journal of kufa studies center

The use of arbitration as a means of settling disputes related to international trade contracts expresses the desire of the parties to escape from the laws of the national state, and also reveals their desire to settle their disputes in accordance with the rules of international commercial law, which derives its sources from commercial customs and customs, international agreements, common general principles, rules of justice, fairness and arbitration justice.
The first issue that arises in the context of the law applicable to the arbitration clause in international trade contracts goes to the determination of the law competent to consider the arbitration agreement or elements, i.e., the clause agreed upon. Recognition or enforcement of the arbitral award if it is proved that the subject matter of the dispute is one of the matters in which it is not permissible to arbitrate in accordance with the judge's law, which threatens to harm the public order in his country. Also, the fact that the international arbitrator does not belong to any national law system raises a problem for international commercial arbitration regarding the extent of the arbitrator's compliance with the rules of attribution in national conflict of law systems. This problem arises every time the arbitrator finds himself summoned to decide on the question of determining the law to be applied to the dispute, especially in the case of the parties disagreeing on the definition of this law, either because they did not think about it or because they did not agree on it. Finally, this study was concerned with the follow-up of arbitral awards and jurisprudential trends that addressed this problem, with the aim of determining the future of the disputed method in the course of the development of international commercial arbitration.

Iraq emerged from its war with Iran from 1980 to 1988, with its military power and large weapons, which is a source of danger to the interests of the United States of America in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, especially since its economic crisis is deep, which threatens a new explosion in the region, especially since Iraq was ruled by a dictatorial regime .
Iraq tried to impose its leadership on the region. During that period, it built its policy on two main axes: strengthening Iraq's military capability and acquiring advanced weapons, and rebuilding the economic power that had been shaken by the years of war with Iran.
The United States of America found in the crisis of Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations the right opportunity to impose its hegemony in the region and the appropriate justification for its direct military intervention to achieve its desired goals, so it was the Gulf War or the so-called (Desert Storm)), the United States was quick to move seriously to confront this crisis, if the policy of the United States of America in the region is based on three main bases, namely preserving its petroleum interests to maintain the superiority of the American economy, protecting Israel and guaranteeing its nation because it is the defensive line of the interests of the United States of America. The West, and not allowing any regional or international power to dominate the region.

Regional polarization is not something new to humanity, but it is a continuous, steady and continuous historical situation, although the methods and means of this polarization are different, historically polarization is an important factor in the acquisition of natural and unnatural factors.
Polarization has been a major tool in dominating states and settlements that are less powerful than the polarizing party, and polarization has taken many forms and used other means of domination, ranging from militarization to economic, religious and social pressure on the polarized party.
As for the research problem, it is manifested in the study of the problem of polarization in the Middle East, as the most important region in the world, and for several reasons, perhaps the most important of which is its richness in energy sources, the warmth of its atmosphere and waters, its middle of the ancient and contemporary world, and the fact that it is the land of holy places, heavenly prophecies, and other reasons, which gives it great importance to both the West and the East.
The research consists of an introduction and three topics with a conclusion, conclusions and recommendations, the first topic dealt with the Middle East region and its strategic importance, the second dealt with the presentation of the determinants of the problem of polarization, while the third included a strategic vision to solve this problem, and the researcher concluded through the study that the solution to the problem of polarization is the formation of a quadrilateral alliance between countries (Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria), and the researcher recommends seeking to establish this alliance with all strength for the purpose of getting out of the circle of regional polarization, seeking and building a strong economy by investing part of the of the national income to create a reserve national income as an alternative when there is a scarcity of economic resources.

The idea of the research is centered on the criticisms that Sheikh Ibn Abi Al-Hadid Al-Mu'tazili directed at Sheikh Saeed Al-Rawandi by explaining the approach to rhetoric. The former was not fair in most of the criticisms he directed at the latter, so the researcher, after relying on God Almighty, decided to give redress to Al-Rwanda from Al-Mada'ini Al-Mu'tazili in a scientific way away from favoritism and flattery, relying on a large part of the sources of language and books of interpretation.
The research required that according to the available scientific material, it should be divided into the following:
First: Redress in semantic matters .
Second: Redress in Morphological Matters.
Third: Redress in grammatical matters.
The research reached many results, the most important of which is that Sheikh Al-Mu'tazili sometimes issued his rulings on Al-Rawandi without reviewing the origins of the language and its sources, which led him to clear linguistic errors, and the idea of Ibn Abi Al-Hadid's contradiction with the views of Al-Qutb Al-Rawandi was not aimed at seeking scientific facts and seeking them, as much as it was aimed at devaluing his scientific production, as evidenced by the fact that the Mu'tazili commentator was not honest in everything he quoted from Al-Qutb, as he quoted - sometimes - his words fragmented in order to find an outlet for himself to criticize him.

