Journal of Studies in Humanities and Educational Sciences

Literature abounds with examination of socioeconomic stratum, or social class, and how its existence leads to interferences and struggles in peoples’ lives. Jane Austen understood class distinctions and it is one of the things she depicted so very well in her novels. Her stories expose the social boundaries and brutal reality of her era. This reveals a complex economy of representation between personal expression and cultural representation..

The current study aimed to identify the role of administrative empowerment in achieving the organizational climate among middle school principals in Nineveh Governorate. The study sample consisted of (50) middle school principals, who were selected using a random stratified method. Two tools were used to collect data: the first was the degree of administrative empowerment, and the second was the organizational climate. Arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used, To process the data statistically, the results showed that the degree of managers' practice of administrative empowerment was high, the organizational climate was generally average, and there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the degree of managers' practice of administrative empowerment and the organizational climate.

Does It Heal? Is the question, explores the complex relationship between trauma, memory, and healing as portrayed in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five. The paper’s title asks a question that highlights the main issue of the novel: can individuals suffering from deep psychological wounds truly recover, or do they merely adapt to living with their destroyed realities? My paper examines how Vonnegut uses Billy Pilgrim’s experiences to illustrate the disorienting impacts of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), in which past events disrupt the present unpredictably. The examination explores the novel’s nonlinear storytelling as a symbol for the fragmented experiences of trauma survivors, emphasizing how memory serves to both ground and isolate Billy. Themes like survivor’s guilt, emotional detachment, and the coping strategies provided by the Tralfamadorians illustrate the novel’s complicated perspective on healing. Through Billy’s challenges, Vonnegut critiques society’s numbness to violence and its neglect of the psychological impact of war. The paper also examines Vonnegut’s meta-narrative as a means of catharsis, merging fiction with autobiography to urge readers to face the moral difficulties of illustrating trauma. By examining the trustworthiness of memory and the limits of historical accounts, Slaughterhouse-Five provides a timeless reflection on the human ability to keep going. In the end, the paper determines that the response to the title's questioning is might be unclear, as both Billy and Vonnegut struggle with the lasting scars of war while discovering illustrations of significance amidst the disorder realm.

The researchers adopted the descriptive approach. The research community was defined as families of children with autism spectrum disorder for the year (2025), numbering (536) (mothers and fathers). The number of institutes reached (4), including (Dr. Mustafa Al-Yasiri Institutes for Speech and Language Therapy, Imam Hussein Institute for Autism, Al-Raja Institute for Mental Disability, and Ruqayyah Institute for Hearing and Speech Therapy) in the center of Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. The total number of children in these institutes reached (275) males and females. To achieve the research objective, the researchers constructed a scale of perceived family support, identifying three domains for the scale: (moral (psychological) support, material support, and cognitive support), with (10) items for each domain. The scale was applied to a research sample of (200) mothers and fathers with children with autism spectrum disorder. After analyzing the sample responses using SPSS, the results confirmed: 1. Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have good perceived family support. 2. There are statistically significant differences in perceived family support among parents of children with ASD according to the gender variable, in favor of males. There is also a statistically significant difference in perceived family support among parents of children with ASD according to the educational level variable (elementary, secondary, diploma, bachelor's, master's, doctorate), in favor of those with a doctorate degree. The research resulted in a set of recommendations and proposals.

This study addresses a highly important topic, particularly in our current time, which is marked by critical challenges that citizens cannot effectively face without a high level of political awareness. Without such awareness, individuals risk experiencing psychological conflict, leading to feelings of frustration and despair. The study aims to define political awareness and highlight its significance. It also offers a theoretical explanation of how political awareness is formed, explores the factors that influence it, and discusses the obstacles that hinder its development. Additionally, the study presents strategies for enhancing political awareness and examines its relationship with political knowledge and extremism. Finally, it provides an overview of political awareness in Iraq after 2003.

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of No-Code Generative AI platforms such as Bolt in supporting the application development process, focusing on the differences between amateur and professional programmers. A comparative experiment was designed in which 60 participants (30 amateurs and 30 professionals) were asked to develop a simple application using the aforementioned platform, and to evaluate the experiment through a 23-paragraph questionnaire covering aspects of performance, satisfaction, and trust in artificial intelligence. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of time taken and the quality of the application, with a clear superiority of professionals in dealing with software complexities, while amateurs achieved high levels of satisfaction thanks to ease of use. The data also showed that the level of mental closure in users is relatively high, which may affect the acceptance of new technologies. This research is one of the few studies that provide empirical analysis based on quantitative and qualitative data on the use of these platforms, and it contributes to providing recommendations for improving design, developing educational curricula, and building training policies in line with the needs of each category of users.

This article examines the translation of femininity and cultural memory in Hanan Al‑Shaykh\'s short story Yasmine\'s Picture, analyzing the differences between the Arabic source text and its English translation regarding their representation of gendered experience and cultural identity. On the basis of feminist and postcolonial theories of translation, the study explores how memory, emotion, and feminine subjectivity—traditionally expressed through metaphor, silence, and movement through the spaces—find themselves translated or redirected in the English translation. Through words of comparative textual examination of six exemplary narrative passages, the research reveals significant differences of tone, sense, and cultural background. The proof shows that translation has a tendency to neutralize or recontextualize elements tied to Arab feminine memory, devoiding them of their political and emotional richness in order to satisfy Western reader expectations. This article argues that translation is never an ideologically neutral process but an arena of ideological negotiation, in which decisions around language, culture, and gender determine how the voices of the marginalized are heard—or silenced—on the global literary stage.

There are many types of discourses according to the language used and the purpose of the discourse. Perhaps, the religious discourse is the first discourse addressed to human beings, and the first discourse at the beginning of Islam was "Read". Religious sermons serve several purposes, including addressing God, addressing people, talking about faith, expressing religious feelings, etc. The current study focuses on a religious sermon delivered by the Lady Fatima Al-Zahra`a, peace be upon her, about a land called Fadak. The Lady Al-Zahra`a claims her ownership of the land of Fadak, which the Khalifat denies her, at the time. As religious texts represent a kind of ideological persuasion for the public, as there is a close link between spoken words and religion, the study attempts to analyze transitive and intransitive verbs from a stylistic semantic perspective. It assumes that transitive verbs are presented prominently to focus on the main theme of the sermon of the Lady Fatima Al-Zahra`a, peace be upon her, which is the infringement of her right to her father's land. The study adopts an eclectic model to present the syntactic, semantic, and stylistic analysis.

The study wants to analyze the examples of the post-tromatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Charles Fraziers Charles fragies by examining the sex experiences of trauma and extraction between their male and female characters. By observing social ideas and gender roles that affect these experiences, this research shows how to trauma for men and women after the war. By using Judith Butler's penis beliefs, the current article argues that the reactions of the characters to trauma are not only influenced by their personal relationships, but also heavily related to the cultural paradigms of masculinity and femininity. Male characters often struggle with social problems to demonstrate resolutions and rights, leading to the destruction of their expressive erections. On the other hand, women who are qualified for their traumas meet in the boundaries of nutritional roles, which both strengthen and limit the production processes. By setting these gender experiences next to each other, the study depicts multilayer's exchange between trauma and social principles, suggesting that cold mountains require a thoughtful inspection to understand PTSD in cold mountains requires a thoughtful inspection focusing on the performing aspects of the penis and the methods they go to the rating.

