" to remove the confusion and add true meanings to the biblical text after its interpretation In a way that is consistent with the philosophical depth of the text, moving away from the superficial view that was negatively reflected on the significance of the books of the Torah in relation to a central issue in the Jewish religion, such as prophecy, the view of the prophets and their relationship with God. The research relied mainly on the book "The Guide of the Perplexed – The Significance of the Perplexed" to be the starting point for making comparisons between the biblical vision of prophecy and the interpretation of this vision according to philosophical data.

The Shari'ah has taken great care of children and has taken great care of them based on the idea of the balance of life and the order of the universe in Islam, Islam pays great attention to human beings, especially children, they are one of the blessings of Allah Almighty that He bestows on whomever He wills of His servants, the Almighty said:(And Allah has made for you from among yourselves husbands and made for you from your husbands sons and grandchildren), and because of the importance of childhood in Islam, we find the Almighty and the Almighty swears by it in order to glorify its affairs. The country, the father, and what was born, we created man in a liver.
The Almighty considered the child's departure into this world a source of happiness and pleasure, so it is better for his parents to accept joy in him, like the Prophet of God Ibrahim (peace be upon him) when the angels gave him the good news of Isaac, and the Almighty said about Zakaria, "O Zakaria, we give you good news of a boy whose name is Yahya for whom We have not given a name before." With regard to supplication and supplication to Him in the hope of seeking righteous offspring, the Almighty said: "And those who say, 'Our Lord, grant us from our spouses and our offspring the delight of our eyes, and make us an Imam for the pious.'"
In the biography of the Prophet (PBUH), we find a sufficient tribute to childhood.
The research aims to explain the Islamic vision of disabled children who are powerless to obtain their rights and what are the requirements for their care in Islamic Sharia, and who is responsible for this.

When a contract is concluded, each party to it is obliged to implement its obligation resulting from the contractual bond without increase or decrease, and this is expressed in the principle of the contract, the Shari'a of contractors, which is a product of the principle of the authority of the will that we received from the philosophy of the eighteenth century, which was characterized by individualism and free opinions, but the rules of justice have prompted the legislator to intervene by regulation in many contracts to maintain the economic balance between the reciprocal obligations, and this intervention may be at a stage The formation of the contract as in the contract of compliance, or at the stage of the execution of the contract as in emergency circumstances .
There is no doubt that the subject of the theory of emergency conditions and its impact on the restoration of the imbalanced economic balance in the contract is of great importance from a scientific and practical point of view, as this principle is a product of the rules of justice that aim to reduce the binding force of the contract, and from a practical point of view, everyone knows that the volatile economic conditions that the world is going through in general need means that help maintain the economic balance that is affected by these fluctuations, and the most important of these means is the theory of emergency circumstances.
We have concluded through the presentation of the paragraphs of this research that the principle of economic rebalancing represents the practical application of the theory of emergency circumstances as a constraint resulting from the rules of justice.
Entering into the theory of contingent circumstances will lead to the raising of more than one principle or procedure, the most important of which is the principle of the contract, the Shari'a of contractors, to which this theory is the most important exception, as well as the principle of decreasing and increasing the obligation and stopping the execution of the contract and its termination.

This study examined the role of international peacekeeping operations in the settlement of internal disputes, and found that the legal basis for these operations lies in Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and that they are formed by a decision of the Security Council on the basis of its basic functions of maintaining international peace and security, under which it enjoys broad discretion based on Article 39 of the Charter.
The study clarified that the intervention of international peacekeeping operations in internal conflicts does not contradict the principle of the sovereignty of states, because the consent of the parties to the conflict is a prerequisite for the performance of those operations, and therefore they cannot carry out their tasks without the official consent of the state suffering from the internal conflict. Mines, or they may be non-military means such as election supervision, national reconciliation, and support for the rule of law.
This study was also interested in presenting the practical practice of the intervention of international peacekeeping operations in the settlement of internal conflicts in Kosovo and East Timor, and it was found to be distinct from the rest of the peacekeeping operations established by the United Nations in other regions, because it was assigned new and diverse tasks and was given broad competencies that enable it to perform its tasks. Advice and training in all areas of the country.

The sectarian issue in the countries of the Islamic world, including Iraq, has been the most serious issue at the social level, where a large number of people flee every year, internally and externally, due to the sectarian danger, which takes various mechanisms in the oppressive practice against the different other, or the so-called minority, including inhumane mechanisms: exclusion, marginalization, or what is known as political discrimination, or through the restriction of rights and freedoms, such as the right to opinion and belief, and these authoritarian sources are usually described as violating individual freedom, including Freedom of opinion and belief.
Hence, the sectarian issue is described as a discriminatory social expression of an exclusionary nature, felt by a number of people, who believe in linguistic characteristics (ethnically), or who gather around certain beliefs (religious or sectarian), which is translated by those oppressed people as the characteristic of rejection and complaint, of the method adopted against them, which takes different tools in the ways of dealing with the dominant, including: What is peaceful is such as demonstration and protest, and the second tool is through violence, such as the use of force, which is often preceded by the method of arbitrariness and violence by the dominant power. These two opposing violent patterns: authoritarian and oppressive are prevalent in many countries of the Muslim world, including Iraq.

