Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Religion was defined as a belief in spiritual beings that have a supernatural power and humans affect the life of the universe, as it is the conduct of nature, as the life of man goes, and it is not possible to be certain about the limits of religion. Who are these people towards life?
The word Din (Dino) is of Babylonian origin, meaning judge, and others say that it is Aramaic and means judge or ruler.
Religion has a fundamental role in the lives of Yemenis, especially in the intellectual structure of the ancient Yemeni civilization. The inscriptions left by the ancient Yemenis bear religious references, as every human activity of a certain importance was the subject of an inscription entrusted by its owner to protect a god or a number of gods.

President Qahtan Mohammed Al-Shaabi realized the importance of external support for the People's Republic of South Yemen, especially since the establishment of the Republic was surrounded by policies opposed to its establishment internally and externally, and President Qahtan Mohammed Al-Shaabi's announcement of his commitment to the Charter of the Arab League and the United Nations was an important factor to gain the support of most Arab and foreign countries.
President Qahtan Mohammed Al-Shaabi began his visit to Egypt, which had a role in supporting and establishing the Republic of Yemen, and thanked President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and obtained political and military support from him to confront the internal mistakes of the young state, then visited Baghdad and met with the majority of Iraqi officials, and thanked their position supporting the establishment of the Republic of South Yemen, and received material and political support that had an important impact to strengthen the new state, and then visited Moscow, which returned with his visit and praised his leadership, and concluded many military agreements with him The South Yemeni army needed to meet the challenges, as well as economic agreements that would strengthen the South Yemeni economy.

The Abbasid Call was part of the revolutionary movements against any regime that was unable to manage political matters in a way that absorbed popular anger as a result of the wrong policy of any regime that assumed power. The Abbasid Call was working to stand and support against any revolutionary movement that would lead to breaking or ending the Umayyad state. The House was Al-Abbasi intended to carry out a secret movement in Khorasan and the regions close to it, because the Umayyad authority made a mistake in finding internal solutions within the Umayyad house, on the one hand, and on the other hand, it did not attract opposition movements against the injustice that befell them from those in authority and decision-making, and the propaganda of the Abbasids had the largest share. The revolting masses rallied around it because they had raised a great, oppressed and great slogan to shelter any oppressed person, which was the slogan “Satisfaction from the family of Muhammad.” Their slogan was based on a strong and noble foundation represented by the closeness between the Prophet () and his uncle Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, so the exploitation of the slogan was simultaneous with The immortal revolution of the Alawites and the free movements that followed them, which was represented by the revolution of Imam Hussein () and the last of which was the revolution of Zaid bin Ali (). These revolutions were the cover that the Abbasids exploited to increase supporters and triumph over the overthrow of the Umayyad regime and build a state that continued to rule for more than five centuries. In which the descendants of Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib took turns ruling, and which relied on its religious and political authority from its relationship to the Prophet

This study is concerned with studying the most significant phenomena caused by the intellectual deviation, and bringing to light the effect following from these phenomena in the Burji Mamluks period. These effects had a decisive impact on the history of the state represented by its demise due to the negative behaviors emanating from the spread of deviant thoughts, gloominess, pessimism, believing in dreams, believing in magic and fortune-telling, and counting on heresies in addressing disasters and crises. Moreover, these phenomena have not come out of nothing, but are based on evidence written down in the works of the historians.

This research, entitled (Contributions of Zaidi families in the social field in Iraq during the Abbasid era 132-656 AH / 749-1258 AD), aims to monitor the contributions of the descendants of Zaid Al-Shaheed (d. 121 AH / 738 AD), in the social aspect and as a result of the distinguished talent possessed by the sons of those families, which made They have a respectable position among many members of society, in a way that they emphasized the depth of the social ties between them and others, whether with the Abbasid caliphs, in terms of the relationship between the caliph and the masters of his state who were part of them, or by virtue of the kinship and family ties that linked the caliph to them, in addition to their relationship. With the Taliban in general, and even their relationship with the general segments of Islamic society, they cannot be isolated from the social groups, in their capacity as part of Abbasid society, and history has recorded for us witnessed positions of the children of Zaidi families in many social gatherings, whether they were weddings or mourning, so that They left their traces there, and expressed the depth of the ties and bonds that connected them to their society and its various classes.