Between 1958 and 1968, the city of al-Sulaymaniyah experienced notable developments in the field of public health services, particularly in combating diseases and epidemics. These efforts included the expansion of hospitals and health centers, as well as the establishment of clinics in remote areas to accommodate population growth and to increase the number of qualified medical personnel. Despite the Iraqi government\'s cooperation with international organizations to control the spread of diseases in Iraq, including in al-Sulaymaniyah, epidemics continued to persist. This persistence can be attributed to several factors, foremost among them the political unrest that Iraq witnessed during this period, which disrupted the continuity of many health programs. Additionally, the low level of public health awareness and the prevalence of harmful traditional practices among the population posed significant challenges. The region\'s mountainous geography also hindered access to medical services, as many areas suffered from inadequate healthcare infrastructure, a shortage of mobile clinics, and an insufficient number of medical staff to meet regional needs. Furthermore, the humid climate of al-Sulaymaniyah contributed to the spread of diseases—most notably malaria and pulmonary tuberculosis—which remained widespread throughout the study period.

The aim of the current research was to identify the effectiveness of the Mastermind Strategy on physics problem-solving skills of second-year intermediate female students. To achieve the research objective, the researchers formulated the null hypothesis, which states that there is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group who will study physics using the Mastermind Strategy and the average scores of students in the control group who will study the same subject using the traditional method in physics problem-solving skills. The researchers used the experimental approach, adopting an experimental design with two equivalent groups with post-tests on physics problem-solving skills. The research was limited to second-grade intermediate female students at Al-Nada Intermediate School for Girls, affiliated with the Qadisiyah Education Directorate for the academic year (2024-2025), and the subject matter was from the physics book for the second-grade intermediate. The researcher selected two out of three classes for second-grade intermediate female students using a random assignment method. The sample number of students was (87), with (44) students in the experimental group and (43) students in the control group. The students in the two research groups (experimental and control) were rewarded for the variables (chronological age in months, intelligence test, prior knowledge test, and problem-solving skills test). The researcher formulated the behavioral objectives for the last three chapters of the physics book for the second-grade intermediate, which numbered (151) behavioral objectives. The researchers also prepared a set of (32) teaching plans, with (16) of them. A plan for the experimental group that will study with the masterminds strategy and (16) plans for the control group that will study with the usual method, then building a research tool which is a problem-solving skills test which consists of (30) objective paragraphs of the multiple-choice type, in addition to that the experiment was applied in the academic year (2024-2025) AD, and the duration of the experiment lasted eight weeks with two classes for the students of each group, and after the end of the experiment period the data was processed using the statistical package (SPSS) and the results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group who studied with the masterminds strategy over the students of the control group who studied with the usual method in the test of physics problem-solving skills.

Al-Maidan is one of the old neighborhoods of Mosul, dating back to the beginnings of the Arab Islamic conquest. Mosul was liberated in 16 AH/736 AD, during the reign of the second Caliph, Omar ibn al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him). Al-Maidan served as the first nucleus from which the old city was formed. Al-Maidan witnessed significant development throughout its historical eras, growing and expanding over the Qalaat area. It overlooks the Tigris River from its western side, and was known as the Western Fort at that time. During the Ottoman era, Al-Maidan began to expand with its urban development from the northern part to the eastern part to the southeastern part at the head of the old bridge within the Zankena Alley, gradually expanding. It gained great importance after the Ottomans established the oldest political, administrative, and military construction on its land, represented by the construction of the internal citadel (Ej Qala), which was built by the Ottoman governor, Bakr Pasha, in the years 1030-1040 AH/1625-1630 AD during his governorship of Mosul. It was a wide field for training soldiers and cavalry, and from it it was named Al-Maidan district, where the ceremonies of training the Ottoman army were held at the Pasha’s palace and the government offices there. The district flourished economically and commercially, and various types of crafts, professions, and industries spread within it within a thriving commercial and economic area. The residents moved their buildings, homes, and livelihoods to it, and they built a mosque for themselves known as the Bani Asad Mosque. It contains the Hajj Hammu Al-Qaddu Mosque, his mosque, his school, its old alley, and others. Its area reached about (148,438 m2), i.e. more than (3.8%) of the total area, until it became one of the large districts in the city of Mosul.

The stock market is witnessing remarkable development as a central tool for economic and investment activity. However, it has also become a fertile ground for various types of financial crimes, such as price manipulation, insider trading, and financial fraud, which threaten market stability and investor confidence. Hence, the importance of punitive policies as part of criminal policies aimed at combating these crimes.

The study aimed to identify the digital cultural identity among middle school students and whether there are statistically significant differences in the digital cultural identity scale according to the gender variable and specialization. The study sample consisted of (470) male and female teachers. The researcher constructed a digital cultural identity scale specific to the study sample, which achieved acceptable validity and reliability coefficients. The researcher used a number of statistical methods to analyze the study data, namely, Chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test for one sample, t-test for two independent samples, and others. The results showed the following: Middle school teachers have a digital cultural identity, but at a low level. The cultural inculcation among teachers was characterized by the importance of digital culture among personal traits that were prevalent in the personality of teachers (males and females). In addition, there were statistically significant differences in favor of the scientific specialization, which outperformed the humanities specialization in digital cultural identity.

This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) tools on developing cognitive processes among second-grade intermediate female students at Al-Janain School in Dhi Qar Governorate, using an experimental design. Two equivalent groups (62 participants) were compared: an experimental group taught via AI tools (e.g., ChatGPT, Google Gemini) and a control group taught traditionally. Cognitive processes assessed included attention, memory, and problem-solving, measured through a validated and reliable test (Cronbach’s alpha 0.87–0.91). Results revealed statistically significant differences (T=3.464, p<0.05) favoring the experimental group, with a large effect size (0.89), demonstrating AI’s efficacy in enhancing cognitive skills. Challenges such as over-reliance on AI and attention fragmentation were noted, necessitating a balance between technology and independent mental exercises. Recommendations include integrating AI into curricula with teacher training, infrastructure development, and establishing pedagogical guidelines to mitigate risks. The study fills a gap in Arab educational literature regarding AI’s influence on foundational cognitive mechanisms that support effective learning.

