Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

It has been hypothesized that infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may play a role in the development of autoimmune illnesses, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to investigate whether or not a history of infection with the virus is more common in RA patients compared to controls. Ninety samples ranging from 20 to 70 years old were obtained (45 patients plus 45 controls) between October 2022 and March 2023; each group included 37 females and 8 males. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who were chosen for this study were sent with a physician report for RA regular tests at Baghdad Teaching Hospital in Baghdad Province. The apparently healthy individuals were obtained (from family, friends, and other acquaintances after routine examinations) with age and sex matched with patients. We immunologically examined all 90 samples to detect Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection using both Epstein-Barr viral capsid Ag (VCA) IgG and Epstein Barr nuclear Ag (EBNA) IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that (66.7%) of RA patients and (60%) of controls were positive for VCA, while (57.8%) and (51.1%) were positive for EBNA in patients and controls, respectively. According to disease activity, there were (33.33%) and (34.62%) at high disease activity, while (66.67%) and (65.38%) at moderate disease activity were positive for VCA and EBNA, respectively. In conclusion, these findings do not reveal a relationship between EBV seroprevalence and RA, and as a result, they do not support the concept that a previous infection with EBV predisposes individuals to the development of RA

Hypertension is a global health concern, with women experiencing lower blood pressure during their reproductive cycle and postmenopausal women being more sensitive to it. Postmenopausal women's higher body mass increases the risk of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and death. Venous blood was taken from women of experimental groups by syringes into GEL tubes. Blood serum was obtained after allowing the blood to clot in the tube without anticoagulant for 10-20 min at room temperature. To calculate (TNF-alpha, CRP) for all samples, serum separation was done by centrifuge machine at 3000rpm for five minutes. C-reactive protein (CRP) kit and (TNF-alpha) kit by using the ELISA technique according to the manufacturer's instructions of MyBio Source USA kit. The results showed that there was no significant variation in age (T-test) value (2.348) in postmenopausal women in the mean of patients (59.45±0.68) years, while healthy women were (57.50±0.97). There were significant changes in body mass index (BMI) in postmenopausal women (p≤0.01) that were found between the mean of patients (28.19±0.59) and the control group (25.65±0.19). Also, there were significant changes (p≤0.01) in the mean values of blood pressure diastole (8.76±0.06) and systole (16.00±0.15) in postmenopausal women compared with the control group with mean values (7.73±0.12) and (11.60±0.14), sequentially. Significant difference (p≤0.01) in mean value of HB patient women (12.89±0.16) as compared with healthy women (12.32±0.24). No significant changes in mean value of platelets (253.90±970) and WBCs (7.97±0.39) in patient postmenopausal women with control group (251±12.34) and (7.87±0.32), respectively. Significant change (p≤0.01) in mean value of TNF-alpha patient women (146.79±4.45) as compared with control (66.13±1.32). CRP show a significant difference (p≤0.01) in mean value, with patients being women (2.37±0.10) while the control group was (0.813±0.04). There was no significant change in the ESR mean of patients who were women (34.31±3.02) and the control group (31.40±3.02)

The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to a progressive rise of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to antibiotics, posing a challenge in the implementation of infection control. The current study aims to give an update on the antibiotic resistance status of local K.pneumoniae isolates. A total of one hundred and sixty specimens from different sources were collected. The VITEK 2 compact system was used to confirm the identification and test the antibiotic susceptibility. Multiple antibiotic resistance indices were estimated for each isolate. Out of the total samples, eighty (50%) K. pneumoniae isolates were identified by morphological and cultural characteristics and CHROM agar. Noticeably, the majority (28.75%) of the isolates in our investigation were obtained from cases of sputum. Moreover, piperacillin was the most resistant antibiotic (91.25%), whereas colistin (10%) was the least resistant antibiotic. 66 (82.5%) isolates were indicated as multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae, and 13.6% of isolates were flagged as ESBL producers. What’s more, 71 (53.75%) isolates had a MAR value > 0.2. K. pneumoniae developed an increased resistance to antibiotics, mostly prescribed by local physicians.

The biosynthesis of nanoparticle-mediated pigments has been widely used as an antimicrobial agent against microorganisms.In order to study the effect of ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles on Candida albicans, they were biosynthesized by using pyocyanin pigment produced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fe2O3NPs were characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. From December 2022 to July 2023, a total of 48 samples of C. albicans were collected from burns, wounds, and urine from private labs and Al-Kindy hospital; only 19 were identified as C. albicans isolates according to the cultural and morphological characteristics and VITEK-2 system. For the antimicrobial effect, they were cultured on Mueller Hinton agar using the agar well diffusion method.The results provided evidence that the diameter of the inhibition zone was directly proportional to the concentration; at 0.1 μg/ml, the diameter of the inhibition zone was 30 mm, while at 0.0125 μg/ml, the diameter was 14 mm.The study confirms the concentration-dependent antifungal effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles synthesized by biological methods, suggesting potential applications in antifungal therapy.

