Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The researcher in the history of the Arab-Islamic state finds that the emirate of Hajj took a large part of the care of the caliphs - because it was linked to the Islamic religion. In addition to its political dimension, it is a symbol of the strength of political authority.. Therefore, you must get the study and research you deserve
During the era of the Abbasid Caliph Musa al-Hadi, we find that this emirate coincided with a historical event,( waqieat fakh) , whose future consequences had an impact on the map of the Islamic world, with the emergence of (Al-adarsa) state in the Islamic Maghreb.

There were many reasons that encouraged the Wafidiyya sects to come and settle in the Mamluk state , including political and economic reasons , as well as a group of sultans of the Bahri Mamluk state encouraging these sects to settle in Egypt and the Levant , especially the Mamluk sultans of Mongolian origins . However , the largest waves of Mongolian arrivals were during the reign of the Mongols . Sultan Katbugha, which was Known in Mamluk sources and was called Al-Mustaminah or Al-Mustaminin , and they were also known as Al-Jalban , as the number of these arrivals reached about ten thousand Mongols and they belonged to the Ubrat sect , which is the same tribe to which Sultan Katbaba belonged , who held the position of the Sultan’s deputy in this period , so he welcomed them greatly and placed them in special
areas in Cairo and the Levant as well. This gave them fiefdoms and military ranks at the expense of other elements in the Saluki army ,
which had a negative impact on all the political events during his reign and on the alliance of princes of other non-operan types until they were able to remove him from power. On in addition to the bed social effects that resulted from the arrival of these sects , which were reflected in the Egyptian society’s rejection of them, as they were Watanese and refused to convert to Islam and leave their pagan customs .

The trade has played an important role in the region , which included (Thailand , Malaysia , Singapore , Indonesia , India and Sindh) . The impact of trade has been evident in this region . Trade has been one of the most prominent aspects of economic activity in the Indian ocean . Religious , cultural and civilization .
Interest in trade with Southeast Asia since before and after Islam and the commercial relations that linked the Arab countries with the peoples of the region , which grew and developed , especially after the emergence of Islam and Arab domination of the ways of trade made the Muslim world a transit and a basic link between East and West , which the Arabs and Muslims have excelled in a great course of the spread of Islam to the coasts of India and southeast Asia .

The research dealt with the impact of the October 1973 war on the arts and literature. The research discussed some of the cultural assumptions that prevailed in the Egyptian street before the 1967 war, which was complete disdain for the enemy. The Egyptian media played a role in portraying the “Israelis” as cowardly people who care only about acquiring coins and who suffer from suffocation. In their voices, the matter escalated until it reached the scientific corridors, where it was not acceptable to present any serious study on the true conditions of the enemy, and the only acceptable thing was to present studies and analyzes that confirmed the collapse of the enemy from within and that its fate was to disappear, whether by self-decomposition or by throwing it into the sea when it was ready. The 1967 war produced a new product from songs, films, and plays that embody the reality of defeat and its pain, which was evident in a group of artistic works that expressed reality, pain, and hope. Many songs were also produced that express the reality of setback, rejection of defeat, and hope for victory, and are filled with the nature of sadness filled with pity that is protected by pride from indulging in ruminations on defeat. Then came the war of attrition, in which the national song played a wonderful role in inciting enthusiasm and focusing on the tomorrow that would bring victory.
The research dealt with the various arts dealing with these events. At the level of the novel, the research discussed the novels of Youssef Al-Qaid as an embodiment of the state of society’s thought at that time, especially since those novels reflected his personal experience during the period of his recruitment and his departure from the village of Al-Dhahriya, the center of Itay Al-Baroud, and to face the world of the city as a conscript in the ranks of the armed forces, and the formation of his awareness International and local narratives, and on the cinematic level, egyptian cinema was filled with several films after 1967, none of which dealt with the reality of the setback at all, and under the leadership of Abdel Nasser, the strength of the nationalist spirit, and the historical ability of egyptians to comprehend and absorb defeat. perhaps this was part of the call launched by the New cinema group, which sought to trace the state of egyptian society. As for poetry, the shock of the setback was painful on the poets who represented the conscience of the nation, but they hoped for their positions in their poetry that would inflame the enthusiasm of the masses, and thus the rest of the arts dealt with these events.

