Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Generally speaking, the importance of the historical books acquires from the role and position of historians in the life of their nations besides their following to the political, social, economical and cultural events, in addition to register the its phenomena and different developments. The study of those books gives the researcher a good acknowledge in understanding the development the methodological styles of the historical writing during the sequential phases. Hence, the study of historical books in the late century takes a special importance due to a result of new stage in the history of Arab and Islamic nation especially with the foreign invasion and fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in (656 A.H / 1258 A.D). this leads to appear a new visions of the political and social positions that make many cities such as Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo having a great role in the intellectual and cultural activity. This a clear sign that indicates continuation of the nation life and the care of scholars especially historians to continue in their scientific and intellectual efforts to contribute in continuation of the revival of their nation during the ages despite of invasion and the foreign domination.
The Abasaid era of the seventh century A.H is characterized with lots of scholars who have contributions in the political, administrative, economical, scientific and intellectual fields. Ibin AlSaa’i is one of those scholars who appeared in this era and his book “Al-Dur A-Thameen in Asmaa Al-Musanafeen” is one of the historical reference that covered that age besides his book tackles the biography of writers, their deeds, descendants, and their poetry.

This research includes a study of the prominent figures among senior state officials who contributed to writing political history through their writings, documenting their lives and the tasks they were assigned and accomplished in service to the kings of Egypt and its people. These writings were intended to immortalize their memory for future generations, as they not only documented their biographies but also recorded the historical events that occurred during their tenure. Herein lies the significance of their historical writings.
Since the tasks performed by these officials were commissioned by the kings, they are implicitly attributed to the king under whose reign this official served. This highlights the importance of their historical writings. It is noteworthy that their writings were primarily inscribed on the walls of their tombs scattered across various regions of Egypt, particularly in Thebes.
In addition to the tombs, inscriptions are found on the movable artifacts of the officials, which include stelae, statues, sarcophagi, and mummies. Generally, the movable artifacts did not contain significant historical writings

Margaret Thatcher's visit to Israel in 1986 was considered the first visit by a prime minister to Israel, and was therefore of interest to officials from both sides. She met with a number of Israeli and Palestinian officials, and discussed with them issues of the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the Palestinian issue and the Egyptian issue (Taba). Thatcher tried to isolate the PLO, considering it not an acceptable partner in peace negotiations in the Middle East, and that an alternative Palestinian leadership must be found in the occupied territories. Western diplomats at the time described her position as reflecting a fundamental reassessment of British policy towards the Middle East, and a shift in British policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Sib is one of a group of archaeological mounds located in the Hamrin Dam basin, which submerged after the completion of the irrigation dam. The mound is located approximately 15 km west of Jalawla, in a wide, flat plain within an area densely populated with ancient settlements, more so than in other parts of the basin due to its fertility and proximity to the Diyala River. Among the most prominent of these settlements are Tell Bardan, Haddad, Al-Daba'i, Arshidah, Abd Ammah, and Karjiya. An Iraqi mission affiliated with the General Authority for Antiquities and Heritage excavated Al-Sib over several seasons, uncovering three layers. The most important of these layers is the third layer, which dates back to the Old Babylonian period. More than 70 rooms discovered there, containing over 700 clay tablets, providing important information about the nature of economic life during that period. Many figures played a significant role in the economic life of this period, including be-la-nu and be-la-nu-um, who played a prominent role in the economic texts from Tell Sib and were likely responsible for the city's fodder distribution warehouse. The following are the most important details regarding their commercial dealings and the texts in which they mentioned.

The word (masjid) has been replaced by congregational mosque in Islamic architecture and among the general public as well, to the point that we rarely hear the word mosque. What is common among people is that a congregational mosque has a pulpit and Friday prayers are held in it, while a mosque does not have a pulpit and Friday prayers are not held in it. The truth is that the majority of mosques have pulpits and Friday prayers are held in them, so the name congregational mosque is repeated more than the name mosque. The larger the mosque is and the more worshipers visit it, the more it is called a congregational mosque. It is wrong to call it a mosque in the common concept, and this is the wrong fact that we are working to correct in this research.
There must be factors that influenced and prompted some mosques to be called congregations, although the name congregational mosque was not mentioned in the Holy Quran or the Sunnah of the Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace), or even in the era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs, and this is what we noticed during the research and investigation. Before delving into the problems of naming between the masjid and the congregational mosque, we must present the factors that affected the planning and architecture of the mosque until it became in the form or forms that the planning and architecture of mosques reached, starting with the Prophet’s masjad and passing through other mosques.