Fisheries is one of the main sectors on which some countries are increasingly dependent. Filling the food gap is an important resource in the agricultural resource base, but it is one of the neighborhoods affected by the agricultural activities. The bacterial disease agents were isolated from aquaculture in the Babylon governorate, Iraq, during December 2021 to the end of October 2022. A total of 65 specimens of Cyprinus carpio were infected (53%). Four bacterial diseases were diagnosed by clinical signs that appeared from severe infections of external and internal organs (fin rot, dropsy, bacterial gill disease, and vibriosis). Bacteria were identified according to their morphological characterization and using the Vitek 2 system, and they include Aeromonas sobria, A. hydrophila, A. veronii, Streptococcus thoraltensis, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia odorifera, and Vibrio cholerae. The results of the current study showed that the emergence of diseases in fish farms may be related to stress factors that fish suffer from as a result of dryness and scarcity of water, water quality, or the possibility of bacteria transfer either from water to fish or vice versa, or by handling.

This study aimed to isolate and characterize fungus Aspergillus niger and treated by crude phenolic extract from Agaricus bisporus mushroom that contains a bioactive compound to treat fungi. Thirty samples were taken of suffered patients with otomycosis. Phenol extract was performed by HPLC technology, Molecular diagnosis of fungal isolation by PCR technique. Results show that the microscopic and culture examination on sabouraud dextrose agar medium showed that the fungal isolates A. niger had a percentage of (60%). The molecular diagnosis of fungal isolates using the polymerase chain reaction technique. HPLC showed being present of six biologically active substances in A. bisporus. Active substance (phenols) was extracted from the fungus A. bisporus, and the concentrations were prepared (6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/ml) and then tested against A. niger fungus using the assessment of antifungal activity, the antifungal activity of the extracts and the inhibition of fungal growth were calculated individually. The outcomes demonstrated that the extract's inhibitory activity Phenolic against A. niger a concentration of 6.25 mg/ml showed lowest inhibition activity, the diameter of the colony was (1.63 ± 0.18cm), while the concentration of 25 mg/ml was the maximum of inhibitory activity, the diameter of the colony, was (1.23±0.03 cm) compared to the control (8.67 ± 0.33 cm).

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, during the period from the beginning of February 2022 to the end of February 2023. Iraq is an endemic country with a high frequency of both types, visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis, with several clinical manifestations. This study was designed to describe the histopathological alterations of skin infection and compare the hematological parameters between two groups of rabbits. In this study used two groups of rabbits one of which was experimentally infected with L. tropica. Leishmania tropica isolate was obtained from AL-Nahrain University, Biotechnology Research Center, isolated from human infection with cutaneous leishmaniasis, and identified by PCR technique. The histopathological study showed as follows: The first group (control group) shows normal skin tissue; there is a thin epidermis covered by a thick stratum corneum, and the dermis contains an eosinophilic network of collagen fibers, sweat glands, and hair follicles. The other section showed higher magnification, normal epidermal layers with a thick keratinized layer above the epidermis; however, in the second group (infected with L. tropica) there is incomplete healing of the epidermal layer except for a few hyperplasia of stratum basale and destruction of the keratinocyte layer. Few infiltrations of inflammatory cells, mainly macrophages and eosinophils, and there is no healing and complete separation of epidermal layers and destruction of hair follicles and sweat glands. Find an irregular collagen network; in Lymphocytes, WBCs, and platelets were all significantly affected by cutaneous Leishmania infection. The increase of granulation led to decreased the number of amastigote stages

Neutrophils in saliva cause tissue death in inflammatory disorders, including periodontal disease. Identifying biomarkers for neutrophil mediators is crucial for accurate diagnosis in periodontics research. This study is to investigate the salivary levels of soluble cluster of differentiation 16b (sCD16b) and alpha defensin, which are biomarkers of neutrophil activation in patients with periodontal diseases, and to examine the correlation between these levels and clinical periodontal parameters. In this particular case-control study, a total of sixty subjects who were diagnosed with periodontal disease, including 30 with periodontitis and 30 with gingivitis, were recruited. These subjects ranged in age from 17 to 65 years. The study also included 25 healthy volunteers, matching their ages and genders with those of the patients. The periodontal parameters utilized in this study included plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss. We collected saliva samples from all participants, including both patients and controls. In order to estimate the salivary levels of sCD16b and alpha defensin, ELISA was performed. The present findings revealed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the salivary levels of sCD16b and alpha defensin in periodontitis and gingivitis patients as compared to the control group. Moreover, there was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the level of sCD16b among periodontitis patients when compared to gingivitis patients, while for the alpha-defensin level, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups. On the other hand, this study found a significantly positive correlation for two biomarkers with CAL in the periodontics group. This study indicated that an increase in salivary levels of sCD16b and alpha defensin could be associated with enhanced innate response in periodontics disease, and might serve as biomarkers of neutrophil activation in periodontal disease

The study investigated the behavioral, hematological, and histological changes of sub-lethal toxicity of Cypermethrin, a synthetic parathyroid insecticide, in male albino mice. The mice were divided into three groups, with the control group remaining untreated and the other groups treated with different doses. The behavioral effects produced mild to moderate toxic symptoms. The lower dose produced very mild toxicities characterized by intermittent diarrhea and decreased feed intake, whereas the higher dose displayed mild to moderate toxicities with diarrhea, decreased feed intake, loss of body weight, dyspnea, ataxia, eye discharge, and salivation. Hematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration (HB), white blood count (WBC), and red blood count (RBC) were evaluated. Hematological parameters such as PCV, HB, RBC, and WBC showed a dose-dependent reduction. At the same time, microscopically, cypermethrin produced neuronal degeneration and depletion of glycoprotein with accumulation of cholesterol in which the hepto-cells appear as a plant cell, and disorganization of hepatic laminae, dilation of sinusoids, and necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver. Section of kidney displayed hemorrhage and sloughing of renal epithelial cells in the convoluted tubules, shrinkage of glomeruli, and necrosis of renal tubules. The above observations clearly demonstrate that hematological parameters such as packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocyte count, and total leukocyte count showed a dose-dependent reduction. There were relative variations in results in CYP-intoxicated groups. The changes in the blood picture indicate the toxic actions of CYP on the hematopoietic system. Nevertheless, we believe that the studies addressing the comparison of histopathological and behavioral effects would be very helpful in the evaluation of pyrethroid insecticides. In addition to the overall results of this study, which clearly demonstrate that oral administration of the (CYP) leads to histopathological changes in the liver, as well as the kidneys, in mammals and environmental systems