The concept of deliberative is one of the contemporary terms and modernist concepts derived from the research of contemporary linguistics at the level of modern linguistics schools, such as stylistic, deconstructive, contextual, and so on.
The reason for choosing this topic is the applications of the concept of deliberative on the dimensions of the Qur'anic text in the Qur'anic studies in this direction, with the scarcity of this study at the Qur'anic level, and apart from that scarcity, I have not been able to deal with the concept of deliberative at the level of the noble hadith, and if there is one, this research will add novelty and wit to that.
The research was organized into two axes or topics, the first of which dealt with linguistics and the religious text, and one of its joints was the analysis of the text, the meaning or concept of deliberativeness, the function or tasks of deliberativeness, and the relationship between deliberative and other concepts associated with it and the deliberative dimension in the grammatical industry, while the second topic was held to explain the semantic dimension emanating from deliberative and what contemporary criticism adds by revealing the characteristics of the text in clarifying the precise jokes from it and explaining the impact of the context in directing the meaning, referring to the title of the explosion of language by interrogation Evidence and scenes, including clarifying the symbolic significance of letters and sounds by interrogating the aphorisms about the Prophet (PBUH) and the words of the Infallibles (AS), and explaining the deep minutes and eloquent jokes in their statements.

This research, entitled (Water, Poetry and Transfiguration: A Reading in the Poems of the Lamentation of Al-Husayni in Contemporary Iraqi Poetry), dealt with the natural component (water), as a prominent phenomenon in contemporary Iraqi poetry, especially in the poems of the Lamentation of Al-Husayni, and the research showed that water is a generator of poetry in this style of lamentation, and a dominant element in its poetic fabric. It also revealed multiple semantic manifestations of this component, perhaps the most frequent of which are in the poems of poets, namely: (Love, Resurgence, and Sadness) represented a raging subjective tendency towards identification with the beloved, and to be satisfied with its sweet ending, while (Resurgence) emphasized the significance of the presence of Hussein (AS) as a permanent spring in the souls, and a continuous revolution on the path of freedom and salvation, and (sadness) embodied two modes of expression: the first was devoid of poetry because it was issued from a single vision that is limited to the framework of historical reality, while the other style came in a harmonious poetic way and the concerns of the self and the stage, because it came from a free holistic vision.

Intellectual terrorism is one of the most dangerous types of terrorism, because it is based on the silencing of mouths and suppression of all intellectual and non-intellectual freedoms, and it creates in the mind of the individual a kind of inactivity and intellectual death, which leads to the suppression of individual and social intellectual creativity, and intellectual terrorism spreads all over the world in different and varying forms and proportions, but it spreads more in closed and intellectually tyrannical countries, where dialogue and understanding are absent. In which society is weak and intellectually defeated. He differed in setting a specific and clear definition of the concept of terrorism, due to the different ideologies and philosophies of thought in the countries of the world and as a result of the difference in religious beliefs between human societies, each particular philosophy and thought sets a specific definition of the concept of terrorism, according to what serves its interests in all aspects and directions, whether it is political, intellectual, social, economic, and even religious. Some consider some of the acts that they carry out at the individual or social level as terrorism, while others consider them as legitimate acts and the right of the individual or society to carry them out, and they do not consider them terrorism, and thus it can be said that all countries of the world are threatened by the threat of terrorism, especially intellectual ones, because of the lack of agreement on a specific and clear meaning of terrorism agreed upon by all the countries of the world and with all their different philosophies, ideas and beliefs. Disagreement and disagreement on a clear idea is the basis of intellectual terrorism, and this will become clear to us by researching the concept of intellectual terrorism in Islamic thought, in which the concept of intellectual terrorism is examined in terms of its definition, and the study of the reasons that lead to the existence of this type of terrorism, and the study of a concept in Islamic thought, and in Western thought, and the study of the view directed at the Islamic religion on the existence of a relationship between it and terrorism. Some believe that wherever this religion is dissolved, it solves terrorism, and this is the result of the wrong view of the Islamic religion on the one hand, and the transmission of Islamic thought to the world and its application in a wrong way by some of its proponents on the other hand.

This research came with this title in order to highlight the role of heat waves in affecting the environment, and due to the breadth of the topic, this requires the development of a geographical mattress that depends on the climatic characteristics that accompany the heat waves, and this will be a general rule for subsequent studies that study the relationship of heat waves or cold waves to each specific aspect of the environment.
This research focuses on the effects of heat waves on the main elements of the climate, which also affect other aspects of the environment, because of the interrelationship of climate elements with each other on the one hand, and the relationship of these elements in other climatic and environmental characteristics on the other hand, as the climate in the environment is closely related so that each element affects the other. Therefore, any change in the climate, no matter how slight, affects the environment directly or indirectly, and thus we will shorten the way to many studies that aim to study the impact of heat waves on various aspects of the environment, as well as we will provide an important database extracted from the daily data of the characteristics of the climate elements accompanying the days of heat waves and cold waves and how those characteristics differ during the accompanying days of heat waves from their monthly averages. In addition, we will study those climatic characteristics associated with heat waves and their difference from the days that preceded them, and certainly the results of this study will greatly benefit all the different environmental sectors such as the health, agricultural, industrial, electricity sector, etc .