The history of titles among Arabs and Muslims is wide in scope and far-reaching, and the strangest thing in the development of titles is that it was used for praise and veneration after it was for slander and contempt, And if the Arabs wanted to glorify the addressee, they addressed him with a nickname, and then they rose from the nickname to the good titles.
The Arabs were interested in titles and it took up a large space, they were fond of them, mastered them, and bragged about them in their literary councils and scientific seminars, they used to say (Titles descend from heaven).
Titles also have important political dimensions, and the moral, material and political privileges they grant to their owner, give him a decent position.
With the transfer of the caliphate to the Abbasids, titles became a great affair in the state, as an echo of the great change that occurred in the Islamic state, one of its manifestations was the tendency to quote from the Persian civilization and its traditions, and the effect of that was the quotation of new titles.
It was barely in the middle of the fourth decade of the fourth century AH, the tenth century CE when the Buyids were on the doorstep of Baghdad’s gate, and as their seizure of command and tyranny of power increased, the influence of al-Farsi increased and perhaps one of the manifestations of it was the increased interest in titles and their regulation, furthermore the emergence of new titles, that became known as the titles added to (state), (sect) and (nation). The Buyids adopted titles that denote veneration and honor to the bearer for the political stature he has attained, such as (the Shahanshah) and (King of Kings).
Due to titles significance, our study of titles during the period of the Buyid authoritarianism in Iraq (334-447H – 945-1055CE) included a historical study of the title, the development of its historical meaning, the titles of the Buyid princes, their meaning, connotations, dimensions, titles added to titles, as well as the jurisprudential opinions about granting the titles and the decrees th

There is no doubt that the study of genealogy is one of the most noble and important sciences, and it has great importance for Arabs and historical studies, as many legal and religious rulings are based on the knowledge of genealogy, and it is necessary to know it in issuing these rulings. The rulings on marriage and inheritance are included in its knowledge, and its subject also shows the origins of people, their tribes and their homes. The Arabs have been interested in genealogy since ancient times and have been proud of their genealogies, preserving them and passing them on from generation to generation. Genealogies have also preserved many historical events and have had an impact on knowledge of Islamic history, as genealogy books contain many political, economic and social events

The concept of time is mentioned in many Qur’anic verses, and although this word is not mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, time expressions exist, and by examining those expressions we see the accuracy in choosing words, each in their place and meaning, and in their use, to give the desired image of those expressions. . It must also be mentioned that some of them were clear and direct, while others were the opposite.

The subject derives its importance from the Hijazi Qibla newspaper (1916-1934 AD), which is the direct documentation of the reality of the Hijaz and the Arab countries and the events of the Arabic Revolution led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali, Emir of Mecca in terms of military diplomacy and policy , which is the daily treasury of the economic, social, cultural and educational conditions of the Hijaz in general, and in particular its role in crystallizing Arab national awareness and the Arab renaissance movement in the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Egypt, Iraq or the Arab diaspora, where these numbers From Al-Qibla newspaper, which summarizes the biography of the Arab renaissance, which has never been seen in the history of the Arabs before, a victory for Arabism, Nationalism and true religion.

A large number of historians and researchers have been interested in studying the history of the Islamic Maghreb, especially the education aspect, as the importance of this research was based on providing a clearer picture of the course of the scientific movement in the countries of the central and far Islamic Maghreb at the hands of the most prominent hadith scholars of the Ahl al-Hadith school, and the goal of that is how its scholars rose to leave an impact on the aspect of teaching, building schools, and composing scientific works at the hands of their students inside and outside the Maghreb, especially since the first stages of education in the countries of the Islamic Maghreb were based on indoctrination and memorization, and then developed later in the subsequent historical periods.

The Sassanid Empire (226-651 AD) is considered one of the most important and largest states that ruled in the ancient Near East, as it extended from the borders of India and China in the east to the Euphrates River and the Levant in the west, and from Asia Minor in the north to the Arabian Peninsula and Yemen in the south. It included vast states, diverse peoples and ethnicities, in addition to religious diversity, from idolatry to the ancient monotheistic religions of Judaism and Christianity..

