Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

Multiple councils. Since ancient times, the most important social activities practiced by any society. in different places over the ages.
Holding councils and attending them is one of the basic matters in the life of various Islamic and other matters. The holding of councils preceded Islam and continued to be held during the successive Islamic eras. The discussion in these councils was various cultural, economic and economic matters and discussed that pertain to the life of society.
In particular, the literary councils that were held before Islam and continued to be held during the successive Islamic eras emerged. represent the cultural council the origin historical for me Cafes spread in the present time.
The place was called the Café . or on existing places People gather to discuss their various matters. As well as reciting poetry in it. Call it coffee. The first coffee shop. to me
The owner of the café serves or is called the owner of the café or is served by the one who serves the drink

This research sheds light on the metal trade inside ancient Syria during the third and second millennium BC, and it has been shown in all the historical periods that passed through ancient Syria that the ancient Syrians, wherever they went, were first-class merchants in various circumstances and fluctuations of political conditions, managing their affairs skillfully, and therefore They were among the richest segments of society, in addition to the direct factor, which is Syria's strategic location in the heart of the ancient East, which made it a center for commercial activity, which in turn was the main source of wealth.

The economic sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council on Iraq were: By issuing a series of UN resolutions, created difficult situations, reflected on the human side and the difficult living conditions of the Iraqi people, which led to the destruction of infrastructure, As well as its impact on the health and educational conditions of Iraqi society, in order to avert a humanitarian catastrophe due to the devastating effects of the economic blockade, the Security Council's work to restructure economic sanctions through the issuance of Resolution No. 986 on April 14, 1995, through which an agreement was signed (oil-for-food), which allowed all countries to import Iraqi oil to provide financial returns, To achieve the basic objective of the Convention, which is to provide basic humanitarian needs for food and health items, Despite the Convention's failure to achieve all its objectives, especially in the health, education, and agricultural aspects, But it worked to reduce the effects of the blockade by supporting the ration card's goods and equipping them with quality foodstuffs, which contributed to the rescue of millions of Iraqi people, especially poor and low-income groups.

The research includes the tagged (Iraqi newspaper Habazbouz, a historical study in its intellectual, political and social trends 1931-1938), a study of this newspaper and its intellectual, political and social orientations for the period from 1931-1938, i. 1869 during the Ottoman era and the rule of Midhat Pasha to be a feast for the Iraqi press. Therefore, the study focused on the most important satirical issues published by the newspaper and its criticism of the monarchy, specifically the National Assembly, not to mention other social issues, defying all obstacles and the stages of stopping it for various and varied reasons between government pressure once and confronting parties again to continue until the death of its founder, Nuri Thabet on 10/12/1938, to end the march of this newspaper with its last issue on July 5 of the same year.

This study showed the emergence of foreign education in Egypt and its development in quantity and quality, and presented the types that appeared in Egypt, and the impact of both the French and British occupation on it, and the impact of those foreign cultures on the Egyptian environment in terms of economic, political and social aspects, and the most important educational characteristics of foreign education in terms of curricula, courses, exams and teaching staff, and the relationship of that education to the country's political and social conditions during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the evolution of the Egyptian government's attempts to supervise, Arabize and organize it.
Foreign schools appeared in Egypt as distinguished educational institutions as a result of the aid they received from the rulers of Egypt, in addition to what they received from their foreign governments, in addition, it meant the support of the Egyptian bourgeois class because its interests are linked to the interests of those countries, and it is a bad line - as Taha Hussein says - that foreign education in its entirety becomes more useful and richer than the official Egyptian education - in the eyes of many - in terms of the level of education and employment, this is what made many Egyptians able to enroll their children in it out of consent and choice, but rather out of love and altruism, until it began to spread and the demand for it increased, and middle-class people joined it despite their inability to bear its costs, nevertheless, they insisted on enduring that financial exhaustion because of their perception of those schools and the prosperous future they would set for their children.

The phenomenon of asylum is one of the human phenomena that penetrate deep into the history of human societies, the idea of refuge in man emerged from the background of his religious beliefs towards the universe around him with all its threats to his security and stability and his first resort was to the gods asking them for protection from evil forces and the diseases and disasters they cause him, and ancient human societies throughout their long history composed that phenomenon and went out individually or collectively to escape hunger or fear of the enemy in search of a safe haven Outside the boundaries of its regions, it repels the evil of what it has escaped from.
The Achaemenid Empire was one of the most powerful empires that ruled the eastern part of the ancient world, especially during the reign of its king Darius I (522-486 BC) and was therefore considered a safe haven where peoples who could not defend themselves against threats to their existence and also individuals who were subjected to the punishment of exile and deportation as well as rulers and kings whose internal divisions and civil wars prevented them from reaching the throne, and in fact the acceptance of King Darius I to enter them into the throne. His protection was not out of love for them, but to take them as a tool to achieve goals that serve Achaemenid policy, meaning that protection has a price to pay when asked to do so.
In this research, we will learn about the reasons that led refugees, whether they are public or politicians, to seek the protection of the Achaemenid state during the reign of its king Darius I, how the latter dealt with them and what were the most important works and services that they provided and contributed to the interests of the Achaemenids.