Marcescin is a bacteriocin that is extracted from isolates of Serratia marcescens, which is a gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the family Enterobacteraeaceae and is considered a nosocomial pathogenic bacteria. In this research, the toxic effect of crude marcescin extracted from the S. marcescens bacteria on the human laryngx epidermoid carcinoma (Hep-2) cell line was investigated. S. marcescens was isolated from blood, urine, and stool samples of patients from Nursing House Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and Teaching Laboratories of Medical City by using a series of dilutions to concentrations of (0.00, 1.95, 3.9, 7.8, 15.62, 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000) µg/ml and an exposure time of (24, 48, and 72) hours. The results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) in the IR values (100–2%) at the concentrations (1000–1.95) µg/ml when compared with the control (100%); there were also significant differences after 48 and 72 hours. The results showed that high concentrations caused a high rate of inhibition at concentrations (1000, 500, and 250) µg/m where the rate of inhibition was (100, 67, and 58) after 24 hours, then the rate of inhibition began to decrease gradually, reaching 2% at the lowest concentration of 1.95. It is clear that Hep-2 cells are sensitive to marcescin, and their sensitivity increases exponentially with increasing concentration and time of exposure

This study examines wheat genotypes under combined and single drought and salinity stresses, assessing germination and seedling growth traits, as environmental issues like high salinity and drought significantly impact plant life.. The experiment was carried out to meet these goals. To identify the most and least tolerant genotypes, 16 genotypes were tested. Water potentials of 0. -0.5, -1.0, -1.5, and -2.0Mpa were used as treatments to create water stress by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) and sodium chloride together(D+S). After 15 days of putting seeds in Petri dishes, growth parameters were assessed, including germination percentage (%), speed of emergence (%), seedling vigour index, shoot length (cm), and fresh and dried weight of shoot, root, and whole seedling (g). Results showed that all genotypes demonstrated a decrease in germination and biomass with an increase in stress-induced water stress, where germination (%) and biomass are inversely correlated with combined stress. While the genotypes Babil, Hashimia, Baraka, Buhooth 158, Tamooz 3, and Uruk did not germinate at -2.0 MPa, Latyfia showed better germination (76.66%), higher speed of emergence (81.93%), seedling vigor index (5.70), seedling length (7.50 cm), root and seedling fresh weight (0.0450 and 0.0650 g) and root and seedling dry weight (0.0312 and 0.0411 g). Iba99 exhibited the lowest values in the majority of traits at -2.0 MPa. In conclusion, each genotype behaved differently in response to salinity, drought, or levels of combined stresses during germination. The genotype Latifya performed better in the study compared to the other genotypes because it was better able to endure the effects of these stresses. Consequently, it can be utilized as breeding stock to increase the wheat crop's tolerance to salinity and drought. The study's findings increase knowledge of how plants react to challenges like salt, drought, and both in combination

The current study collected 157 clinical samples from Iraqi patients suffering from urinary tract infections at various Baghdad hospitals, including Medical City/Educational Laboratories, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Imamin Al-Kadhimiya Hospital, and the Central Children's Hospital in Baghdad, from 27 November 2022 to 11 January 2023. We identified and tested the formation of biofilms, which led to the detection of two genes, algD and TspE4.C2. Vitek 2 confirmed the final diagnosis after a biochemical and microscopic examination of 11 selected E. coli isolates. The Congo red method has detected the bacterial vulnerability to form biofilms. he findings of this study showed that all selected bacterial isolates formed the biofilm with a moderate degree (11 (100%)). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the algD and TspE4.C2 genes, demonstrating their significant role in biofilm production. The polymerase chain reaction results revealed the presence of the algD gene in 9 (81.8%) out of 11 isolates, while the TspE4.C2 gene was present in 10 (90.9%) isolates

An unsaturated polyester's (UPE) mechanical and thermal properties were modified by incorporating nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% weight ratios. 3% of TiO2 is the best weight percentage that can be added to UPE to improve its impact strength from 8.74 MPa to 8.87 MPa, its hardness value from 82.23% to 86.63%, its tensile strength from 7.698 MPa to 24.76 MPa, and its thermal conductivity from 0.308499 W/m.oC to 0.566916 W/moC. Also, the thermal stability of UPE/3% TiO2 was improved using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD measurement was employed to verify the change caused by adding TiO2 particles to the internal structure of unsaturated polyester. Also, the change in the microstructure of unsaturated polyester after adding TiO2 nanoparticles was studied using scanning electron microscope analysis, where the TiO2 nanoparticles showed a good distribution in the matrix, and the TiO2 had good compatibility in the unsaturated polyester matrix.