Through the study and analysis of the health reality of the city of Najaf for the year 2013, it was found that these services are distributed over some neighborhoods with (5) hospitals and (22) health centers occupying an area of (161128) m2 of the built-up area and the per capita of them reached (3.40) m2, which is a low percentage, and through the planning standards approved by the Ministry of Health, it was found that there is a shortage in the number of doctors by (121) doctors, and there is a shortage in the number of nurses due to economic and social conditions, and when comparing the numbers of beds In hospitals with the number of people in the city, it was found that there is a significant shortage in the number of beds, as the share of the population in the beds reached (5308) people per bed, which is contrary to the standards of the Ministry of Health, which requires increasing the area allocated for health purposes by (161125) m2 on the basis of the standard unit one bed per (200) m2, and there is also a shortage in the number of health centers based on the standard unit of one bed per (10000) people, which means that there is a shortage of (48) health centers. When studying the geographical distribution of these institutions, it was found that there was a variation in the distribution of health centers based on the size of the population, which had an impact on the efficiency of the health services provided. There is also a disparity in some centers, especially in the neighborhood of (Al-Hawra Zainab), because of the small number of them in other centers compared to the numbers of the population, which has reduced the efficiency of the service provided by the doctor in these centers. In order to increase the efficiency of these centers, they must be redistributed and the doctors redistribute on the basis of the size of the population, which makes these centers provide their services efficiently and well.

The research aims to identify the availability of quality standards in the services provided by the College of Education for Girls / University of Kufa, from the point of view of its faculty members, the research community consists of all faculty members in (10) scientific departments, which are (257) teachers in various disciplines and degrees .
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared his research tool represented by a questionnaire from two main areas: the first includes (23) paragraphs and six main axes, which are (mission, tasks and objectives, administration, faculty affairs, teaching, learning and curricula, scientific research, and financial resources).
The second includes (20) paragraphs and five main axes, namely (tangible aspects, reliability, responsiveness, safety, and empathy), and these axes give indicators of the availability of quality standards in the services provided by the college, and thus the total number of paragraphs of the questionnaire became (43) paragraphs. After confirming the honesty and consistency of the tool, it was applied to a sample of faculty members in the college, amounting to (100) faculty members in (10) scientific departments in various disciplines and degrees. The results indicated the following:
- Availability of quality standards in a number of educational services provided in varying proportions according to the viewpoint of (76%) of the faculty members.
- Lack of quality standards in a number of educational services provided according to the viewpoint of (24%) of the faculty members.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05) among the faculty members attributed to the gender variable.
The researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions .

The purpose of the research was to identify the effectiveness of using the virtual laboratory in the achievement of practical physical chemistry and the tendency towards it among the students of the Faculty of Education, by verifying the validity of the following two hypotheses :
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who studied the physical chemistry experiments using the virtual laboratory and the students of the control group who studied the physical chemistry experiments according to the usual method in the traditional laboratory in the achievement test.
2 - There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who studied the physical chemistry experiments using the virtual laboratory and the students of the control group who studied the physical chemistry experiments according to the usual method in the traditional laboratory on the slope scale.
The experimental design with two equal groups (experimental and control) was selected, which was applied to the research sample consisting of (42) male and female students from the third grade, Department of Chemistry, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah for the academic year 2015-2016, with (21) male and female students in each of the two groups, the students of the experimental group studied the four experiments using the virtual laboratory of the practical physical chemistry booklet, with an experiment per week, and the students of the control group studied the same experiments with the same supervisor, place, and time duration, but Using the traditional lab with a different time. The researcher prepared a multiple-choice achievement test of (15) items and a propensity scale (30) items, and their validity, consistency and application were verified by the experiment. The results showed that using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS-10) and the (Microsoft Excel) program, there are statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in achievement and the tendency scale towards using the virtual laboratory in favor of the students of the experimental group, and in light of the results, the researcher recommended the use of the virtual laboratory in Physical chemistry experiments and training laboratory teachers for practical physical chemistry on the use of virtual laboratories in physical chemistry experiments, the researcher suggested conducting a similar study on the samples of students of other grades and in addition to using other dependent variables to show its effectiveness.

The study aims to identify the perceived symbolic violence and its relationship with the learned disability among the students of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Al-Qadisiyah. The number of the sample members reached (200) male and female students who were selected randomly. To achieve this goal, the Perceived Symbolic Violence Scale was built, which in its final form consisted of (22) paragraphs, as well as the Learned Disability Scale, which in its final form consisted of (24) paragraphs, and the researcher extracted for each of the two tools the conditions of honesty and consistency, and applied the appropriate statistical means. The results of the study indicate that the students of the Faculty of Arts feel the perceived symbolic violence, and that there are statistically significant differences in the perceived symbolic violence according to the gender variable and in favor of males, as well as the study found that the students of the Faculty of Arts are characterized by learned disability, and there is a statistically significant difference on the scale of learned disability according to the gender variable and in favor of males as well, as well as the study found that there is a positive correlation between perceived symbolic violence and learned disability among students of the Faculty of Arts. The researcher concluded the study with a set of important recommendations and suggestions.