Historical studies of social buildings in the city of Mosul have not received the desired attention and specificity throughout the Arab and Islamic eras, and in a manner that deserves the attention it deserves. This research is an attempt to highlight some of the main features of social life and its architecture in the Mosul Vilayet during the Ottoman era, from 921-1336 AH/1515-1918 AD. Social buildings are the foundation of the ancient city of Mosul, as are other service, religious, educational, and economic buildings. Their construction was based on human and social necessities in order to provide the livelihood, humanitarian, cultural, health, and municipal services its residents needed, distributed in an organized manner within the boundaries of the old city. Herein lies the importance of the urban expansion of all service buildings in the city of Mosul during the Ottoman era, despite their various purposes and functions. Social buildings are, in themselves, service buildings that are a type of real estate owned by the state or individuals and persons, and are a perpetual endowment for their owners and their descendants. They usually consist of buildings or parts. Some of them have designated and specific spaces, closed or open, large or small, individual or collective, in which various beneficial services are provided to the public and private residents of the city of Mosul, such as markets, caesariyas, inns, public baths, cafes, presses, tanneries, slaughterhouses, and dye shops, in addition to what is provided by public social buildings, including road networks, streets, arches, bridges, and other service buildings that provide their public services to residents, visitors, and travelers.

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the English language curriculum for the fifth grade of middle school in developing and teaching the four basic language skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. These skills are the cornerstone of learning any foreign language, and their development is crucial to building students' language proficiency. The research stems from the importance of language as a tool for communication and thinking, and demonstrates how textbooks and educational curricula represent the primary means for achieving educational objectives and enhancing language skills. It also highlights the role of textbooks in transforming educational objectives into structured content that includes exercises, assessments, and activities. The research relied on analyzing the content of the prescribed textbook according to specific criteria, in addition to collecting data through assessment tools to measure the extent to which students achieve the four skills. The results revealed disparities in skill achievement, with some skills being more prominent than others, which calls for a review of certain aspects of the textbook's design and content. The research recommends developing textbook content to be more balanced and comprehensive, with a focus on teaching practices that integrate the various skills in an integrated manner.

The objective of the research is to investigate the impact of lexical chunks on the writing fluency attainment of second-year university English students. The study seeks to address the following research question to achieve its objective: does instruction on lexical chunks influence the writing fluency of EFL students? Two null hypotheses are also proposed. The initial statement indicates that the mean scores of the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG) in the writing performance pretest would not exhibit significant variation. The second hypothesis posits that there will be no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the posttest of accomplishment. The results indicate a substantial difference in the post-test scores between the experimental group and the control group after four weeks of therapy. The findings validated the initial premise of the study while refuting the subsequent one. The experimental group attained a score of 76.53, whereas the control group achieved a score of 71.89. This clearly indicates that employing lexical chunks as a language acquisition resource enhances students' writing fluency performance.

The current research aims to identify the fear of missing out among middle school students and the significance of the differences in the fear of missing out scale according to gender (male-female). To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher employed a correlational descriptive methodology, with a sample community consisting of middle school students totaling (5649) male and female students from (scientific-humanitarian) specialties. The researcher selected a stratified random sample of (400) students. The researcher developed a scale for fear of missing out based on the theory of (Przybylski: 2013), which consisted of (24) items. After being reviewed by experts and conducting statistical treatments, it was reduced to (22) items. It was applied to the final research sample of (565) students, and after collecting and statistically processing the data, the researcher reached a number of results: 1- Middle school students tend to exhibit a fear of missing out. 2- Male students have a higher fear of missing out compared to female students, which may be attributed to differences in their environmental or behavioral characteristics.

The research aims to:- Identify the effect of the P.A.K.S.A strategy on reflective practices among fourth-grade science students. To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the experimental design with partial control (experimental group and control group), with dimensional measurement of reflective practices among students. The research sample consisted of (36) male and female students, distributed into the experimental and control groups. The researcher conducted equivalence between students in the variables: (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence, previous academic achievement in biology, gender). The research was applied in the first semester of the academic year 2024-2025 AD, as the experimental group was studied according to the P.A.K.S.A strategy , while the control group was studied according to the usual method. The research tool was prepared, which is the reflective practices scale for fourth-grade science students, which includes the three main fields or axes, which are: (planning, implementation, evaluation). After verifying the apparent validity of the scale by presenting it to a group of arbitrators and extracting the discriminatory power, construct validity and reliability coefficient, it became The scale in its final form, ready for application, consists of (30) paragraphs distributed over three areas or axes. After that, the scale was applied to the students of the two research groups (experimental and control). After processing the data statistically using a number of statistical methods, the results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group over the students of the control group in the reflective practices scale. In light of the results, the research reached a number of conclusions and came up with a number of recommendations and proposals.

Ministry of Education/Open Educational College/Al-Qadisiyah Center
The aim of the current study is to conduct a comparative scientific review of the products that dealt with the concept of conceptual knowledge. The sample includes all research papers, articles, conference papers, master's theses, and doctoral dissertations, in addition to research and reports from institutions that have studied conceptual knowledge since the emergence of the concept. (15) previous studies were studied using a comprehensive survey of information sources. The results indicate that Arab scientific works related to conceptual knowledge are still fewer in number and limited compared to foreign productions. Also, none of these Arab scientific works were published in international publications with an impact factor, or in international conferences, as most of them were published in Arab journals. In contrast, foreign scientific products have received significant attention from international research institutions and high-impact journals, in addition to accredited websites such as ProQuest, Clarivate, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. The study concluded that the absence of funding institutions for Arab scientific works is one of the most prominent factors that contribute to the scarcity of these works.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Inquiry Wheel model on the educational engagement of fifth-grade science students in physics, by verifying the following null hypothesis:There is no significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied physics according to the Inquiry Wheel model and the average scores of the control group students who studied according to the traditional method in educational engagement). The research was limited to fifth-grade science students at Al-Safwa Secondary School for Girls affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Al-Qadisiyah / Afak District for the academic year (2024-2025 AD) and the subject of the physics book for the fifth grade science، The researchers chose two sections out of three sections for the fifth grade science by random assignment, so the number of sample students reached (72) students, with (36) students for the experimental group and (36) students for the control group. The students of the two research groups (experimental and control) were rewarded in the variables (chronological age in months, intelligence, educational engagement). In order to verify the validity of the research, the researchers prepared a set of teaching plans, the number of which reached 48 teaching plans, with 24 plans for the experimental group that studied according to the inquiry wheel model and 24 plans for the control group that studied according to the traditional method. The researchers also prepared a scale for educational engagement consisting of 30 paragraphs, with ten paragraphs for the emotional dimension, ten paragraphs for the behavioral dimension, and ten paragraphs for the cognitive dimension The validity and reliability of the scale. In addition, the experiment was implemented in the academic year 2024-2025 AD The experiment lasted eight weeks, with three weekly classes for students in each group (experimental and control). After the experiment ended, the data were processed using the statistical package (SPSS). The results showed that the students in the experimental group, who studied according to the inquiry wheel model, outperformed the students in the control group, who studied using the traditional method, in the educational engagement scale.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Kahoot program in the achievement of second-grade intermediate students in computer science. To verify the objective, the researcher formulated a null hypothesis stating: There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students using the Kahoot program and the average scores of the control group students who will study according to the conventional method in the computer science achievement test. To verify this, the experiment was applied in the second semester of the academic year (2024-2025). The research sample consisted of76 students from the second-grade intermediate students at Imam Ali School for Boys. After excluding 3 students statistically from both groups, the research sample became 73 students, randomly distributed into two groups: the experimental group with 36 students and the control group with 37 students. The two groups were equated in the following variables: age, intelligence test, prior knowledge test, and visual thinking test. In light of the relative importance of the content and behavioral objectives, the achievement test was constructed, consisting of 40 multiple-choice items. The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the test. The experiment was applied for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the achievement test was administered to both groups simultaneously. The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied using the Kahoot program outperformed the students of the control group who studied using the conventional method in the academic achievement variable.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Jolly model.(Jolly) in the achievement of physics among fifth-grade science students, To verify the research hypotheses, the researcher used the experimental method, as he adopted the experimental design with two equivalent groups of post-testers in the achievement of physics.The research was limited to fifth-grade science students in Al-Jihad Intermediate School for Boys affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Babylon for the academic year (2024-2025). The number of sample students was (73) students. The students of the two research groups were rewarded in variables (chronological age, intelligence, previous information test). The researchers prepared a set of teaching plans, the number of which amounted to (48) study plans, with (24) plans for each group. The researchers also prepared an achievement test, the validity and reliability of which were verified. The experiment lasted nine weeks. After the experiment ended, the data were processed using the statistical truth (SPSS), and the results showed that the experimental group students excelled in the academic achievement test. In addition, a set of recommendations and suggestions related to the research title were mentioned.