The concept of the ancient underworld in the ancient Egyptian belief stems from ancient Egyptian thought since the time of the Old Kingdom, and this research deals with the content of scenes and texts of the first three hours gates of the book (The Gates), which appeared at the end of the New Kingdom (1580-1314 BC), specifically during The period of the reign of King Horemheb, and his tomb is considered one of the landmarks of the Valley of the Kings in the capital Thebes at the time (Luxor) at present, and the book The Gates is considered one of the religious funerary literature and dealt with concepts related to the underworld, as it came along the lines of ancient Egyptian thought, and among these concepts (The Gate of the First Hour - Gate The second hour - the gate of the third hour as a model) It included the night journey of the god (Ra) and his entry into the gate of the hours of the book, and it appears to us at each gate of the guards represented by flame snakes spewing fire in the face of enemies and others dedicated to lighting the way for the god (Ra) and also the presence of coquis that cheer and welcome the arrival After that, God enters the region of the hour and proceeds with the journey until the last hour of the night to reach twilight, and the sun disk may appear for Christmas again.
The purpose of the research is to learn more about the nature of the underworld, study and analyze it, and also to know the transitional stage and the nature of life after death, which occupies his thoughts to realize the obstacles that the deceased will face in this hidden world, as well as likening this thought to the process of sunset and its disappearance until sunrise, so he began to think and compare the cycle of the sun daily life and the deceased in the underworld, which gave a valuable opportunity for the ancient Egyptian to learn about the nature of the underworld through funerary religious books, including the book (The Gates), which appeared to us through the crossing of the god (Ra) the western horizon region, as well as the significance of the research revolves around knowing the functions The deities accompanying the deity and the regions of the underworld, and this significance is what realized our thoughts to study and know the ancient Egyptian faith.

Harry Lloyd Hopkins war einer der engsten außenpolitischen Berater von Präsident Franklin Roosevelt, der als Harry im Mittleren Westen in Iowa geboren wurde und dann seine Stampede beendete, wo er 1908 das Grenell College besuchte und als Assistent des Harvard-Historikers Albert Bushnell Hart diente, und diente dann als Berater im Christadora Poor adora Children ora camp in New Jersey.

The summary of what we can conclude from the research tagged (the Myth of Mesopotamia, tool for organizing and adjusting the Community) is that the myth in Mesopotamia was employed for the purpose of regulating social relations and protecting and developing family ties by presenting tools and justifications that control and control society, and that the myth has a sacred framework in which its writer places it. Whatever he wants to spread in society, he expresses it in the form of a story that was often nullified by the gods, so it is not possible to bypass what it decides, as it is like a primitive constitution for the societal authority that requires walking according to its decisions and not opposing them or moving away from them by individuals from the general public and officials from among the rulers. That is why it was The Mesopotamian myth is of great importance in preserving societal organizations from disasters and diseases that threaten societies.

"Al-Fajr Al-Jadeed" newspaper is an important observatory for an important historical stage in the contemporary history of Iraq 1959-1966. Regardless of her ideology, she wrote "New Dawn", a stage marred by political conflict inside and outside the corridors of power, as well as intellectual disagreement over several internal issues, which was reflected in many of her positions that were manifested in her articles and writings. Therefore, the topic of the research is a new image far from all that the researchers wrote about that stage in their books, in which they relied on other sources.
The research was defined by three points, the first of which included an introductory overview of the founder of the newspaper, his upbringing and ideas, and the establishment of the newspaper and the stages it went through. The second point included political issues such as forming governments and the issue of national unity with the Kurds. The third point was devoted to stating the newspaper's position on the intellectual issues that were raised at that stage, including, for example, the issue of the constitution, freedom of the press, and partisan life.