Andalusian society was formed after the Islamic conquests of Andalusia and the influx of Muslims to it, from the indigenous people who professed Judaism and Christianity, and from the Arabs and Berbers who conquered the country. The society and its classes mixed in all areas of life, both scientific and practical, and coexisted among themselves.
Each type of spectrum of the new Andalusian society has its own customs and traditions that distinguish it from other segments of society, in addition to the efforts of the Islamic State to preserve these customs and traditions, by allowing its members to practice their daily lives freely as long as they do not violate Islamic law.
Mothers and fathers had a share of this freedom in practicing their customs and traditions to welcome the new baby and his years of growth and nurturing in themselves, and to express their joy and pleasure in him through practices they inherited from their social environment.

Language is the first way to transfer the idea and experience to the human being, before dealing with the external given, whether by taking a picture of it and understanding it, or by giving it an organization and reasonableness. Thus, it can be said that language is a codified alternative to the experience itself, so language is considered not just a form, but rather a content of pronunciation and meaning.
Accordingly, language is the basis of every cultural and intellectual activity, and its function is to signify and suggest. The linguistic sign is a cognitive and intellectual sign, creative imaginary, objective indicative, or expressive summary of suffering, which reveals creativity for a living experience, internal and external, natural, historical, psychological, and social. In this way, language is the link by which self-awareness of public experiences is achieved, and communication, reincarnation, and community and human existence are available.

aspects in the Khiva region, as internal trade is linked to human life on a daily basis, which is the movement of commercial goods between the cities of the region. Internal trade was famous in the Khiva region and its cities, and most of the main cities in Khiva were commercial centers. Many The people of Khwarazm trade, and the region is distinguished by the abundant goods and large products that enter the markets, which were of great importance in the buying and selling process as they are carried out through the markets. Internal trade is practiced in the Khwarazm markets spread throughout the cities and villages of the region, in which various commercial goods and products are displayed. Agricultural, animal, and industrial products related to the daily life of society.

Different industries flourished in the ancient Mesopotamia by the hands of its creative and productive people. The availability of the raw agricultural and animal materials contributed in the establishment and success of such industries .
They were a vital source to provide the Mesopotamian industries, such as the industry of wicks that requires the supplies of the raw materials for such industry , these may be ( reed ,wool, linen , and cotton ) wicks used to be made of fibbers that has the capability to absorb the fuel from the pot to reach to the opening of the wick through the capillary property .

This research dealt with a study of the scholars of Euphrates Island through a book.
"Al-Wafi al-Wafiyat"
By Al-Safadi (d. 764 AH or 1362 AD), following the quantitative approach, which included two parts: The first one dealt with a brief presentation of Al-Safadi’s personal and scientific biography, as well as the introduction to his book, the subject of the study, Al-Wafi’ al-Wafiyat. However, the most important aspect is the second part, which dealt with the analysis of the components of the biographies of the Jazari scholars, of which Al-Safadi was the only one to translate. He begins with the title of scholar of all kinds, whether in terms of a spatial, professional, tribal, or sectarian title. Then he mentions the scientific specializations of each scholar, the century in which the scholar lived, the places of study, the sheikhs and students of the scholars of the Euphrates Island, and the scientific, legal, and administrative positions of each scholar of the Euphrates Island. Then the research concludes with the most important results, which It was found by the researcher.

This Research deals with the war that took place in 1897 between Greece and the Ottoman Empire, because of the border problems between them. Especially aronnd the Region of Thessaly and the Cret Island, it also addresses the Position of the Great Enropean powers on that war and the Resulty that Rosulted fromit, and the Diplomatie efforts made by those Great powers to Resolve border Disputes and Problems. Between Greece and the Ottoman Empire through, the formation of International Committes of Ambassadors and Consuls Repyes enting the Great Curopean Powers in the ottoman capitol Istanbul, Until the Signing of the Peace Treaty between the tow parties on 4, December 1897.