Al-Takhi newspaper is one of the Iraqi newspapers that dealt with national intellectual and political issues during the research period with great momentum, as it dealt with events in general. Besides, important national issues. Even what is published in it attracts the attention of citizens, Arabs and Kurds alike. Although it is the mouthpiece of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.
The research included three axes, the first contained a brief about the newspaper "Al-Takhi", dealing with the date of its issuance and preventing it from being published, as well as its orientations, goals and supervisors. The second dealt with the most prominent intellectual issues related to democracy and its problems in Iraq. As well as, freedom of the press. While the third axis was devoted to discussing political issues, including the constitution, the election law, and partisan life, which is a thorny intellectual issue during the governments that followed the rule of Iraq. In addition, the newspaper's position on the issue of the formation of Iraqi governments and its curricula, as well as its position on the Kurdish issue and the nature of governments' behavior towards it, which constitutes an important space in the articles of the "fraternity" newspaper.

The Ottoman Empire suffered from calamities at the end of the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century due to the defeats and military rebellions it faced, and the dissolution and disorder in its economic system, which prompted some Ottoman sultans and governors to adopt the idea of reform and modernization in the military institution first, then other aspects of life were reformed in a number of educational, financial and administrative institutions. Despite this trend towards modernization and reform, this faced many obstacles in the way of passing it and understanding the institution and the old mentality that rejected this reform, because it wanted to maintain its interests and privileges. On the other hand, European interventions in Ottoman internal affairs created a state of imbalance in dealing with these interventions in the balance of Ottoman foreign diplomacy.

The study aims to demonstrate the importance of American-Omani trade relations (1833-1856) in the Arabian Gulf region in the mid-nineteenth century during the reign of Sayyid Said bin Sultan, given Oman's important strategic and economic location, as well as its possession of coastal cities and its control over the most important African economic city, Zanzibar. This coincided with the desire of American merchants to have a foothold and economic influence in this important region. However, American interests in the region clashed with the British presence, which became an obstacle to the development of American-Omani trade relations, as the dominant power in the Arabian Gulf. After Britain realized that the American side intended only commercial goals that did not affect its economic and political interests in the region, events developed and led to the conclusion of the American-Omani Treaty in 1833, which led to the development of trade relations between the two countries, and under which both parties obtained the privileges they were aiming for. However, the course of events and their development quickly led to a decline and tension in these relations as a result of the American side's attempt to consolidate its political presence in the region, in addition to the ongoing British interventions that were lying in wait for this relationship and working to sabotage it.

Abbasid history extended over a long period of time, reaching more than five centuries, beginning with the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate (132 AH/750 AD) and continuing until the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate at the hands of Hulagu, the leader of the Tatars (656 AH/1258 AD). The study represents a different aspect from what is known and familiar in many theoretical studies and research, as the subject of my research is tagged.
(The arbitrariness of the Baramkeh in their policy with Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the subjects through the book Al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bishr by Abu al-Fida’ (d. 732 AH/1331 AD) is an important historical moment. Some of the arbitrary practices of the Barmukids towards the caliphate authority, represented by Caliph Harun al-Rashid, should be shown by initially trying to limit his role in the administration of the state. The matter,
Moreover, researchers have not presented such a topic, especially in an objective study based on the original historical sources, and here lies the importance of choosing the topic, in addition to the fact that the facts scattered between the lines of major books had to be collected, known, researched and studied.

This Article highlights Nepal, which has been plagued by problems Since its inception. Its modern history has been characterized by several ideological currents, one of which was the monarchy, which ruled Nepal by a series of hereditary rulers. However, due to the continue wars among them, it was easily invaded by the Gorkha kingdom, led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who controlled the profitable trade route between Tibet and Kathmandu, It is one of the most important objectives of his military campaigns. He became the first king of Nepal. The monarchy has had a central political expression since the creation of the Nepalese nation-state in 1768 with the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. After Narayan's death, military actions ceased, and Nepal weakened. The Shah's family soon became embroiled in a protracted power struggle, exploited by the Assembly of Lords, which vied for the position of prime minister or regent. They were all heads of important noble families in Gorkha. The conflict culminated in the rise of Jang Bahadur Kunwar in 1846, who introduced a hereditary prime minister ship. Thus, the state apparatus became entrenched in a bureaucratic culture, defined by a system of patronage that mobilized to principles of kinship and sect. One of the main objectives of the article was to examine, the causes and consequences of the invasion of the Kathmandu Valley? and how the Gorkha Empire was established by the Shah family in the 1768? This marked the beginning of a turning point in Nepal's modern history, which would profoundly affect it for years to come. Another major turning point occurred in the mid-nineteenth century, which was the second objective of the study. What were the deteriorating political and public conditions of the Shah's regime? How did they allow Jang Bahadur and his family (the Rana) to establish the "system of hereditary prime ministers" in 1856, and what were the repercussions and effects of this system until Bahadur's death in 1877, the end of the study? This study used historical research methods and a descriptive approach to achieve the research objectives and answer relevant questions, describing events, their causes, effects, and outcomes. Data was collected, interpreted, and analyzed to enable the study to reach conclusions on various issues and aspects.