The issue of Kashmir constituted a preoccupation with the international community since the declaration of India's independence and the formation of the state of Pakistan on August 15, 1947. This issue was a matter of controversy between the two newly emerging states, and even reached military wars between two parties and an intelligence, psychological and ideological conflict. The international community has the need to intervene and put an end to the problems between the two countries.
Thus, the importance of the research appeared in knowing the international efforts in resolving this issue, the diplomatic messages, and the extent of the possibility of countries in reconciliation between the two countries, or if some countries had put the stick in the wheel of international efforts in the pursuit of peace, especially since the Cold War exploited every small and large in the world.

Sultana Qasem, also known as Mah Beker or Khasaki Kosem Mah, was born in Bosnia in 1590. She is considered one of the most famous and powerful Ottoman sultans. She enjoyed a superior beauty that enabled her to be the wife of Sultan Ahmed I and to be the mother sultan of Murad to the fourth, and after him her grandchildren and children. After the death of her husband, the Sultan, until her minor grandson, Mehmed IV, assumed the rule of the Ottoman throne, and because of his lack of legal age, she assumed the oath of power on his behalf after deposing his father, her son Ibrahim I, due to his mental disorder.
Sultana Qasim was famous for her charitable work, as she provided assistance to the poor and needy throughout the Ottoman Empire, and she visited the prison every year in the month of Sha`ban in order to pay the debt owed by the prisoners who were imprisoned because of their debts. She also provided assistance to the girls of poor families with their husbands. Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah and Makkah Al-Mukarramah, in addition to supporting irrigation works in Egypt and building many buildings that benefit its people.
Sultana Qasim died on September 2, 1651 AD

The research is based on the study of the case of Duality and an attempt to search for the origin in the languages and trace it in most of the ancient languages, especially Hieroglyphicses the ancient Egyptian language and the island or semitic languages represented by Akkadian, Ugaritic, Aramaic, Hebrew and South Arabic languages as well as the ancient Iraqi languages represented by the Sumerian language and the Akkadian language which is one of the island dialects that we referred to. And the Sumerian language, which is one of the oldest written languages in the world, which is devoid of a tool for ,Duality but rather uses the number two that comes before or after the word according to the type of text in which it appears for the dual expression. to the original.

Many countries were established on the land of Andalusia and had a major role in the emergence of an Islamic civilization whose pillars still stand to this day despite the course of events. ) Despite the affliction of turmoil and strife on it, it witnessed, like other countries, civilized developments that made it rise to the peaks of glory, especially in the political and administrative field, and the legislation and rulings associated with it, and the Nasrids followed these systems

The servants in the caliphate house played a great and effective role in encouraging the scientific movement in the last Abbasid era. They spent huge amounts of money on building and constructing various science houses and equipping these houses with all the requirements they needed.

The topic of our research entitled Criteria for determining and preserving the cultural heritage between the thought of the kings of Mesopotamia and the regulations of international organizations is one of the important topics as it gives a clear rooting for the idea of preserving the cultural heritage that occupies the thought of countries and organizations related to the subject. With the kings of Mesopotamia and other archaeological evidence, and when reviewing those texts, it was noted that the kings’ interest in that legacy was comprehensive in its diversity compared to the criteria for determining the cultural heritage of international organizations, to reach a final conclusion that the criteria for determining that legacy are similar between the thought of kings and international organizations specialized in this field, Which is what we reviewed in our research pages.

This study is a serious attempt to understand the Iraqi-American dispute regarding the seizure of the US embassy building in Baghdad. Through it, it traced the correspondence of the Belgian embassy as the guardian of American interests in Baghdad with the US State Department, and stopped at the strict position of the Belgian ambassador on this subject, and we will try to answer an important question, Was the confiscation of the US embassy building in Baghdad legal? The Iraqi government believed that the secret of the strength of (the Israeli entity) was the American support for it, and that the American military, diplomatic and economic support (for the Israeli entity) was a real impediment to the progress of the relationship between thetwo countries. The position of the Iraqi government regarding the seizure of the US embassy building in Baghdad was a strict one, as the Iraqi government viewed the seizure of the US embassy building in Baghdad as a legitimate right of its rights and must not give it up, and justified its position by saying that the area in which the US embassy is located is a military zone, stressing that the decision to seize was taken after it failed. All diplomatic and technical efforts undertaken by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the Belgian embassy responsible for the US interests in Iraq. Either the US administration had insisted that these properties be recovered by a different regime from its point of view, or that they would at least receive fair compensation from the Iraqi government regarding the resumption of relations at some point in the future.