The process of burning solid waste causes a serious environmental problem, leading to air and water pollution. Therefore, these agricultural wastes are added as reinforcing materials to polymers through which some mechanical and physical properties can be improved. This study included the preparation of single and hybrid polymeric composite materials from polyester resin as a base material. Powders of both sawdust and sunflower seeds were used as reinforcement materials with different weight fractions (5,10,15)% and a granule size of 75µm. Some mechanical properties were studied, including bending strength testing, bending elastic modulus, impact strength, and surface hardness testing, in addition to thermal conductivity. The obtained results showed an amelioration in some mechanical characteristics in varying proportions for both the bending test and the bending elastic modulus. As for the impact test and surface hardness, there is an increase in their values ​​compared to their value for the pure polyester material. As for the thermal conductivity test, both single and hybrid composite materials exhibit decreased thermal conductivity values across different weight fractions.

Over the past few years, there has been a significant focus on studying the synthesis and applications of metal nanoparticles. These tiny particles possess distinct properties that set them apart from bulk metals. Cr:Se core-shell nano thin film has been pre-coated by plasma jets with different concentrations (10:0, 8:2, and 6:4) and deposition by chemical spray pyrolysis. The nano-thin films were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV), and transmission electron microscopy TEM. This study looks into the structure and optical features of core-shell nanoparticles made with different ratios of chromium and selenium (Cr:Se). The X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles and the ratio (6:4). Exposing the best crystalline phase to non-thermal plasma (DBD) results in significant changes in the XRD, transitioning towards a more crystalline phase. Tauc plots show a non-linear trend in direct bandgap energies, meaning the energy gap increased (2.77-3.88 eV), notably increasing. Transmission electron microscopy analysis highlights improved nanoparticle distribution and uniformity. non-thermal plasma ( DBD ) significantly enhances the humidity sensitivity, thereby optimizing the nanoparticles for sensor applications. These findings underscore the potential of Cr:Se nanoparticles for advanced optoelectronic and sensing technologies and various technological applications.

Moth-eye nano-structure is essentially used as a light-trapping technique for more efficient and cost-effective solar cells. This computational study investigated two dimensions of rectangular silicon base anti-reflected nanostructure for ultra-thin film solar silicon cell efficiency enhancement. The introduced simulation procedure depends on numerical methods and Lumerical software. Impacts of the structure geometry, which was the width and height, on optical and electrical properties were investigated. It found that the geometry of the structure has a significant effect on the absorption and reflection spectrum, due to structure light-trapping effects, and the maximum absorption increases in visible regain reported at a width of 300 nm and height of 100 nm. We also determined the fill factor, short circuit current, and open circuit voltage. It is found that the short circuit current density is significantly influenced by the structure geometry due to a change in absorption, which influences electron-hole generation. It’s also found that the performance can be enhanced by choosing a suitable dimension for the suggested structure. The optimum efficiency enhancement achieved was from 8.71% to 11.89%, and the obtained results are encouraging for using the presented procedure to design more complex structures.

We studied in this investigation the changes of the continuous conductivity of the electricity (σd.c) due to substituting part of Selenium with Lead in an S60-Se40-X-PbX alloy at weight ratios x = 0, 10, 20, and 30. Our investigation includes an examination of σd.c. mechanisms in chalcogenide semiconductors and governing the equations of the continuous D.C. electrical conductivity, and the application of these measured characteristics of S60-Se40-X-PbX glasses to assess Lead's impact on extended, local, and Fermi energy state densities. Some procedures were applied to the materials, such as mixing, grinding, heating in quartz ampoules, placing them in a furnace, and heating them at 360°C. The results showed that electrical conduction occurs in three modes (conduction at high temperatures in the extended state, conduction at moderate temperatures in the local state, and conduction at low temperatures in the variable range hopping (VRH).

In this study, we prepared thin films of nickel oxide with a thickness of 150±10 nm using the pyrolysis spray technique, and their properties were studied for two hours at different annealing temperatures. including (as deposited, 723 and 873) K. Based on XRD measurements, the pattern data showed that (NiO) had an amorphous structure without annealing, but that a cubic polycrystalline structure with a preferred orientation (111), (200), and (220) was produced at a higher annealing temperature. In addition to other techniques, the crystal structure of the film was characterized using X-ray diffraction. The structure and physical characteristics of the NiO thin films are examined using methods based on atomic force microscopy and X-rays. techniques are employed to examine the surface morphology of layers of nickel oxide. As the temperature of annealing increased, the study reported mean diameter, roughness of surface, and particle size mutation values (186.0–254 nm). The wavelength range of (300-1000) nm is also taken into consideration when further examining and reporting transmittance and absorbance spectra, demonstrating various deviations from the nominal values. The results show that a treatment of temperature 873 K produced the sample's maximum absorbance value. The findings indicate that direct transitions are allowed in the thin films under study at optical energies of (3.57, 3.51, and 3.47) eV, respectively.

The sol-gel method was used in this study to create the Zn-CdFe2O4/SnO2(0.15) nano ferrite, and XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX methods were used to evaluate the nano ferrite's characteristics. The findings showed that the lattice constant of the sample CdFe2O4/SnO2(0.15) is higher than that of ZnFe2O4/SnO2(0.15) and Zn0.5Cd0.5Fe2O4/SnO2(0.15) and that the resultant compound possesses a cubic spinel ferrite phase. The crystal size was on the nanoscale, according to Scherrer-Williamson Hall. Based on the FE-SEM images, it can be noticed its shape as semi-spherical or spherical; the presence of elements Zn, Cd, Fe, Sn, and O was confirmed by the EDX test. The gas sensing showed good sensitivity to NO2 gas and a short response and recovery time (15.3 sec, 49.5 sec). The magnetic properties were calculated using a vibrating sample magnetometer, where soft magnetic behavior was shown for all samples. The novel zinc cadmium ferrite preparation is expected to find use in a wide range of products, including biomedical equipment, motors, sensors for high-density data storage devices, and magnetic recording devices.