This research is based on a distinguished poet from our literary heritage, Da'bal bin Ali Al-Khuza'i (148-246 AH), who is one of the few poets who refused to be the mouthpieces of the Sultan or to walk in his knees.
Da'bal al-Khuza'i's poetry included two important characteristics, one of which is the glowing emotion of his poetry, and the other is that this poetry stems from a depth of belonging, which he expressed boldly and was not affected by the methods of persuasion or intimidation that the Abbasid caliphate had followed.
The research consists of three topics, the first of which briefly touched on the life of the poet and the most prominent stations of this life, in line with the nature of the research topic, while the second topic was concerned with explaining the emotional orientation that characterizes the poet in all his poems that depict his positions, and the third topic came to shed light on the most prominent features of the depth of belonging of this poet who employed his poetry in order to elevate and defend the right of the Ahl al-Bayt, praising heritary, and on the other hand, it was a right arrow towards by employing the purpose of satire that he had mastered, armed with courage and heroism that was unparalleled in other poets of his time.
The research came out with a number of results, the most prominent of which is the adoption of the opinion that the reason for the loss of Da'bal Al-Khuza'i's Diwan is due to its strong contents that contradict the nature of the regimes of the ruling authorities at the time, as well as the research confirmed Da'bal's distinction in harmonizing emotion and belonging in a remarkable way, and this makes poetry its desired poetry, because the poet's exaggeration in thought loses much of his poetry and turns it into systems that have no effect. In addition to other results that have been mentioned in Body of the research.

This research is an attempt to describe the various opinions that have been circulating on the issue of pronunciation and meaning in ancient Arabic criticism, highlighting the differences between these views and researching the reasons for this. We have concluded that these reasons were related to the social, political and literary aspects that were presented at that time, which were a motivation for them. We have also tried to explore the dimensions of this issue in the modern era and compare it with the old ones, showing the extent of the connection between the old and the modern.

Literature has always appeared in a strong connection with certain social institutions, where in primitive society we can hardly distinguish between poetry and work, amusement, magic, rituals...This confirms to us that the call to direct literature as a social aspect dates back to periods of time beyond the 19th century, but it was only unsystematic ideas, so this attempt tasked me to trace the stages of development of this idea, which later became a self-contained critical method.
In the course of this historical and evolutionary study of this idea, several questions came to my mind about the links of literature to a given social situation, to an economic, social and political system, and how society influences art. Is the writer a representative of himself distinguished in his giving and results from the sermons and horrors that are going on in society? Or is it merely a pick-up on what is going on in it and a translation of what is raging among its social classes? Does a writer need a social reference from which to draw his inspiration? Hence, Is social reference necessary for the establishment of literature?
In this research, we will try to examine the social approach in modern literature as one of the contextual approaches, based on the fact that the treatment of literature from a social point of view does not contradict the distinct personal creations of writers, as diving into literary works is only possible in the social framework from which literature proceeds and pays attention to.

The political system in Britain is considered one of the oldest political systems in the world, because it relied on a set of traditions produced by the political, social and economic developments that Britain has witnessed since the beginning of its political life on the first foundations of the monarchical political system since King Jean Sans Terre granted the reign of (McNacarta) in 1215 AD, which was described as the "Great Charter - The Great Charter of Freedoms". It is a document of rights to guarantee fundamental rights and a covenant between the king and the nobles of England, and it is located in (63) articles, and it was preceded by Henry I's document of freedoms in 1215 1100 A.D.
Benjamin Disraeli was one of Britain's most prominent politicians, who served twice as Prime Minister during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901), and he rendered significant services to the British Empire throughout his political career there (1837-1880), and carried out the most important parliamentary reforms in England.
In this research, we will review the life of this man and the most prominent features of his political, social and literary workstations, in which he and his colleague William Evert Cladstone (1838-1894) formed a milestone in the Victorian era, as they took turns playing the role of opposition to the government when one of them was in power or leaving the government, and their differences were clearly visible due to the nature and origin of each of them.
The research consists of an introduction and two papers, the first of which dealt with the birth of Benjamin Disraeli and his social upbringing and their impact on his early scientific and political awareness, while the second topic dealt with his early political and literary life and his role in British politics, as well as the conclusion of the research and proved by the sources used in it, which were diverse and highly relevant to the personality of Disraeli, as most of the writers of those sources were close to the period of his life and his prestigious political activity.

The increase in the population size in the city of Al-Zubair resulted in the expansion of its area in different directions, and by studying human factors, a problematic picture emerged of the trends and determinants of urban growth, the most prominent of which was the religious factor of the presence of the shrine of Al-Zubair bin Al-Awam, and the economic factor is an important reason for the influx of migration to the city as a commercial market, as well as the investment of oil in the fields of Al-Zubair and South Rumaila. This led to an increase in the population size of the city, after its population was (17880) people in 1947, it became (262877) people in 2010, so the urban area expanded from (346) hectares in the old city to (3385) hectares in 2010, and the residential use occupied 42% of the urban land uses in the study area, despite the high percentage of residential use, there is a housing deficit of 33%. Therefore, the city expanded in different directions, and the most was towards the Zubair-Safwan axis. Because it has the potential for expansion, however, the spatial expansion in the study area faces determinants that stand in the way, the most important of which are: oil fields, the antiquities area, determinants related to sanitary landfill sites, the industrial zone, and the determinants of roads and transportation.

During the past decades, Arab cities have witnessed remarkable urban development and a significant increase in population as a result of the natural increase in population and an increase in the volume of population migration, and this development has automatically reflected on the economic, cultural, and social aspects in many of these countries, and on the other hand, this urban development and economic, social, and cultural openness has had some negative effects on the security and social situation in those cities, where crime is one of the most important of these negative effects, and it is one of the important aspects that have been studied At the global level, those interested in planners and architects have strived to control this phenomenon for the purpose of achieving security and safety, especially in residential communities because of the impact of this phenomenon on human behavior and sense of security. From this perspective, this study aims to discuss the role and importance of urban planning and design in improving the level of security and safety, and to highlight the most important planning and design standards that contribute to providing an outdoor environment and a better residential environment for residents.