Our search about Ibn- Jubayr the traveler and poet of the Arab Andalusian in the personal and scientific biography and also the foundations of historical research at the Ibn- Jubayr in terms of his approach and his style , including three trips carried out were first and third motivated by religion , a pilgrimage to the House of God , while the second trip was a political motive , and between the first and written his trips and the importance and popularity of the trip and its position in the geographical literature , the most in the historical value that attracted the care and the attention of geographers and historians of the Arabs and orientalists trip Ibn- Jubayr and taking with him , including enrich , according to their material , whether historical ones or geographical , and important information about the historical era in which he spent Ibn- Jubayr itinerant between the orient countries during the rule of the state Ayyubid and Crusader invasion of Egypt and the Levant( bilad alsham) , and the relations between Muslims and Christians and Muslims in the conditions of the Covenant Normandy in Sicily .

Praise be to God who created, created, and created the best images, and praise be to God for the blessings He bestowed, and prayers and peace be upon the Messenger, as a mercy to the nations, our Master Muhammad, and upon his family and companions, and peace be upon him. As for what follows...
The Qur’anic expression is combined with far-reaching aesthetics that are strongly suggestive in linguistic use and artistic formation. The reader of the Qur’an finds himself faced with many movements that nourish the mind and charge it with the power of imagination and breadth of horizons. These movements have psychological connotations that express purposeful meanings. Therefore, I chose the title of the tagged research. (The motor dimension and its implications in the Qur’anic discourse), I explained the research vocabulary and then explained the forms of physical movements mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, represented by voluntary movements and involuntary movements, and explained their psychological significance. Then I explained the types of movements represented by fast and slow movements and provided ample examples of them

A message whose content includes setting the weights of dirhams and dinars according to the legal amount by Imam Ibn Qutlubugha, one of the scholars of the ninth century AH, corresponding to the fifteenth century AD. Ibn Qutlubugha addresses the amount of money in circulation in his time. And controlling their legal weights. This is due to counterfeiting of money and the spread of fraud and deception. The collapse of commercial markets in the era of the Burj Mamluk state (Circassian). The research was divided into two parts: the first part: academic, and the second part: text investigation.

The Kingdom of Mali lived under Islam as one of the Western Sudan's kingdoms that originated in the early 7th century Hijri/13th Century AD and has enjoyed strong influence to control trade routes, for two centuries, its kings tried to spread Islam's religion throughout the areas under their authority. But that didn't happen in the absolute sense, I stood for a number of reasons that prevented it. And the peoples and tribes of some of their dependent cities continued to worship idols, ancestral spirits, natural phenomena and the sanctity of certain animals, they practice their social lives with reprehensible beliefs and behaviors that do not preserve human dignity. In the midst of the enormous body of literature on the topic of the spread of Islam and its cultural impact in African societies, which most often depicted it in a rosy way that moved away from reality, this research served as a cry that alerts to the magnitude of the contradictions experienced by these peoples and tribes, addressing social life in its many aspects of the description of components.

The Jewish community and those in charge of it were keen to educate Jewish girls, even though that education was limited to the teachings of Jewish law, and to learn some craft skills that the Jewish girl had learned from her mother or through Jewish women with experience in a particular field, and that education or transfer of expertise from one generation to the next. Another had allowed the Jewish woman to participate in economic activity, inside and outside her home, to secure the financial income that covered her expenses, and she was also the breadwinner for her family. Some of the professions that the Jewish woman practiced were limited to women, and some of them required her to leave the home, and some of the professions she practiced in her home and since at an early age, in both cases the Jewish woman had a role in society as an active and productive element, and she also had some financial independence in that era.