In this work, two carrier concentrations with dye D102 were used in a dye-sensitized solar cell to perform a comparative evaluation of the efficiency and influence on the study of key parameters affecting the device performance. To achieve this goal, the cell transfer power, current, current density and fill factor were calculated to estimate the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSCs. Electrons move from the excited state of indolene D02 to the conduction band of ZnO to produce current for DSSCs through the assumed energy levels of donor indolene and acceptor ZnO in the hetero junction device to be continuous. The effect of carrier concentration and coupling strength on the improvement of the contact efficiency of D102 hetero junction dye with ZnO-based DSSCs is discussed using quantum charge transfer theory. D102-ZnO with ethanol-based DSSCs with PCEs up to (14.368%) were developed and the main J-V properties were investigated, the corresponding carrier concentration efficiency of )1/m3) is much lower (7.256%) compared to using a concentration of )1/m3) to reach (14.368%), mainly due to the lower charge transport.

For this work, the spray pyrolysis technique is employed to create uniform thin films of cadmium telluride (CdTe) at 350°C on glass substrates. For optical and structural examination, the films that were deposited undergo annealing at 573 K and 723 K. In an air atmosphere, before being examined using an XRD, a microscopy force atomic (AFM), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The film's cubic structure and polycrystalline nature were demonstrated by the XRD tests with preferred orientation (111), and temperatures for annealing improve crystalline speed. Crystallite size and microstrain were among the microstructural metrics that were computed with an increase in annealing temperatures; it was found that the microstrain decreased and the crystallite size increased. In the transmittance's strong absorption region, the basic optical parameters, including the band gap and absorption coefficient, were computed. The optical transition in these coatings was discovered to be a direct transfer, while the energy band gap is shown to decrease with annealing, while increases in optical absorbance.

Undoped and aluminum-doped In2S3 chalcopyrite semiconductor thin films are deposited on glass substrates using the thermal evaporation process under a vacuum of 1.6×10^-5 mbar, achieving a thickness of 500 nm. This study examines the impact of varying Al ratios of 0.0, 0.02 and 0.04 on properties of Al-doped In2S3 thin film. The structural characteristics of In2S3 thin films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), revealing that the In2S3 film exhibits a polycrystalline structure and stable tetragonal β-In2S3, with a preferred orientation of (109) at 2θ = 27.3. Furthermore, AFM is examining the exterior morphology of the film, revealing that both surface roughness and average diameter escalate with higher Al ratios, hence augmenting the crystallite size of the thin films. The UV/Vis spectrophotometer analyzed the optical properties of In2S3 films, revealing a maximum absorbance of 90% in the visible spectrum and a minimum transmittance. The films exhibited a bandgap that decreased by 0.04 for each ratio of Al, ultimately reaching a minimum value of Semiconductors In2S3 possess straight band gaps of 2.05, 1.98, and 1.95 eV, respectively. The computed optical constant encompasses the refractive index and the extinction coefficient. Real and imaginary components of the dielectric constant.

In this work, the rate of charge transfer (CT) reaction at the N3-ZnS interface was calculated using a quantitative computational model to evaluate the efficiency of N3-ZnS heterojunction dye-sensitized solar cell devices using different types of solvents. This work discussed the influence of the effective driving energy force on the charge transport rate and performance of N3-ZnS devices with various solvents based on a donor-acceptor model. A solar cell model was used to study the optical efficiency when changing some of its parameters, such as the type of material and the thickness of the film, as they are important factors influencing the quality of the solar cell. It was found that the transition energy varies with different solvent types depending on the dielectric constant, refractive index of the solvent, and the semiconductor, the electron transfer rate increased when the effective driving force value decreased to ∆0 =0.22 (eV) at the same temperature and charge carrier concentration, where the maximum value of the electron transfer rate for chloroform solvent was (1.0622E-06).

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic disease manifested by a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) that leads to the progression of kidney failure and increased incidence of mortality and cardiovascular complications. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that affects multiple organs, including the pancreas, as well as the kidneys, liver, brain, and eyes. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system, which is highly expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells. This study aims to measure ACE2 and the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) as early detection markers for DN among T2DM patients. The sample size consisted of 135 individuals, who were divided into three groups based on ACR criteria: macroalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, and normoalbuminuria, with healthy subjects serving as the control group. They were intended for Telafer Hospital in Mosul City. The data showed significant differences between patient groups and the control group for glycemic, lipid profile, and kidney function tests. Also, the results showed a considerable association between serum glycemic levels, lipid profiles, kidney function tests, and ACE2 and DN in T2DM patients. From the current data, it can be concluded that ACR and ACE2 play a key protective role in preventing progressive renal damage, which is a good indicator for the early detection of DN.