This research aims to evaluate drug and psychotropic substance coping methods among graduate students and to reveal the significance of statistical differences in these methods according to the variables of gender (male/female), specialization (scientific/humanitarian), and academic level (master's/doctorate). The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical approach and applied a scale based on the theory of (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) to a stratified random sample of (344) male and female students from Al-Qadisiyah University. The measurement tools included six coping methods: cognitive, emotional, social, health, legal, and scientific research coping. The results showed that the sample members possessed a high level of coping strategies for drugs and psychotropic substances in all dimensions, and no statistically significant differences were recorded attributable to gender, specialization, or academic level. The study recommends the importance of enhancing students' coping skills and establishing awareness programs and scientific seminars that contribute to the prevention of this phenomenon.

The current research aimed at investigating the impact of the DRTA strategy on developing reading comprehension among Fifth Grade Literary students in the subjects of literature and texts. To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher developed two hypotheses. In order to verify the hypotheses of the research, an experiment was designed, whereby two groups were chosen intentionally from Fifth Grade students in Al-Furatain Preparatory School for Girls in the city centre of Mosul for the academic year 2021-2022. The researcher employed the experimental design with two equal groups with a pre and posttest.The sample of the study consisted of 57 female students distributed into two groups: experimental group and control group. The experimental group consisted of 24 female students, and the control group consisted of 33 female students. The two groups were matched in some variables such as intelligence, the educational level of parents, and pre-test scores for reading comprehension. A reading comprehension test was adopted by the researcher. The test consisted of 20 items in its final form. Validity of the reading comprehension test was verified through exposing it to a group of arbitrators with experience and specialization. After the agreement of more than 80% of the experts' opinions, the test was adopted and applied to an exploratory sample equivalent to the research sample. Items Discrimination of the test was calculated as well. The experiment lasted a full semester, and after collecting data and analyzing it statistically using the t-test for two independent samples, the results showed that there is a statistically significant difference in understanding the reading in favor of the experimental group. In light of the results obtained, the researcher recommended: The need to use the DRTA strategy in teaching Arabic in the intermediate stage and other educational stages because of the fun, excitement and development of reading comprehension skills. As an extension of this research and as a complement to it, the researcher suggested conducting subsequent future studies and research, including: conducting a study of the impact of the DRTA strategy on the collection and development of emotional intelligence among first-grade intermediate female students in the Arabic language subject.

The aim of this research is to identify the effect of the two styles, "Look before you hear" and "Building and maintaining confidence" in the holistic thinking of fourth grade female students in the subject of biology. According to an experimental design with partial control and a post-test for two equal groups, the two research groups. The research sample was represented by the students of the fourth scientific grade in Al-Adhamiya Preparatory School for Girls, divided into three divisions, which included (33, 33, 32) students, one of whom represented the first experimental group, which studied according to the “look before you hear” method, and the other was a second experimental group, which was studied according to the method of building trust and conservatism. And the third represented a control group, and equivalence was made in these variables (the previous achievement, their chronological age, and the comprehensiveThe researchers prepared a research tool, which is the comprehensive Holistic thinking. Then this experiment was applied in the first semester, where the two researchers taught the two research groups by themselves, and after completing the experiment, the researcher performed the appropriate statistical analysis for the two independent samples, and the results showed that the students of the first and second experimental groups outperformed the students of the control group in the comprehensive thinking scale, while there was a difference between the two experimental groups. The results of the holistic thinking scale and in favor of the first experimental research group, and depending on the results of this research, the researcher has developed a number of conclusions and recommendations related to the results of this research, in addition to a number of proposals ..

The study aimed to know the relationship between administrative empowerment and organizational culture among school principals. The researcher used the descriptive correlational approach to suit the study objectives. The study sample amounted to (80) principals of elementary, middle, preparatory schools and kindergartens. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher built the administrative empowerment scale consisting of (38) paragraphs and the organizational culture scale consisting of (44) paragraphs. It was characterized by With honesty and reliability, the reliability coefficient of the two tools reached (0.84-0.80), respectively. The researcher used the statistical package (SPSS) to analyze the results, and the study reached a number of results, the most important of which are: the research sample enjoyed administrative empowerment and organizational culture, and the study also proved that there is a direct correlation between them.

Punishments and penal policy can be considered topics that exist in all times, despite differences in their form, type, and nature. Each society has its own penal policy, whether developed or underdeveloped, depending on its circumstances and requirements. One of the outcomes of modern punishments within the penal system is the custodial sentence, or what can be defined as imprisonment. Through human experience with the application of this punishment, particularly short-term punishments, its negative effects may become apparent, particularly in terms of social aspects and the rehabilitation of the offender. Considering appropriate alternatives to replace these punishments without disrupting the objectives and philosophy of penal policy is essential. Alternative punishments can be considered a product of this development in the field of reconsidering most criminal and social systems. In this regard, they must take into account the community's interest.