The importance of this study is the policy of the United States towards the Panama Canal 1977-1970 that it addressed one of the most important political and economic issues in the period of the Cold War and the twentieth century and one of the issues that united Latin American countries against American greed in the region as well as it highlights the history and location of the Republic of Panama The important geographical and the importance of its navigation channel in the service of international trade that the United States aspires to control. Therefore, the policy of the United States of America towards the Panama Canal witnessed radical transformations between 1977 and 1980, and the Tiran-Dale Treaty was reached between the United States and Panama. One of the most significant shifts in relations between the two countries, which came after decades of American control over the canal, the treaty included two main parts: the first was a recognition that the Panama Canal would remain open to international navigation without discrimination, and the second was the gradual transfer of the canal to Panama with an American security guarantee, allowing the United States to maintain a military presence in the region to protect the canal in the event of any threat against it. The treaty faced strong opposition in the United States, where many considered it a major concession to Panama. Despite this, the treaty was ratified by the US Senate, and by 1980, US-Panamanian relations began to improve, with the mechanisms for the gradual transfer of management and control of the canal being defined.

Economics is one of the important sciences that emerged in early Islam as a result of the emergence of many financial issues. Muslim scholars have successfully authored numerous books specializing in Islamic economics, explaining financial issues in accordance with the provisions of Islamic law, such as zakat, jizya, fay', spoils of war, and kharaj, among others. They have addressed these issues in detail, providing explanations and clarifications, each expressing his own opinion. Islamic economics is based on several pillars: the true owner of wealth is God Almighty, and He has the right to determine their actions based on His knowledge of their circumstances and what is in their best interest; the principle of not harming the rights of others or the public interest; and the principle of protecting the interests of the needy from competition, as is the case with zakat expenditures and the obligation to support relatives. Hence the importance of this research.

The research studies a collection of terracotta figurines and plaques: two figurines and three plaques. All of them focus on representing the theme of music and playing on musical instruments, due to its significant impact on the human soul. Accordingly, scenes of joy and victory, whether in wars or religious or social events, were represented with great interest by Mesopotamian artists in various forms of art. Musical instruments also varied, including percussion instruments like drums or tambourines, stringed instruments, and even wind instruments. In the selected pieces, the tambourines and the stringed Baz instrument were the main artistic representations. All five pieces date back to the Old Babylonian period (2000-1595 BC), which is considered one of the golden ages in the civilization of Mesopotamia.

The research Paper, entitled “Rebecca Felton’s Position toward Women’s Issues in the United States of America,” studies the position of one of the American woman who came from the conservative southern society on woman’s issues at various levels, and since it is logical for the position of women in general to be supportive of their rights and their contribution in all aspects of life, However, this was not an absolute rule, as there were those who made a distinction in demanding rights between white and black women in light of the racial discrimination that prevailed in southern societies, and among them was Rebecca Felton, who stood in favor of the rights of white women of her kind to education, ownership, and participation in political decision-making, to the point that she was honored for her efforts in that field by appointing her as the first woman to serve as a member of the US Senate, while she neglected to demand the rights of black women. This does not mean lifting the curtain on her positions and roles in defending women’s rights, given that she fought for them in a southern peasant society that does not see a woman as a place other than her husband’s home or a job other than taking care of her children.

During the 1970s, Iraq experienced an economic boom driven by increased oil revenues, which prompted the import of skilled workers and talent from abroad. This resulted in the recruitment of a number of technicians, experts, and skilled workers. Bangladeshi workers played a prominent role in this context, as Bangladeshi experts, engineers, and workers contributed to the implementation of vital projects in the fields of construction, engineering, and industry, contributing to economic development and infrastructure
Bangladeshi workers were distinguished by their efficiency and competitiveness, but they faced challenges such as cultural differences and working conditions. Nevertheless, they had a positive impact in transferring expertise and supporting national development, making them a model for international cooperation in achieving development goals.