The manuscript, despite its small size, is of great importance for two reasons. One of them is that backbiting has a fundamental effect in breaking the bonds of brothers and dissipating adherence to the rope of God Almighty. It is a disease diagnosed by the Noble Qur’an and made clear by the noble Prophet’s Sunnah. The manuscript made clear its symptoms and its effects on the fabric of human society, and its owner did not stop. Regarding the rulings on backbiting, rather, in his manuscript, he addressed the exceptions to them, the most beautiful of them, with seventeen instances that did not entail any prohibition, and he made it permissible to utter them while explaining the wisdom and reason for their permissibility. Sometimes it protects the person responsible from falling into Satan’s snares, and at other times it allows warning the believers of what will harm them religiously or worldly.
As for the other matter, its writer, Mr. Ibrahim bin Muhammad Baqir al-Qazwini al-Ha’iri, nicknamed the author of al-Hawa’ib, is considered one of the scholars of al-Ha’ir al-Husseini. The scholars of his time and those who came after him praised him with great praise; Because of its jurisprudential strength, its investigative status, and its authority in scientific principles, this book contained extremely accurate information, and this became clear through a comparative study with the jurists preceding the author and those following him who wrote on the same subject.

Industry and its types in the Abbasid era were considered one of the important economic aspects of the Arab state and the Arab and non-Arab society in Arab countries. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and the Rightly Guided Caliphs (May God be pleased with them) often worked hard to practice it, and Muslims were encouraged to work in it in order to earn a livelihood that would provide the individual with the material side of living. With a decent life and the prevention of poverty for them, the orientalist Goitein made many statements about this economic issue, work, and the professionalization of industrial professions. Industries played an important role in the Middle Ages, and in the emergence of the Abbasid state, as some of its advocates practiced industrial professions, and various industries were abundant in the markets of Arab countries. Its prosperity is affected by the availability of raw materials and supply and demand processes.

There were numerous English oriental studies that dealt with Jerusalem and Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi. This study was presented, but it was preceded by a novel entitled Talisman published in the year (1825 AD), in which the novelist's imagination was mixed with the reality of historical events, but it shed light on the personality of Salah al-Din, who was directly associated with Jerusalem.
Then the studies followed, including the study presented by Basant and Palmer on Jerusalem, the other titled (Jerusalem is the city of Herod and Salah al-Din), and what Hamilton Gibb wrote (Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi studies in Islamic history), which is a group of research that occupied the biography of Salah al-Din and the sources of his biography. The Ayyubids in general account for more than a third of the written material, followed by many studies on the history of Salah al-Din and Jerusalem.

Anyone who studies the various cuneiform texts will find that there are many terms that were secreted by the cuneiform texts and that were closely linked to economic life. Some of these terms have a religious character, others are political, and others are social. There are also other terms that have been associated with agriculture and agricultural production, and one of the terms that has been associated with agriculture is The term Ishkara, however, this term includes many meanings that we try in this research to shed light on because of its importance in the overall economic life of the people of Mesopotamia.

Those who read the pages of Islamic history believe that most countries and countries often seek to establish good relations with multiple political forces and other countries, and therefore it is natural to note that the ruling authority in the countries of the Maghreb was always keen to establish good relations with the country of Hijaz, despite the presence of the vast distance and after the neighborhood, and how not and the country of the Two Holy Mosques is a blessed spot, it is the ventilation of the interest and the focus of attention, and in which the house Al-Ateeq and the Noble Prophet’s Mosque, not to mention the established doctrine that arose in the hearts of the caliphs, sultans and princes throughout the ages and times, and this was not only one of the most important foundations of stability in government, but rather to win the hearts of the common people and thus in establishing good relations with the rulers of the Hijaz, in order to give the religious character the legitimacy of government in any country, as well as the desire of rulers to check And the safety of his arrival and ensuring that they are not offended