Social justice is an essential pillar of every organized society, as justice is one of the basic pillars on which the protection of society is based, so societies are keen to take care of it as a social act, and a moral and social value through which its social protection achieves. It aims to achieve equality through a fair distribution of basic resources and services. This, in turn, aims to achieve the welfare of societies, in order to achieve a high standard of living and ensure the minimum, and equal opportunities between the people of society, where taxes in the modern era occupy an important place as the most important revenue that the state can obtain to meet its need from expenses, it did not appear taxes in its current concept until after it has passed through many developments, and after taxes settled on what it is from its current concept, the state’s interest in it has not The important financial resources of the state, but on the basis that they have become one of the most important tools used in economic and social policy that countries resort to to achieve their goals and the importance of taxes at the present time. So the current research aim to identify social justice in imposing taxes. The research was divided into three topics:1- The first topic and includes the first requirement: social justice: the foundations of social justice, the types of social justice are the contents of justice and the second requirement includes the properties of the tax: the tax is a cash deduction payment of the tax forced, the tax is paid permanent , The only tax, multiple taxes, in -kind taxes, personal taxes, direct taxes and indirect taxes 2- The second topic includes the first requirement of the legal tax and includes the legal basis for the imposition of tax: the theory of social contract (benefit or exchange), the theory of social solidarity and the second requirement that guarantees tax procedures, laws and the environment of the Iraqi tax system, tax procedures and laws, the environment of the Iraqi tax system The third requirement of the subjective law and its relationship to the constitutional law, subjectivity of tax law, the rules for tax collection methods, include the rules for the tax price.The third topic: The first requirement guarantees social justice and taxpayers, the relationship between social justice and taxpayers, the achievement of social justice is a power for all society the dimensions and images of social justice and its relationship to the protection of society, the most prominent obstacles and challenges that prevent the achievement of social justice in society and the second demand that guarantees the principles or rules that govern the tax organization to achieve social justice and included the third demand for justice in the tax field, equality and justice In the tax field, the principle of equality in front of the tax is the principle of tax justice, and the results of the search and its most important recommendations were reached.

This research aims to identify the methods of confronting behavioral problems among educational counselors, and to reveal the significance of statistical differences in these methods according to the variable of gender (male, female) and the variable of geographical location (the Middle Euphrates governorates). The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and applied a scale based on the cognitive behavioral theory (Kaplan, 1996) to a stratified random sample consisting of (433) male and female counselors from the Middle Euphrates governorates (Karbala, Najaf, Babylon, and Qadisiyah). The measurement tools included five areas: problem solving, seeking help, positive reappraisal, religious confrontation, acceptance, and avoidance confrontation. The results showed that the sample members possessed a high level of coping strategies for behavioral problems across all dimensions, and no statistically significant differences were recorded attributable to gender or geographic location. The researcher recommends the importance of enhancing coping strategies among counselors and conducting awareness programs and scientific seminars that contribute to the prevention of this phenomenon.

Knowing the crop composition of any region is important and essential in assessing the agricultural reality of the region. It reflects the impact of geographical factors on crop area and its variation, which largely aligns with available geographical data, particularly water resources .This research aims to shed light on the actual situation of surface water resources in the Al-Tali'ah district, located south of Babil Governorate, and their impact on the crop composition in the district in terms of its components and spatial and temporal variation. The first section included a study of surface water resources in the Al-Tali'ah district, while the second section included a classification of agricultural crops grown in the district. The third section examined the crop composition in the Al-Tali'ah district for the years 2013-2020 and its temporal and spatial variation. The research found that highly and moderately drought-sensitive crops have completely disappeared from the study area in recent agricultural seasons, and are no longer included among farmers' agricultural options, due to the poor distribution of water in irrigation canals, and water scarcity in recent years. In addition, the cropped area has changed during the agricultural seasons. After the cropped area was estimated at about (37,542 dunums) for the agricultural season 2013-2014, it decreased in the agricultural season 2016-2017 to (34,051 dunums), then to (32,284 dunums) in the agricultural season 2019-2020, and to (27,809 dunums) in the agricultural season2022-2023. Furthermore, the eastern agricultural districts in the Al-Tali'a sub-district accounted for the largest share of cropped areas. This is due to the fact that most of their lands depend on a permanent water source, the Hillah River .

The aim of the research was to know the effectiveness of the Sakman model in achieving and developing the understanding of chemical concepts among fifth-grade science students. The researcher followed the experimental method to suit the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (70) female students who were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, Equivalence was achieved between the two groups in some variables. As for the research tools, they were the achievement test, which consisted of (37) paragraphs, and the chemical concepts test, which consisted of (45) paragraphs, After statistical processing of the data, the results showed a significant positive effect of using the Sackman model on chemistry achievement and developing the understanding of chemical concepts among fifth-grade science students. As a result, a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions were reached.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational program according to the strategies of fragmentation and redefinition in developing mental flexibility among second-grade middle school students in the subject of social studies. To achieve the research objective, the quasi-experimental approach was adopted. The research community was represented by second-grade middle school students in the General Directorate of Education of Diwaniyah / Department of Education of Al-Shamiya for the academic year (2023-2024) the second semester. The research sample was selected randomly, and consisted of (60) students, with (30) students for the experimental group and (30) students for the control group. Equivalence was carried out between the two groups in the variables (previous information test, intelligence test). The research tool was represented by the mental flexibility scale prepared by the researcher, consisting of (40) paragraphs, and its validity and stability were verified. After statistically treating the data using several appropriate means, the results showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group over the control group students in the cognitive flexibility scale.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the numbered heads strategy on the acquisition of geometric concepts among first-year middle school students in mathematics and their caring thinking. In order to verify the research objectives, the following two null hypotheses were formulated: 1-There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group that studied according to the numbered heads strategy and the scores of the control group that studied according to the usual method in the geometric concepts acquisition test .2- There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group that studied according to the numbered heads strategy and the scores of the control group that studied according to the usual method in the caring thinking scale. The researcher used the experimental design with two equivalent groups, experimental and control. The research sample consisted of (70) students, with (35) students as an experimental group and (35) students as a control group. The two groups were rewarded with the variables of chronological age, intelligence, and the scale of caring thinking. The researcher built the research tools, as he built a test for acquiring engineering concepts, which consisted of (25) multiple-choice items, and a caring thinking test, which consisted of (25) items, with (5) items for each field. The reliability of the topological concepts acquisition test was calculated and found to be (0.86), in addition to verifying the validity and calculating the difficulty and discrimination coefficient. The reliability of the caring thinking scale was calculated and found to be (0.88). After applying the experiment, the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the geometric concepts acquisition test and the caring thinking scale. The researcher presented some conclusions, recommendations and suggestions

The aim of the research was to identify social tolerance among students in the Primary Schools Department. The scope of the research included students in the Primary Schools Department for the academic year 2024-2025. The researcher used the descriptive approach due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The research community consisted of (427) male and female students, and the sample consisted of (56) second-year students in the Primary Schools Department. The researcher also addressed the scientific foundations of validity and reliability. The researcher concluded that students in the Primary Schools Department/Second-Year Department enjoy an average level of social tolerance. In light of the research results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals.