When an electron moves from one atom or molecule to another, a charge-transfer complex is formed. The other objects must be able to accept these electrons, and one entity must have free electrons or a tendency to donate them. This resembles an internal oxidation-reduction reaction more. This research aims to shed light on charge transfer complexes formed by polyenes and carotenes, which act as electron-donating molecules due to their alternating double and single bonds. This allows them to create such complexes when interacting with organic molecules that lack electrons. These complexes exhibited distinctive optical and physicochemical properties, enabling them to be adapted for a wide range of applications. In addition, the researchers demonstrated significant interest in the study of the ability of some of these compounds to form self-internal charge-transfer complexes, also known as intramolecular charge-transfer complexes, and their precise electronic and dynamic states.

The novel quinazolinone derivatives were synthesized in excellent yields, manufactured, characterized, and investigated for their biological activity. This study aims to produce new quinazolinone derivatives and study their antibacterial activity. Quinazolinone derivatives were synthesized in three steps: the first step included the reaction of methyl anthranilate with isothiocyanatobenzene to produce a thiourea derivative (A1). In the second step (A1) was reacted with hydrazine hydrate to synthesized 3-Amino-2-(phenylamino) quinazolin-4(3H)-one (A2). The third step consisted of the reaction of (A2) with various organic compounds (phenylisotiocyanate, phenylisocyanate, acid halide, benzyl halide, and alkyl halide derivatives) to produce new derivatives. FT-IR, 1HNMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to identify the chemical structure of these compounds. The agar well diffusion technique was used to determine the antibacterial activity levels exhibited by the samples. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were used as test organisms in this study. When compared to the antibiotic used as a standard, amikacin, these compounds demonstrated superior antibacterial activity.

Patients with diabetes, high blood pressure (BP), and obesity have metabolic syndrome (MetS). The study aims to evaluate the levels of obestatin and osteopontin (OPN) as markers for detecting MetS and their relationship with other biomarker parameters at Al-Yarmuk Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. A total of 165 patients (125 with MetS and 40 healthy subjects as a control group) whose ages ranged from 20 to 80 years were examined and participated in this study. Body mass index (BMI), BP, fasting serum glucose (FSG), liver enzymes, total protein, and serum lipid profile were evaluated in each patient and control. In addition, obestatin and OPN were used with commercial ELISA kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. The study's results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in BMI, blood pressure (BP), fasting serum glucose (FSG), liver enzymes, and lipid profile between the MetS and control groups. The levels of obestatin were notably decreased in the MetS group compared to the control group (280.8 pg/mL vs. 1082.1 pg/mL). The level of OPN in patients was significantly higher than in controls (17.96 ng/mL vs. 5.47 ng/mL), respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve tests for obestatin and OPN are 0.981 and 0.999, respectively, which indicate that Obestatin and OPN are considered good diagnostic markers for subjects with MetS. It can be proposed that decreased levels of obestatin and increased levels of OPN in obese individuals may contribute to the onset of MetS and disrupted lipoprotein metabolism.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease that causes chronic inflammation, primarily affecting the synovial joints in the hands and feet. Laboratory investigations, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lipid profile, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), evaluate the body's inflammation level. Rheumatoid arthritis is generally progressive, causing fatigue and weakening of the muscle joints. Despite recent treatment improvements, there is no known cure for RA. The study aimed to find the role of chemokine MMP-1 as a biomarker in serum samples of 80 patients with RA and 40 healthy subjects. The mean of MMP-1 was significantly higher in patients with RA compared to the control group (MMP-1: 3.27 ± 0.10 ng/mL vs. 1.40 ± 0.11 ng/mL, respectively). The results demonstrated a statistically significant distinction between the two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis revealed that MMP-1 had a statistically significant association with the occurrence of RA. Additionally, it was shown that MMP-1 had an area under the curve of 0.939 in people diagnosed with RA. Both of these experiments provided evidence of this result. According to the findings of the study, there is a possibility that MMP-1 has a role in the pathogenesis of RA since it was shown that patients with RA had higher levels of serum MMP-1, CRP, ESR, and lipid profile when compared to the control group. In conclusion, serum MMP-1 serves as a reliable diagnostic marker, accurately distinguishing individuals with active RA from control subjects.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a severe medical disorder manifested by a decline in kidney function over an extended period. This leads to the accumulation of toxins and the gradual inability to remove excess waste and fluids from the body. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is part of a protein family that regulates microtubule structure and cellular metabolism. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of these parameters in evaluating CKD and its associated mechanisms in Iraqi patients. The study was conducted from December 2023 to May 2024. Ninety subjects enrolled in this study: 60 patients with CKD who attended the Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City/ Dialysis Unit in Baghdad, Iraq. Additionally, 30 healthy subjects were designated as the control group. Their ages ranged from 48 to 65 years. The present results indicated significantly higher serum MAP2 levels in CKD patients undergoing dialysis as compared to the control (616.10±12.25 vs. 125.48±10.14) ρg/mL. In addition, the present results revealed a significant positive correlation between serum MAP2 and levels of various parameters, including fasting glucose, lipid profile, and renal function tests. A significant negative correlation exists between serum MAP2 levels and serum total protein, albumin, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. It was found that higher levels of serum MAP2 in hemodialysis patients reveal their critical role in renal dysfunction. Therefore, this factor may serve as a biomarker of kidney injury progression among patients with CKD.