The Wise Legislator guaranteed the religious, political and civil freedom of individuals, and guaranteed to them freedom of opinion and expression, which is considered one of the most important foundations of human thought and one of the most important factors in building civilization. By using this freedom correctly, opinions and experiences can be benefited from in the process of construction, controls and conditions that guarantee every individual or society, and prevent Tyranny, tyranny and corruption hinder this. Islam has therefore set limits on his right to express his opinion without attacking others, and this research is to clarify this issue from the perspective of the Prophet’s Sunnah, by defining freedom of opinion and its meaning, and detailing the controls and restrictions that must be observed for those who want to criticize or express an opinion, represented by its freedom from freedom of opinion and its meaning. Fanaticism and imitation, and not opposing the legal texts or violating public morals, and presenting applied examples of freedom of opinion during the era of the Prophet, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace, and his companions, and their political and social positions.

Preperation of books, newspapers and documents are important sources that provide information about Syria's partisan history. The people's party was one of parties that played an important role in the Syrian political life through the parties opinions on the French occupation and the country's independence and the establishment of ministries. The research included topics about various sources and the opinions of the party role

The Fatimid state, which was established in the lower Maghreb and expanded to the East and even to southern Europe in Andalusia, that is, Spain, Portugal, and the Mediterranean islands, and became a sprawling state thanks to the efforts made by the Fatimid caliphs to spread the Alawite doctrine, which led that state to become in less than One century, a large empire whose roots extended to the outskirts of the possessions of the Abbasid Caliphate existing in the Islamic East, and that great expansion was the result of propaganda, secret and military work, advocacy and planning possessed by the Fatimid caliphs and their loyal preachers

Argumntation is formed on group of images,introductions,hypothesis that the argumentor (either he was orator or writer )forms his argumentative plans and by these introductions the concerned people are attracted .The most important introductions (facts ,realities ,hypothesis ,values pyramids ).Shiekh Mohammed Baqir in his Book Tafseer takes the mechanisms and methods which the explanations and choosing the inferences ,insure his intrpretations speech success ,his power in acquire the people obedience,making him believe the truth of the opinions he introduced .Among these methods is ( Argumentative )that look clear in his Tafseer.The researcher explained its method in directing the aidience opinions and the meaning that discusses its features by the these introductions in learned plan which control its movement ,supportits motives and observethier ways in Islamic thinking heritage. ering arcted tative

Curses are one of the most important cultural manifestations that characterized Mesopotamia. These curses varied between strong and less powerful curses. The most important sources of their infliction and occurrence are the gods, demons, and other things. Several gods were also associated with curses, and it can be said that all gods have the power to curse them. Inflicting curses on human beings. Curses were not limited to humans only, but were also linked to plants, animals, and other things.
As for its infecting human beings, it affected the common people, kings, princes, and slaves, and everyone could be infected with it. The people of Mesopotamia knew many ways to get rid of curses, the most important of which is supplication and prayer.

The Rivers played a fundamental and important role in the emergence, prosperity and development of civilization throughout the various eras, especially the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries.
Moreover,This development included the various social, economic, political, legal and other espacts of life in which man contributed greatly to raising them to the ladder of development and glory. Also,Agriculture is one of these different fields in which it grew and developed over subsequent periods. After it was limited in its beginnings to cultivating small areas sufficient to meet the needs of the family, in later eras it became cultivated in vast and large areas and with different types of crops that meet the needs of larger numbers of people.
So that ,The kings were keen to establish some legal articles that contributed to organizing agriculture and preserving farm production from tampering and neglect. Some legal articles revealed that a fine should be paid to every person who causes damage to field crops due to negligence or for any other reason. Therefor,Agriculture would not have been established and developed had it not been for the interest of kings and rulers in the field of irrigation, and its follow-up and supervision by the kings and rulers themselves, as they are examples of the gods in serving the people and providing for their needs.
Whatever,Many cuneiform records and letters found during archaeological excavations revealed the great attention and great care given by kings and rulers to these projects.
That letters sent from King Hammurabi to his followers in the cities tell us about the necessity of maintaining and maintaining the dredging of rivers and water canals on an ongoing basis, and they also show us the years of the rule of some of them.
Also, The King said that they made tremendous efforts to provide the best services to the people by digging, dredging, and monitoring canals, which indicates the interest of the Kings in developing irrigation projects in an undoubted manner