The study sheds light on one of the most prominent cultural projects hosted by the holy city of Najaf, namely the Imam al-Hakim Public Library. It highlights the role of Sayyid Mohsen al-Hakim in the development and growth of this project. It examines the library's founding process, which began in 1957 and has continued to grow and develop. It also examines how Sayyid al-Hakim played a prominent role in establishing the library, and how the founding process went through two important stages, reflecting the library's expansion from private to public, and from providing books to students to influencing the Iraqi public. The study also highlights the importance of the library's geographical location, and how this location played a clear role in the library's success in achieving the goals for which it was established, which were to serve beneficiaries, including researchers, students, and readers. The location was chosen near the shrine of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), which represents a historical, religious, and scientific symbolism in the Iraqi mindset in general and the Islamic mindset in particular. It is also located adjacent to the al-Hindi Mosque, a focal point of religious study and a link between heritage and modernity. Najaf Al-Ashraf, the vision from which the founder set out, not to mention the presence of the library in the old area (Al-Hawish), the area that has carved its place in the minds of the people of Najaf as a mine of Najaf heritage filled with memories and events that formed an integral part of the history of Najaf. Therefore, the Imam Library, with its spatial and cognitive dimensions, formed a cultural and cognitive symbol, and an intellectual landmark of the city of Najaf

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Idea Flash Strategy in enhancing the academic achievement and intellectual intelligence of students in Colleges of Basic Education, specifically in the subject of General Teaching Methods. The researcher adopted an experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group, using a post-test for both achievement and intellectual intelligence. A purposive sample of 62 students was selected, with 30 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. The groups were matched on variables such as age, prior achievement, background knowledge, Raven's IQ test, and an intellectual intelligence test. The study material included nine topics from the course, with 198 behavioral objectives developed according to Bloom’s taxonomy. The researcher prepared 34 lesson plans and validated them through expert review. Two tools were developed: a 40-item multiple-choice achievement test and a 30-item intellectual intelligence test, both validated and tested for reliability. After applying the tests post-intervention and analyzing the data using an independent samples t-test, results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the Idea Flash Strategy.

In Islamic thought, there are several institutions and structures that aim to limit political power and ensure that the ruler does not become tyrannical. These institutions include Shura (consultation), justice, the promotion of virtue and the prevention of vice, popular oversight, and adherence to Islamic law. In his study, the researcher reviewed the most important institutions that limit political power in Islamic thought: the ahl al-hall wa'l-'aqd (authorities of authority), the hisbah (jurisprudence), and the judiciary, in addition to society.

Ancient Roman studies have received great attention from researchers, both in terms of their more prominent character than necessary and because of the position occupied by the Roman state and its culture in the history of humanity. Regardless of some general and common features with the Greek religion, some of which arose as a result of similar historical circumstances, and the other part was exposed to direct influences, the Roman religion was distinguished by features that were enti background, population density, and the nature of their local religions, were not far from being immersed in different religions and beliefs, both local and foreign. We consider the fertility doctrine to be one of the most important doctrines in ancient Roman religion, and it is the subject of our research, which will specialize in the Roman fertility doctrine.

The effect of teaching according to the strategy of (learning by contrasting mental skills ((L-m-m-s) in the achievement and the cognitive thinking for Preparatory for fourth grade literary students. The researcher chose the fourth literary class to conduct the experiment because there are two divisions A and B. So, the sample of the research became (42) students after the exclusion. The achievement test consisted of (50) items, and the researcher adopted the correlation thinking scale consisting of (25) items, and he formulated the cognitive thinking scale consisting of (40) items. The subject of history was studied by using the learning strategy by matching mental skills (L-m-m-s) on the students of the control group who studied the same subject in the traditional way The researcher concluded that the use of the strategy (L-m-m-s) works to motivate students to use mental skills by focusing and gathering information, and remembering mental skills.

This study examines the complex interaction between climate change and geopolitical competition over water resources in the Tigris and Euphrates river basins and its implications for water security and political stability in Iraq. The study is based on the hypothesis that climate change is a multiplier for water crises, while Turkey and Iran use water policy as a tool for geopolitical pressure, exacerbating water scarcity crises in downstream countries. The study adopted a descriptive and analytical approach supported by statistical data and the results of a questionnaire survey of 250 respondents, as well as a comparative and analytical approach to understand the political and environmental dynamics behind the crisis. The results show that the majority of respondents (60%) believe that climate change is having a serious impact on water resources, that national preparedness to deal with the crisis is inadequate or non-existent, that the policies of Turkey and Iran have played a major negative role in exacerbating the crisis, and that the water crisis has begun to have serious political and security implications that threaten the country's stability. In light of this, the study recommends the need for a comprehensive national climate adaptation strategy, enhanced water diplomacy with neighbouring countries and regional cooperation to ensure fair and sustainable management of water resources.

Its bunch of financial rules such as weights and pints that Muhtasib need it and should know it and follow its applications in the markets cause it represents most important parts of buying and selling that Islam impoced it on Muslims and stick to it for ensuring buyer s rights with no cheating thus a great financial –economical system.

The present study aims at finding out the Investigating the impact of a cognitive behavioural training program for psychological engineering in the extended mind and the soft power of the Hypothetical Sample To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated the following zero hypothesises:2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group, and the averages of the grades of the contining group in soft power. It has adopted the experimental method in building the program, and to achieve the goal of the research, investigates the effect of a cognitive-behavioural training program for psychological engineering in the soft power of the Hypothetical Sample The current research was limited to (the Hypothetical Sample) within the headquarters of the aforementioned agency in the governorate of Baghdad, the capital for the year 2023 _ 2024, and the researcher adopted the experimental design with one experimental group and one experimental group with tribal and post-testing. The current research sample consisted of (66) individuals, who were categorised into two groups, an experimental group and a control group with a rate of (33) individuals per group. The researcher relied on a tool to measure the soft power metre, so the researcher adopted the Tank scale (2011), and its veracy and stability was confirmed and calculated its psychometric properties, and its final form consists of (26) correction paragraphs (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never). The experiment lasted for a period of (6) weeks, at the rate of two sessions per week, so that the program may have been made up of (11) sessions. The researcher applied the program itself to the experimental group. A pre-test was applied to the experimental group. After the end of the experiment, the post-test was applied to the experimental and control groups. The scores were subjected to statistical treatments using the T-test of two independent samples, to determine the significance of the differences between the groups. The research showed a set of results according to its hypotheses, including:1- The impact of the cognitive-behavioural training program for psychological engineering was investigated in the soft power of the Hypothetical Sample 2- There are statistically significant differences at a level of (0.05) between the averages of the experimental group scores, and the averages of the grades of the group in soft power to a very large degree. In the light of the obtained results a number of suggestion and recommendations have been proposed.