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a ternary nanocomposite comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO), magnetite (Fe3O4), and manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles (NPs). The aim of using it is to remove Terasil Black dye from water, particularly in textile industries. The nanocomposite was created using a co-precipitation method, followed by physical bonding with MnO2 NPs. The structural properties, surface morphology, and elemental composition were evaluated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The XRD results confirmed the presence of an amorphous phase along with distinct diffraction peaks that correspond to specific lattice planes. FESEM images showed irregular particle shapes and significant agglomeration. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of the expected elements. The adsorption isotherms displayed (S) patterns as classified by Giles, suggesting that the dye ions align vertically relative to the nanocomposite's surface. The adsorption process is endothermic and primarily driven by physical interactions, which become more significant at higher temperatures. Analyzing the adsorption data indicates that the Freundlich isotherm model better describes this process, suggesting a non-uniform surface. This model demonstrates that chemical and physical adsorption processes were involved, with their contributions varying across different temperature ranges. The findings provide valuable insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of dye adsorption on rGO/Fe3O4/MnO2 nanocomposites, which are essential for optimizing their application in waste water treatment.

In this paper, we share a discussion of the Couple Tension Effect on the Peristaltic Transfer of Carreau Peristaltic Flow of Fluid in an Inclined Nonlinear Canal with aPorous Medium the Carreau model's constitutive equation is selected to represent solutions to these problems are obtained A numerical method has been used to answer the problems and consideration, such as perturbation method. Closed form dynamical plus stream function formulas efficiency are pressure was created increase per wave length has been estimated numerically on the channel walls. The Hartman digits impacts (Ha), Darcy digit (Da), amplitude ratio (e), and their consequences. The full effects of axial velocity and entrapment are carefully examined and graphically represented. Numerical results have been computed by using MATHEMATICA software for all these problems and scheming the graphs. At increasing B the velocity increases in the focal area withe border canal wall but the opposite occur for increasing (Da). And the axial velocity does not change with increasing of (Ha). The pressure of rice for each wavelength dalta P increases in magnitude with increasing values of (Ha).

In today's digital era, the importance of securing information has reached critical levels. Steganography is one of the methods used for this purpose by hiding sensitive data within other files. This study introduces an approach utilizing a chaotic dynamic system as a random key generator, governing both the selection of hiding locations within an image and the amount of data concealed in each location. The security of the steganography approach is considerably improved by using this random procedure. A 3D dynamic system with nine parameters influencing its behavior was carefully chosen. For each parameter, suitable interval values were determined to guarantee the system's chaotic behavior. Analysis of chaotic performance is given using the Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimension, and bifurcation diagrams. Furthermore, an algorithm is suggested to generate a random binary key, serving as the controller for the embedding process. And the randomness of the generated key was checked. Moreover, this paper introduces a technique that utilizes the generated random key to govern both the embedding process in the spatial domain and the frequency domain. The results of this study are promising and its potential applications can be extended to various fields that require discreet communication and robust data protection

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new type of spaces called nano topological spaces and investigate the relation between nano topological space and nano ideal semi preopen set. The objective of this study is to develop a nano topological model. We study this model from three aspects, which are lower, upper approximation and their properties. Basic properties and characterizations related to these sets are given. And define the concept Nano ideal semi preopen set by using nano topological space and some properties of this set. The main aim of rough sets is to increase the accuracy measure and reduce the boundary region of sets by increasing the lower approximations and decreasing the upper approximations.

Complex systems in the real world have networks differ significantly from random graphs and have non-trivial structures. In fact, they have a community structure that needs to be recognized and recovered. The stochastic block models (SBMs) are popular models for community detection in networks, where nodes are divided into groups based on their connectivity patterns. Maximum likelihood estimation is a common method for estimating the parameters of SBMs. In this paper, a model selection for stochastic block models is presented based on the optimization of the log-likelihood function to find the best number of communities K detected by the regularized convex modularity maximization method. This work deals with many assumptions on K because it is necessary to study the behavior of the network and the best optimum K is assumed to select the best partition over the AIC, BIC metric. The proposed model selection method is presented in an algorithm that is implemented for both real and synthetic networks. This method enables the detection of networks with small communities that are more likely to provide a better fit to the observed data.

In statistics theory, adding a new parameter is considered one of the important things that help in producing statistical distributions more flexible and appropriate in data analysis. Alpha-power transformations are considered a modern technique that involves adding a shape parameter to generate new statistical distributions. In this paper, a new life continuous distribution of three parameters is presented by fitting the alpha power transformations family distribution with two parameters lifetime exponential Weibull distribution. The new model named alpha-power exponential Weibull distribution (APEWD) with three parameters , where and are classified as scale parameters and parameter is classified as a shape parameter. The cumulative, probability density, survival, hazard functions, and statistical properties of the proposed new model distribution were discussed and studied such as quantile function, moment about origin, moment generating function, Skewness, Kurtosis, factorial moments generating function, and characteristic function. To expand the probability density function for the new distribution, we took advantage of expanding the exponential function for ease of dealing with finding statistical properties

This present study focuses on the analysis of peristaltic transport involving hybrid nanomaterial fluid through a tapered channel. Peristalsis of hybrid nanomaterial with variable viscosity is studied here. Thermal heat and velocity with no-slip conditions are considered in the investigation. In order to simplify governing equations small Reynolds number and large wavelength assumptions are used, the exact solution for formulation of stream function , axial velocity and temperature are determined based on the perturbationechnique . In the present study, water is used as a head liquid while nanoparticle contains polystyrene and grapheme oxid. Additionally, main purpose is to explain impacts of various physical parameter and porosity parameter. Here, we are concerned with studying the influences of heat transfer and porous medium on MHD of hybrid nanomaterial which translates through a two, dimensional asymmetric, tapered, channel. Finally, the plot of expressions of velocity curve, temperature distribution and streamlines with trapping phenomena are obtained via Mathematica 11 software.