يدور البحث الموسوم " قصر عمرة الاموي وفقا لدراسة المستشرق التشيكي إلويس موسيل وهذا الموضوع يسلط الاضواء على قصر يرجع تاريخه الى العصر الاموي ويظهر التاريخ المعماري للمعالم العربية الاسلامية فى القرن الاول الهجري / القرنين السابع والثامن الميلاديين ويبين التاثيرات البيزنطية واليونانية والرومانية المسيحية فى بلاد الشام على العناصر والمضامين المعمارية العربية الاسلامية فى عمارة القصور والقلاع الحصينة للخلفاء والامراء الامويين . وتتجلى اهمية هذا المعلم الاثاري بمدى اهميته للخلفاء الامويين الذين اتخذوا اماكن للتامل والاسترخاء بعيدا عن الاخطار المحدقة بهم سياسية او اجتماعية.
ويسلط البحث الاضواء على محتويات القصر من غرف رئيسة وابراج واسوار لحماية القصر كلها وردت فى مؤلفات المسشترق لويس موسيل الذي عاش فى الاردن وبلاد الشام .

In recent times, the phenomenon of personal museums and collectors of movable artifacts has been expanding. Whether driven by economic dimensions or by passion and a desire to acquaint oneself with the creations of those who preceded us in life, individuals skilled in the art of crafting artifacts and the items that people required in their daily lives have played a role. The challenging economic conditions that our beloved country has faced in recent years have directly influenced many individuals to pursue these artifacts, seeking financial gain and profits through dealing with such pieces.

Regardless of the expertise these individuals possess in handling such artifacts, the academic and intellectual aspect remains limited, often due to a lack of awareness of the value of these items in certain cases. In an effort to minimize potential harm and prevent the unwitting involvement of individuals who might have limited experience and knowledge in the cultural field, it becomes imperative to address this significant matter. This will involve approaching the topic from both scientific and legal perspectives, aligning with the interests of collectors and the nation alike, all the while safeguarding these valuable cultural heritage assets.

Thanks to God, we have completed this research, which is centered on Rome and the Sabeans between reality and myth.
The geographical environment is a major impact on the settlement of tribes and the formation of political and social units and this is what we found in the location of both Rome and the Sabbaths, as Rome was located on the Tiber River, which is the secret in its control over all of Italy as well as control over the maritime trade routes, Four of the seven hills of Rome had a major impact on cutting trade routes b etween the Etruscans and the Greeks as well as taken from the city of Koris as their capital What is attributed to Romulus and kings is the result of efforts made in the late periods of the history of events aimed primarily at clarifying the religious customs and social Roman and therefore merely a myth that may reflect a faint picture of historical truth can be drawn from the lines and truth lies in The myth of Romulus The desire of the Greeks to attribute the founding of Rome to the grandson of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology, so we see the Romans accept this myth changed at the end of the third century BC and prove it in their po We deny that the Sabine King Titus Titus is a legendary figure.
With regard to the abduction of women, Sabine women played a prominent role in maintaining unity and cohesion between both peoples.\



The story of the impact on the elements of Roman marriage is considered the Greek heritage as th As a result of this incident, both peoples were united. As a result, three Sabine kings were ruled by the Sabbath, who were able to demonstrate the merit of the tribe, both militarily and socially.e kidnapper is evidence of masculinity and strength.pular myths

This study studies the Hijaz"s city in the era of early Islam in the light of his book (Northern Hijaz), and in it his methodology for studying the cities of northern Hijaz (Katbuk, Ayla, Midian, and Al-Hijr) and others was examined. Cities in the north of the Hijaz in the Islamic state during the era of the Messenger Muhammad (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) and studied their geography, tribes and religions during that period. Gregorian, starting from the era of the message and the Rashidun and Umayyad eras

In this study, the rank-size rule, the Mehta Index, the Primacy Index or Four Cities Index, and the Primacy Ratio were adopted. The use of these tools and indicators aims to better understand the urban distribution and dominance in Anbar Governorate and evaluate it more comprehensively. With the aim of analyzing urban control in the urban system network in Anbar Governorate. Urban control is one of the main challenges that most urban systems in developing countries face. Population size was chosen as an indicator to measure control, despite the debates surrounding it, since it overlooks other important aspects of measurement, such as economic, social, political and other aspects. Vocabulary related to dominance and the concentration of population in a city may play a role in shaping dominance, however, most studies on this topic are based on the indicator of size only. The researcher reached several conclusions, including the importance of understanding urban domination in designing urban policies and sustainable development. Two recommendations were also proposed: enhancing awareness of the importance of urbanization and Bedouinism in cities and developing urban policies that promote sustainable development in Anbar Governorate.

The Library For the People of Mesopotamia Means That Place Designated for Preserving a Group of clay Tablets , which Include the same Literary, Religious, Historical, Scientific Texts and other Sciences in all Fields and Details of their Daily life, Organized in the Building of the Temple, Palace or Residence, as the Collection of these Tablets can be That Priests, Scribes, Students, or some Individuals who were on the side of Knowledge Benefit from it and The Writer Appeared in Mesopotamian Society Since an Early Period, dating back to the Borders of 3000 BC. Among the class of Priests at the Beginning was an Urgent and Necessary need to meet the Economic Requirements of that Society , The Economic, Administrative, Property, and Religious Requirements of the Community were written down, as there were Schools to Train and Teach Young People Writing at the Time.