This study delves into the terminology and definitions in a grammatical book by a great scholar from the seventh century AH, who excelled in grammar with great proficiency. In addition to the grammatical study, it provides valuable information about definitions, grammatical terms, and grammatical definitions, as well as the differences in their usage, mentioned by the author in his book, Al-Safwat Al-Safiya fi Sharh Al-Durra Al-Alfiyya. Our aim in this study is our love for the Arabic language, the language of His precious Book, and to serve it, in addition to highlighting an aspect of the efforts of a great Arab scholar who has been neglected by biographies and classes of grammarians and linguists. Only a few scattered fragments have been mentioned that do not do justice to this great scholar, whom the researcher of Al-Safwa Al-Safiya, the subject of our study, described as ((How little is the fate of this grammatical personality! It has been neglected and forgotten to the point that it was not clear to many of those interested in the affairs of grammar and grammarians, such as Ibn Qadi Shabah and Al-Suyuti, for example. His biography came out brief and concise, neither healing the sick nor quelling the thirst. His biographers did not disclose - neither near nor far - the year of his birth... nor from whom he took and received, nor his students. The most likely assumption is that he took from the sheikhs of his time, as was the case with other scholars in those bygone eras The research is divided into three sections. The first section provides a brief biography of Sheikh Taqi al-Din al-Nili, explaining the reason for his nickname, his students, the year of his death, and his works. The second section focuses on grammatical terminology, examining his methodology and the terminology he used, paying great attention to it. The third section examines the grammatical boundaries al-Nili referred to in his book Al-Safwat al-Safiya fi Sharh al-Durra al-Alfiyya.

Human always seeks to protect himself from rapid environmental changes in light of the deterioration of environmental conditions and is affected and affected by the environment surrounding him. Human health stems from his environment with its resources and effective factors in his quality of life. The human need for health is a fundamental necessity in that it is an essential element for human survival. Good health reality and scientific progress in all medical fields are an effective factor in affecting population growth and the longevity of the population. Environmental changes contribute to improving the quality of life of its members. Our research aimed to uncover the reality of environmental changes that have affected the Mosulian society and the most prominent challenges it has experienced, and then to reveal the most prominent repercussions resulting from the degradation of ecosystems and their impact on the duration of life in the Mosuli society as well as identify the most important repercussions that have resulted from environmental changes to take measures to reduce them and work to find supportive environments for health to extend human life. The researchers stressed that air pollution is one of the main factors that contributed to increasing environmental pollution and was the largest in global warming. The results of our research also confirmed that 96.53% of the researchers stressed the impact of environmental changes on human health and life. Our results also showed the need to provide green cover for afforestation (96.4%) to contribute to increasing the quality of life of members of society.

Youth face numerous challenges that hinder their social empowerment and act as barriers to achieving their aspirations. Overcoming these challenges is a fundamental condition for achieving their developmental and personal goals. These challenges vary from one society to another and from one country to another, due to differences in development levels and the extent of commitment to democratic values, especially those related to broad social participation, as well as economic disparities. This study aims to analyze the perceptions of youth regarding their empowerment, identify the main obstacles they face, determine their needs, and assess their views on the efforts directed toward them. It also seeks to clarify the relationship between the level of empowerment and the barriers that obstruct it.Youth empowerment includes a set of efforts focused on training, enhancing their decision-making, planning, and implementation abilities, in addition to achieving social justice in access to opportunities. Empowerment is considered a means of providing youth with the awareness and knowledge necessary to perform their pivotal role in society. Thus, developing economic and social capacities is essential for the overall advancement of society. As the youth phase is one of aspiration, energy, and change, young people represent a dynamic force characterized by enthusiasm, courage, education, independence, curiosity, openness to new ideas, and a desire to make a difference. Therefore, empowering them means giving them space to actively participate in all stages of development—socially, economically, and politically—through roles in decision-making, planning, and execution. Empowerment, in this context, is a delegation of authority that enhances youth’s ability to develop themselves and contribute to comprehensive development processes. Given that youth are an indispensable developmental necessity, it is the responsibility of state institutions to support and empower them, strengthen their self-confidence, instill a sense of belonging and national pride, and equip them with the skills needed to build a thriving society.

The preaching goal in the Qur'an social discourse was to achieve a society governed by righteousness and goodness through following a set of teachings and avoiding the prohibitions indicated in the Holy Qur'an text. The discussions of reform were included under the headings of commands and prohibitions that facilitated the path to awareness and building a righteous society from different directions. These directives have had an impact in limiting the spread of negative phenomena in society, including those related to the spread, sale and circulation of drugs. the spread and sale of drugs from the students’ point of view. The most important results of the current research are:The nature of social guidance in the text of the Holy Quran came from the students’ point of view to a very high degree.The role of Quranic guidance in reducing the spread and sale of drugs was high.There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample members on the social guidance questionnaire in the text of the Holy Qur’an and its role in reducing the phenomenon of the spread and sale of drugs according to the gender variable.

This study explores the poem “Ana wa Layla” (“I and Layla”) by the Iraqi poet Hassan Al-Marwani as a poetic model that reflects the experience of impossible love amid class conflict in Iraqi society during the 1970s, a period marked by injustice and authoritarianism. The poem belongs to the genre of emotional (lyrical) poetry, expressing a deeply wounded self struggling to find salvation through poetic confession, only to clash with a social system that redefines love based on class affiliation and social status. The research is based on the hypothesis that love in this poem is not presented merely as a romantic issue, but rather as an existential crisis representing a subtle rebellion against the restrictive authority of tradition and society. This is evident through linguistic deviations, symbolic references, cultural patterns, and poetic imagery—all of which portray the poet’s psychological suffering and emotional alienation. “Layla” does not represent a mere woman or beloved in Al-Marwani’s poetry, but becomes a symbol of every suppressed dream obstructed by class-based social divisions. Accordingly, “Ana wa Layla” stands as a cultural document that reflects a distorted social reality, and presents a defeated poetic self that seeks to restore emotional dignity through poetry in a world that denies equality and the fair possibility of love.

The aim of the current research is to verify the role of authentic leadership in psychological capital as a responding variable in a sample of employees of Asia Cell Communications Company as a research community. Based on the importance of the research topic in public and private organizations and the importance of this company to society, the researcher chose this company to be a field for applying his research. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical method in the current research, and applied this research to a purposive sample of (42) respondents. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data on the research variables through standards, and in order to process the data, the statistical analysis program (SPSS) was used to reach the results. Through many statistical methods, the most important of which are (frequency distribution tables, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and T-test), the most prominent results of the analysis of the research were the high level of presence and practices of the research variables (authentic leadership and psychological capital) in Asia Cell Communications Company, and it ended. The research came up with a set of conclusions, the most important of which was the existence of correlations and influence with high moral significance between authentic leadership in its sub-dimensions and psychological capital in its sub-dimensions. Therefore, the two research hypotheses were accepted, and the research concluded with a set of proposals that support this relationship and in a way that enhances the values and practices of authentic leadership in the company. By instilling and enhancing moral values and building their strengths and the strength of their followers to build a solid company and a successful leadership model that seeks to find alternative solutions to problems, persevere in difficult circumstances, and quickly return to normal situations after facing obstacles.

