Mesopotamia Environmental Journal

Green road construction is a shining example of environmental stewardship and innovation in the pursuit of sustainable development. This method incorporates environmentally friendly materials and construction methods to create roadways that not only fulfill their intended function but also benefit the environment. Green road construction is changing the way we think about infrastructure development by combining environmental responsibility with functionality through the use of improved bitumen and recyclable materials.One of the most crucial elements is the choice of materials in the development of green roads. Conventional road construction uses a lot of materials with high carbon footprints, such as concrete and regular asphalt. In contrast, green road building makes use of resources such as warm-mix asphalt, bio-based binders, and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP). These materials aid in the preservation of natural resources in addition to lowering greenhouse gas emissions.This study contributes to practical approaches to reducing environmental impact, enhancing resilience, and promoting sustainability in road construction and maintenance, summarizing current knowledge and highlighting best practices. By ensuring that innovations are successfully integrated into ongoing and future projects, this assessment facilitates informed policy and decision-making, promoting sustainable transport systems, and addressing global climate concerns.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of salt intrusion on the presence of marine species in the Shatt Al-Arab
River and Al-Hammar Marsh. Thirty-five species of marine fish belonging to 24 genera and 17 families were recorded
during the salt intrusion period entering the selected study stations: Abu Al-Khaseeb (first station), Sindbad (second
station), and Al-Hammar marsh (third station), of which 28 species were in the first station, 18 species in the second station,
and 21 species in the third stations for the period from January 2018 to December 2018, the highest similarity percentage (64.3%) was bet ween the first and second stations, and the lowest (40%) was between the first and third stations.
The total number of marine fish entering the Shatt Al-Arab and the Al-Hammar Marsh before and during the salt
intrusion period were: Forty species were recorded entering Abu Al-Khasseb station, twenty-six were obtained at Sindbad station, and twenty-seven were obtained at Al-Hammar Marsh station. Thirteen common species appeared in the three
stations, namely: Thryssa whiteheadi, Planiliza subviridis, Teunalosa ilisha, Bathygobius fuscus, Planiliza klunzingeri,
Hyporhamhus limbatus, Boleophthalmus dussumieri, Brachirus orientalis, Sillago sihama, Planiliza caranata, Nematalosa
nasus, Scatophagus argus, and Acanthopagrus arabicus.

The algal Numerous functional groups found in cell wall, such as carboxy, carbonyl, hydroxy, phosphoryl, and amide groups, are crucial for the decolorization of dyes. Some algae have the capacity to take up the pigments of chromophores. Due to the enzymes' capacity to change the dyes into H2O and CO2, algal biomass rises,Since azo dyes are commonly found in aquatic habitats, where textile dye effluents are dumped, algal biomass can therefore be used for the potential treatment of azo dyes.Since bacteria have several advantages from a biotechnological perspective, including being quick-growing, possessing a wealth of degradative enzymes, and having the ability to breakdown a variety of colors, they have been the focus of numerous investigations. In order to decolorize and break down dyes, bacteria must produce azoreductases, an enzyme that can cleave the azo link (-N = N-). Furthermore, bacteria are more adaptable than other organisms because they can further reduce or degrade aromatic amines either aerobically or anaerobically. The biological methods that are currently available to remove such colors from the environment are discussed in this study, with an emphasis on the employment of various microorganisms, in particular bacteria and algae, as well as factors affecting microbial growth.

The present study included testing the ability of three types of algae, which include Oscillatoria sp .,
Westiellopsis prolifica , and Stigonema sp . to reduce the values of some heavy elements. Wastewater
from the final sedimentation t anks of the Al Ma'mara wastewater treatment plant was used as culture
media for growing algae. by cultivating each algae alone in wastewater under constant laboratory
conditions at 25 ± 20 ° C and in a light system 16: 8 hours Illumination: Darkness ,Leav ing a
wastewater sample without adding algae as a control
The results showed the efficiency of algae in reducing sodium values and the highest reduction
rates recorded by Oscillatoria sp. and Stigonema sp. were 43.4% and 35.9% respectively, while W.
prolifica recorded a reduction rate of 27.3% . Algae also recorded efficiency in reducing potassium, as
Oscillatoria sp. recorded a higher reduction efficiency of 71.2%, while W. prolifica and Stigonema sp.
recorded the highest reduction rate of 43.1% and 32.1% respectively. Algae recorded iron reduction
rates throughout the treatment period, and reduction rates reached 98.3% for both Oscillatoria sp. and
Stigonema sp. while W. prolifica recorded higher reduction rates of 100%. Algae also recorded areducti
on of copper of 61.8% and 53.03% for Oscillatoria sp. and W. prolifica respectively, while
Stigonema sp. recorded lower reduction rates of 38.3%. Stigonema sp. recorded a higher efficiency in
reducing zinc values of 86.8%, while Oscillatoria sp. and W. prolifica recorded a reduction rate of
69.2% and 72.74% respectively..As for cadmium, Oscillatoria sp. recorded the highest reduction rate of
72.7%, while W. pr olifica and Stigonema sp. recorded reduction rates of 66.4% and 53.3% respectively.
As for the role of algae in treating lead, the results indicate that the highest rates recorded when treating
with Oscillatoria sp., W. prolifica and Stigonema sp. reached 99.6%.
On the other hand, bioremediation showed a clear effect on molecular properties of algae, this was
demonstrated by the high values of Comet assay indicators, which include tail length, Comet length,
tail moment which indicate the effect of tr eatment on DNA after completion of the treatment.