The purest of humanity, the prophets (peace be upon them), and their children and wives, hold a high status among believers. They trace their lives based on the sanctity of God Almighty's chosen ones. The importance of studying and verifying the manuscript stems from two factors: the first is studying the life of the son of the best of mankind and their master, Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), and establishing the connection to the righteous, chaste, patient, and pious Lady Maria the Copt. The third is reviving and publishing the manuscript heritage, as a complementary step to the efforts of those in charge of the institutions that seek to preserve the heritage and present it to researchers for study, verification, and dissemination throughout the world.

Ottoman Empire was not in direct confrontation with the Portuguese, who advanced to control the Arabian seas, after crossing the Cape of Good Hope reaching the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, and India in 1498 AD. However, the rapid unfolding events and the collapse of the Mamluk state in Egypt led to a noticeable military conflict between the Ottoman and Portuguese states. Ottoman documents and Arab and foreign sources carried much about the events of this conflict, while the memoirs of Portuguese leaders conveyed many details of these confrontations that lasted almost eighty years. Some of these were direct battles with significant losses between the two states during that historical period, while others were confrontations in a different, undeclared manner. Nevertheless, the relentless pursuit by both sides to tighten the grip on the other continued in various forms.

The Spanish experience in democratic transition is considered one of the most important global experiences since the 1970s, because it came after a strict dictatorial regime. The democratic transition began after the death of General Francisco Franco at the end of 1975, which is considered a turning point in Spain's history, as it is considered a successful and influential democratic transition process. In fact, the Spanish experience is worthy of contemplation, as it is not a coup, revolution or chaotic experience. On the contrary, the regime itself led a long process of political reform that ended with the establishment of a strong democratic system. In this research, we will address three axes: the first is about the democratic transition in Spain, the second is about the law of political parties in Spain, and the third is about political parties and their role in Spanish party life.

The Third Dynasty of Ur (2112-2004 B.C) was the last Sumerian dynasty to rule Mesopotamia, which was ruled by five kings. This text is from this period . Economic texts were one of the factors that helped us to know the economic processes that were taking place in that period . One of these types is the economic texts designated as offerings texts to the gods. This text contains the presentation of several diverse materials as offerings to the gods from the city of iri –sag – rig 7. In the seventh year of the reign of King Shu sin, The year, period and city of the text have been specified even though it is a confiscated text, This is through comparison , With several texts from the same period .

Abu Ubaidah al-Bakri (died 487 AH / 1094 CE) is considered one of the prominent Muslim scholars, known for his extensive knowledge in the fields of language, literature, geography, and history. His works bear witness to this, including Al-Mughrib fi Dhikr Bilad Ifriqiya wal-Maghrib which is part of his book Al-Masalik wal-Mamalik. In this book, he discusses Western Sudan, the desert, its cities, the distances between them, the locations of water sources, the movement of the Almoravids, and their role in spreading Islam in the desert and establishing ribats. He also mentions the unique rulings of Abdullah ibn Yasin regarding governance, which deviated from Islamic law. Al-Bakri also wrote about the cities of Western Sudan, such as Songhay and Tekrur, and their religions, as well as Ghana, covering its political, social, and economic life. He further elaborates on the city of Tadmekka, Kairouan, and the lifestyle of its inhabitants. He highlighted the gold mines in Ghana and their significance, noting that gold was exchanged for salt due to its high value. As for his sources, they were varied; his position in the court and his relationship with ministers granted him access to information, in addition to oral narratives. Among his works is a commentary on A’mali al-Qali, and one of his most notable teachers was Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Hafidh. His writing style was marked by honesty and courage in conveying information, including the accurate mention of dates and places, except in some cases where he had not personally visited those regions

The icon of Iraqi heritage buildings is what the eyes of millions of viewers see on television screens, books, artists’ paintings, pages of newspapers and magazines, postcards, stamps, advertising posters and media. Everyone watches it, admiring it’s wonderful, eye-catching design, and no two disagree in choosing it among the heritage buildings that old Basra abounds with.
The scientific methodology for this research lies in the archaeological and analytical study of this palace. The methodology includes many main steps that attempt to answer the problem of field research of the palace. Our main problem for the research is the following question (Is it possible to document and preserve this architectural masterpiece), As for the importance of the study It is embodied in raising archaeological awareness of the local community that lives near the palace to preserve it.
Therefore, the research dealt with a number of topics, including the location of the palace in the ancient city of Basra, the name, the history of the palace and its construction, components, in addition to its architectural elements and building materials, and a conclusion that gives the importance of this palace in relation to modern Iraqi architecture