Trauma theory examines the literary representations of various forms of violence, oppression, and social upheavals since the last decade of the 20th century. Literature gives expression to the voiceless or those who are forced to be silent. To follow this line of thought, this paper seeks to shift attention by bringing contemporary psychological and cultural trauma theory to study selected poems by an African-American female writer who is a prominent figure in postcolonial literature. This paper also undertakes to explore feminist traumatology which is to make women’s trauma visible, give meaning to it, and ultimately create framework that promote the healing of trauma. To do so, selected poems, "They Went Home", "Caged Bird", and "And Still I Rise" by Maya Angelou are selected. The results of the study show that the poet explores personal trauma in "They Went Home", examines the collective trauma of racial minorities in "Caged Bird", and analyzes the themes of survival and healing in "And Still I Rise".

The subject of the research is to know the effective strategy of a leading expert as a constructive strategy in the achievement of physics for fourth-grade science students and their tendency towards the subject, and the research was conducted on fourth-grade science students of morning secondary and preparatory schools affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Al-Qadisiyah for Electrical Exit (2024_2025) and Al-Zaytoun Preparatory School for Boys was chosen intentionally. The creative researcher who chose it, Taft The researcher randomly selected from among the four people of the school, two groups to represent group (A) the experimental group and group (B) the control group. The researcher could find statistically all the students who failed but wanted to choose their topic, which might affect “positively” the results of the research. We had one student who failed. Only, and thus the total number of the experimental sample became (60) students in the two groups, (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group. Equivalence was carried out between the two research groups for the following variables: (chronological age, previous information, intelligence, inclination towards physics). The experimental group studied the expert’s cloak, while the control group studied in the usual way, and the method was used. Experimental research to achieve the research objectives and prepare its tools, which were represented by the numbers of an achievement test consisting of (40 items) in the form of multiple choice. The validity and reliability of the test were verified, and the discriminating power of its items and the effectiveness of the alternatives were calculated, in addition to building a scale of inclination towards the subject of physics for fourth-grade science students. In addition to constructing a scale of inclination towards physics for fourth-grade science students, verifying the validity and reliability of the test, in addition to calculating the discriminating power of its items. After completing the experiment, the two research groups were tested with the tools prepared for the research, and the data were analyzed using the t-test. The results showed that employing this strategy had a significant impact on increasing the achievement and inclination of fourth-grade science students towards physics.

The research aims to find out the effect of using “Idea Screening Strategy” on
Higher-Order Thinking and Physics Literacy Among Fourth-Year Science Students The study sample consisted of 48 students divided into two sections, randomly selected from three available sections. One section was randomly chosen to represent the experimental group, comprising 24 students who were taught using the Idea Screening Strategy, while the other section served as the control group, also consisting of 24 students, who were taught using the traditional method. The researcher ensured the equivalence of the two groups in variables such as chronological age (in months), intelligence, prior knowledge, and a higher-order thinking scale. The researcher designed a test to assess higher-order thinking and adopted a scale to measure physics literacy, both of which were reviewed by a panel of experts to verify their validity and reliability. Using appropriate statistical methods, the researcher found that teaching with the Idea Screening Strategy had an impact on higher-order thinking and physics literacy. Based on the findings, the researcher proposed several recommendations and suggestions.

تتجسد مشكلة البحث الحالي في التساؤل الآتي ؟ ما المشكلات التي يعاني منها المرشدون التربويون ؟ وقد حدد هدف البحث التعرف على المشكلات التي يعاني منها المرشدين التربويين في المرحلة المتوسطة. تكوّن مجتمع البحث من المرشدين والمرشدات للمديرية العامة للتربية في محافظة كربلاء المقدسة ، للمدارس الصباحية الحكومية وللمرحلة المتوسطة فقط ، للعام الدراسي( 2024/2025), وتضمن اطاراً نظرياً ودراسات سابقة حول المتغير , وقد استعمل الباحثان المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، و بلغ المجموع الكلي لمجتمع البحث (221) مرشداً ومرشدة , بواقع (108) مرشد بنسبة (49 %) و(113) مرشدة بنسبة (51 %) على وفق متغيّر الجنس , وقد قام الباحثان في الأَخذ بنفس العدد كي تكون العينة المناسبة لكون الباحثان كانا يستهدفان فئة معينة , ولتحقيق أَهداف البحث قام الباحثان ببناء استبانة لمعرفة مشكلات المرشدين التربويين في المدارس المتوسطة ، بعد أنْ تمَّ التحقق من مؤشرات التحليل الإحصائي (الصدق والثبات)، وتكونت الاستبانة من (55) فقرة، وأربعة بدائل هي ( متوافرة بدرجة كبيرة , ومتوافرة بدرجة متوسطة , ومتوافرة بدرجة قليلة , وغير متوافرة ) , وقد توصَّل الباحثان إلى النتائج الآتية: إِنّ المرشدين التربويين يعانون من مشكلات في عملهم الارشادي في المدارس المتوسطة وحسب المجالات , و مجال مشكلات تتعلق بقضايا الطلبة المتعددة ، حيث حصل الترتيب الثاني . , ومجال مشكلات تتعلق بالإرشاد الالكتروني عند المرشد التربوي ، حيث حصل الترتيب السابع . , ومجال مشكلات تتعلق بمهارات تطوير الذات والتعليم المستمر ( نظرياً وعملياً ) ،حيث حصل الترتيب الخامس , ومجال مشكلات تتعلق بالمرشد التربوي نفسه ، حيث حصل الترتيب الثالث ., ومجال مشكلات تتعلق بالمهارات الإرشادية في تحديد المشكلة والتشخيص والإعداد للعملية الإرشادية واستعمال النظريات الإرشادية وأساليبها والتقييم والمتابعة ، إذ حصل الترتيب الأول . , ومجال مشكلات متعلقة بالوعي والتثقيف النفسي بما يخص الإرشاد التربوي والنفسي ( الطالب ، المدرسة ، الأسرة ، المجتمع ) ، حيث حصل الترتيب الثامن , ومجال مشكلات مدرسية وإدارية ، حيث حصل الترتيب السابع . , ومجال مشكلات متعلقة بأخلاقيات مهنة الإرشاد التربوي والنفسي ، حيث جاء بالمرتبة السادسة .

This research investigates the development of Iraqi political thought between the collapse of the monarchy and the announcement of the republic in 1958 and assesses the interactions of the political forces involved, in this instance the Iraqi Communist Party and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and their interaction with the ruling authority represented by head Abdul Karim Qasim.The research is interested in analyzing the intellectual and organisational dynamics utilized by such actors in an attempt to increase their role within state institutions, specifically the army and trade unions, and provide intellectual readings and political programmes aimed at influencing the general direction of the modern Iraqi state. The research also deals with political challenges as a consequence of the absence of party organisational life, coincidence between the executive authority and ideological waves, and transformation of power into absolute individualism by Qasim that led to domestic conflict and acrimonious political polarization, the most prominent features of which were the Mosul affair, the Kirkuk affair, and the foiled assassination conspiracy against Qasim. The research relies on media and archive sources and official documents, and seeks to provide an intellectual interpretation of the stands of the parties with regards to the revolution, power, and the state, and thus better comprehend the nature of political formation in early republican Iraq and demonstrate how the conflict over power among leftist and nationalist currents was a decisive aspect behind the weakness of the political regime at the time.