Radio Baghdad had several positions regarding the most prominent and important internal and external events taking place in Egypt. The period from 1952 to 1957 witnessed major changes in Egyptian-Iraqi relations, and the beginning was with the outbreak of the revolution of July 23, 1952, and the differing views of the Iraqi government under the monarchy of the revolution in Egypt, and relations between Egypt and Iraq began to be tense with the declaration of the republican regime in Egypt and Gamal Abdel Nasser came to power. But it soon calmed down relatively soon as the Iraqi government and the royal court recognized the republican system in Egypt. However, the situation changed and began to become tense again after Iraq entered the Baghdad Pact in 1955, when Gamal Abdel Nasser launched a severe campaign against the Baghdad Pact through Sawt al-Haqq radio, which was one of the strongest and most influential radio stations among the masses. In response to these campaigns, the Iraqi government created a radio station called The name is (Free Voice of Egypt), broadcasting from Baghdad. The Iraqi Directorate of Guidance and Radio also issued several statements denouncing the Egyptian attack on Iraqi politics, and clarifying that Iraq is working to preserve Arab unity, and Iraq does not reciprocate with Egypt by attacking it. The statements demanded an end to the hostile method it is launching. Egypt is against Iraq, because this method disturbed Egyptian-Iraqi relations. The Iraqi government also expressed its official position regarding supporting Egypt during the tripartite aggression in 1956. Because Radio Baghdad is an official radio station affiliated with the Iraqi government and speaks of the policy of the monarchy, it had several positions on the events that took place in Egypt.
The research was divided into an introduction, a conclusion, three axes, and a list of sources. The first axis was about Radio Baghdad’s position on the revolution of July 23, 1952, and the second axis was about Radio Baghdad’s position on the tripartite aggression against Egypt in 1956. The third axis talked about the media war between Gamal Abdel Nasser and Nuri al-Saeed. .

The King Nebuchadnezzar I is considered one of the greatest historical figures in Mesopotamia in general and in the Second Isin Dynasty, or what is known as the Fourth Dynasty of Babylon, which ruled during the Middle Babylonian era in Babylonia in particular. He is the fourth king of the Second Isin Dynasty and ruled for twenty-two years. His name is associated with He wrote many historical works and Babylonian andAssyrian literature. He inherited the rule from his father, King Ninurta-Nadin-Shumi. At a time when Babylonia was suffering from repeated Elamite threats to their border cities, Nebuchadnezzar I was planning to eliminate them and return the god Marduk to his holy city of Babylon, so he By fighting the Elamites in their homeland, achieving victory over them, and ridding Babylon and its people of their danger and constant threats, he documented all the events that accompanied his military campaign in Elam on a border chamber ((Kuduru)) known as the Victory Document. It included the results of the war and the restoration of the prestige and greatness of Babylon with the return of its official god and king. Of all the gods, Marduk is the master of the gods

The manuscripts are the nation’s memory and intellectual output, and conclusive evidence of the extent of its level in the field of science and knowledge. There is no doubt that this intellectual product was not by chance or event, but is the result of the availability of several factors that contributed to bringing this product to advanced stages of maturity and development, In order to preserve it from loss and damage, and to ensure that it reaches the generations, it had to be written down on materials that guarantee it that preservation, and according to its availability in its environment. These materials had a share in the development, and kept pace with the movement of scientific development witnessed by the intellectual product. Scientists, thinkers, writers and calligraphers have sought to find the best methods of organization, arrangement and compatibility between scientific material and material components in order to reach the maximum benefit goals promoted from this intellectual heritage, and from Here we have attempted to trace the stages of the start of this manuscript heritage and to make a vision about the date of its appearance, and to clarify the most important factors that contributed to its maturity and development in terms of form and content, to reach what it is of an important position ahead of other manuscripts of other nations.