Let (X,W,T) be a fuzzy b- metric space, where X is a non-empty set, W is a fuzzy set on X×X×(0,∞) to [0,1], and T is a continuous t-norm, and let a function φ:[0,1]→[0,1] satisfies the following conditions: The function φ is strictly decreasing and continuous, φ(c)=0 If and only if c equals 1 and φ(T(c,a))= T(φ(c),φ(a)), where c and a in X. Which is called φ- function and use it to define φ- Contraction mappings of type Ι and ΙΙ. In this research, we will complete the study of many authors about fixed point theory on fuzzy b-metric spaces as Ashraf (1) and Rakic et al (2) and generalize some results on fixed points theory on fuzzy metric spaces to fuzzy b- metric spaces with simplify different proofs. Shen et,al (3) established many results on compact fuzzy metric spaces and complete fuzzy metric spaces. we generalize results of Shen et al to fuzzy b-metric spaces by using φ – Contraction mappings of type Ι and ΙΙ in both complete and compact fuzzy b- metric spaces to show existence of fixed points for this type of self-mapping.

In the last decades, functional differential equations have attracted the attention of many researchers; they were interested in the theory and its applications. The most common differential equations of functional type are advanced, neutral, and delay DEs. The theory of oscillatory DEs with retarded arguments has a paramount effect on the qualitative properties of DEs. It is essential to deduce conditions for oscillatory and non-oscillatory solutions. The objective of this paper is to obtain oscillatory conditions for differential equations with retarded arguments. So, the oscillatory behavior has been considered in the nonlinear differential equations (DEs) of neutral type with three delays. Some important conditions of all functions have been submitted. The sufficient conditions to secure the oscillatory property have been deduced. We dealt with special cases for delays to obtain some desired conditions for oscillation property. In fact, all new results and conditions innovate, and improved some oscillation properties that appeared in the literature. Some application examples with specific functions for important results have been illustrated and applied to all conditions. Two results with some different conditions have been obtained to get oscillatory behavior for DE. A new relationship between delays and other functions to get desired property has been formulated. Some application examples explained to ensure the importance of our results compared with other previous studies.

Nowadays, the effectiveness of Flying Ad-hoc Networks (FANETs) has proven their importance in many fields, such as the military, healthcare, entertainment, etc. In such networks, realistic mobility modeling is pivotal for accurately simulating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) behaviors and their interactions within the network. To achieve this realism and improve network performance metrics of the network, multiple Mobility Models (MMs) can be integrated, allowing UAVs to exhibit complex movement patterns that reflect real-world dynamics. This paper proposes a combination of Circular Mobility (CM) and Gauss-Markov (GM) models (CCGM) in a superposition mobility model to determine the final pattern of the model and how it affects the Quality of Services (QoS). So, the OMNeT++ was used as a simulation tool to achieve this purpose. The QoS used for analyzing the model are End-to-End Delay (E2ED), throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), jitter, and packet loss. The simulation results were introduced and compared with respect to four scenarios. The first two scenarios implied the models independently, while the last two scenarios implied the proposed model (CCGM); each scenario was evaluated with Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) routing protocols. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model (CCGM) outperforms the GM and CM models in terms of E2ED, PDR, throughput, jitter, and packet loss. Consequently, the CCGM model exhibits an average E2ED of best results with a GPSR of 0.009 seconds in scenario 4, while it exhibits the best results in AODV with PDR of 90.82%, throughput of 669614, jitter of 0.021, and packet loss of 9.18% in scenario 4 as well. This indicates that the CCGM model could enhance the QoS and movement realism, making it useful in FANET applications

Dental caries, also named tooth decay, is a major issue for oral health and is caused by bacteria in dental plaque. Detecting caries early on is essential for preventing further damage. Because caries are often small, they can lead to unnecessary treatments or missed diagnoses. This study tackles the challenge of spotting dental caries using color image analysis. We tested both traditional methods—like Quickshift, Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) superpixels, and k-means clustering—combined in the Multi-Step Segmentation with K-Means (MSS-KM) approach, as well as a more advanced deep learning method using YOLOv12 for segmentation. The evaluation of the performance of these methods based on accuracy, precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and F1-score. The results were impressive, showing that YOLOv12 clearly outperforms MSS-KM in terms of accuracy. YOLOv12 achieved an accuracy of 98.12%, while MSS-KM was at 96.79%. In addition to accuracy, YOLOv12 had excellent precision (99.6%), recall (98.1%), and an F1-score of 0.99, while MSS-KM came in at 88.5% for precision, 91% for recall, and an F1-score of 89.1%. YOLOv12 also had a mAP of 99.5%, compared to MSS-KM's 99.3%. These results clearly show that YOLOv12 is more accurate and reliable for detecting dental caries than MSS-KM. While the MSS-KM method still has value, particularly for traditional segmentation techniques, the model showed strong potential for practical use in clinical settings. The consistent training setup contributed to stable performance, while the comparison with traditional methods highlighted how modern deep learning approaches can significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy. These results not only support the use of YOLOv12 for early caries detection but also suggest that such AI models could become valuable tools in improving patient outcomes and reducing unnecessary treatments