Medical Journal of Babylon

Complete dentures are constructed for elderly patients commonly and are specific for patients who are young but have deformed teeth
congenitally. Loss of teeth may occur due to trauma, dental diseases, or pathology. The denture hygiene can be improved by polishing
of denture’s tissue surface, but this polishing should not affect the prosthesis retentions. If the dentures are not washed regularly, they
will have a tendency to accumulate plaque and stains. In this review article, we explan about causes of staining of complete denture
and some of methods that are used to clean the denture. The purpose of this article was to review various methods and the materials
used for cleaning dentures for geriatric denture wearers.

Our world was gripped by the coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19) pandemic during the first months of the year 2020. It has been characterized
as a new coronavirus (i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome‑CoV‑2, which is an acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and later,
it has been referred to as the coronavirus disease‑19 or COVID‑19. Whereas this disease has been originated in Wuhan city in the Chinese
province of Hubei, it was capable of rapidly spreading all over the world, which has resulted in a human disaster as well as massive economic
damages. By the middle of June 2020, there were more than 8 million COVID‑19 cases all over the world, with more than 436,000 death
cases. The aim of this review study was to investigate the most effective therapeutic trials for COVID‑19.

In any field, learning among learners happens in all three domains, namely, knowledge, skill, and attitudes. In contrast to
knowledge and skill domains, “attitude domain” is difficult to teach and even more difficult to assess. The purpose of the current
review was to explore the different ways in which attitude domain can be taught and assessed during the medical education
training. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine, and a total of
six studies were selected based on the suitability with the current review objectives and analyzed. As learning should happen
in attitude domain as well, it is a must that we should orient the students about the same and accordingly formulate learning
objectives and employ appropriate learning and assessment tools. Even though it is a challenging task, nevertheless, training can
be given to medical students with regard to the development of positive attitudes. In conclusion, the presence of positive attitude
is an indispensable component to improve learning and patient care. However, considering that the training and assessment of
attitudes are often undermined, there has to be a conscious attempt from the medical educators to improve the existing scenario
and eventually improve the patient outcomes in the long run.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that needs medical support and continuing patient education to avoid acute complications and
decrease the long‑term complications. The prevalence of diabetes is high in many areas, especially Asian. There are many risk factors for
developing gestational diabetes, such as advanced gestational age, obesity, family history of DM, and previous delivery of large weight baby.
There is higher perinatal morbidity and mortality in untreated cases, but this can be reduced with proper antepartum surveillance and adequate
insulin treatment. This article consisted of an acceptable definition, pathogenesis, screening, risk factors, management of diabetes during
pregnancy, maternal and fetal complication, and prevention.

The immune system is a complicated system; it is consisted from network of specialized organs, tissues, cells, proteins, and chemicals which it has
the function to protect the host from various types of pathogens such as bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasite in addition to cancer cells. Antioxidants
are defined as agents that can prevent the damage that is caused by free radicals through scavenging of them. They decrease the damage by
neutralizing to the free radicals before they attack any of the cells and can prevent lipids, enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA damage

Antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem and a threat to public health. It occurs due to germs developing the ability to drub
the antimicrobial agents designed to kill them. The danger comes from the quickly spreading of antimicrobial resistance around
the world; therefore, it is recognized as a global public health issue by many international health organizations. Consequently, the
reduction of this issue requires major and alternative solutions at the same time. Major solutions involve the ideal use of antimicrobial
agents, conduction of antimicrobial and drugs surveillance programs, increased awareness for all categories of society, cleanliness
and disinfection, restriction of the use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and agriculture, and investigation or development of new
antimicrobial agents. Whereas, an alternative solution occurs via developing new approaches, and return to the use of ancient drug.
Hence, this review comes as an effort to make aware all the categories of society about the possible solutions of this problem.

Background: Hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) are the key factors to prevent COVID-19 disease among
healthcare workers. The documented side effects of continuous use of mask or PPE are dermatitis, but its effects on eustachian tube
seems to be neglected. Objectives: So, we conducted this study by keeping our main objective as to investigate the eustachian tube
dysfunctions (ETDs) due to continuous use of mask among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in district Nuh, Haryana. Materials
and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 217 eligible HCPs. The sample size was calculated as 97 considering
unknown prevalence of ETDs among HCPs (50%), so all HCPs were included in the study. We developed a structured questionnaire
in which responses were close-ended and it attempted to capture the responses of the study participants and an association between
variables was considered significant if the P-value was <0.05. Results: Out of the 217 subjects, only 207 subjects provided their written
consent after understanding the study objectives and 206 were included in the analysis as one subject has pre-existing ear disease. The
daily hours of mask usage among 52.4% of participants was between 4 and 8 h; 2.6% of doctors experienced severe pain and pressure
in the ear. The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Patient Questionnaire-7 (ETDQ-7) score was significantly higher among females and
mask usage of four or more hours (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study revealed that 42.3% of the participants had ETDs. The
results will facilitate hospital-level administration to provide practical recommendations to medical workers such as head-supported
mask instead of ear-supported masks and use of ear protectors.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) infection is caused by a novel coronal virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The common symptoms of the COVID‑19 patients include cough, fever, dyspnea, and myalgia. However, the
disturbances of the smell and taste are the important clinical presentations of the COVID‑19 patients. Objectives: The objective of this study
is to assess the olfactory dysfunction among COVID‑19 patients. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study, which included
COVID‑19 patients between March 2020 and August 2020. There were 192 COVID‑19 patients evaluated to find out loss of smell and taste.
The diagnosis was done from nasopharyngeal swab with laboratory confirmed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction positive for
COVID‑19. All the participating patients were undergoing proper otorhinolaryngological examinations, including anterior rhinoscopy, cold
spatula tests, and diagnostic nasal endoscopy for proper evaluation of the nose, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses. Results: There were
112 patients (58.33%) olfactory dysfunction and 86 patients had taste disturbances out of the 192 COVID‑19 patients. The mean age of the
112 patients was 52.42 years. Out of the 112 patients, 74 (66.07%) were male and 38 (33.92%) were female. Out of the 112 patients, 32 were
presented with pneumonia during their hospitalization. Olfactory dysfunction began 5.4 (4–12) days. The mean duration of the anosmia
was 9.2 (4–22) days and 96% of the cases recovered within 26 days. Conclusion: Smell and taste disturbances are the important clinical
markers for SARS‑CoV‑2 infection. Testing the smell and taste in this COVID‑19 pandemic may be helpful for the early identification of the
COVID‑19 patients and initiate early treatment or quarantine.

Background: Contrast‑induced nephropathy (CIN) has been traditionally defined as an increase in serum creatinine (sCr) after contrast
media (CM) exposure. It is generally a transient and reversible form of acute renal failure. Objectives: The objective was to compare changes
in serum creatinine and serum cystatin C (sCys C) in patients undergoing CM administration during coronary angiography (CAG) and/or
intervention, and whether these changes are a reliable index for early identification of CIN. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study,
50 patients were included, 9 of them were omitted, and remaining 41 patients undergoing CAG and/or intervention. sCr, serum urea, sCys C,
and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were evaluated at baseline as well as 24 h after exposure to CM. Results: Forty one patients,
six of them develop CIN (CIN group) and the remainder 35 not develop CIN (non-CIN group). Clinical parameters showed no significant
association between CIN group and non‑CIN group except in diabetes mellitus. As comparing patients before and after catheterization, the
CIN group showed increase in sCr and serum urea, while remain nearly the same for sCys C, and obvious decrease for eGFR1 and eGFR2, in
addition there is significant association for sCr, eGFR1, and eGFR2. In the non‑CIN group, only the serum urea showed significant difference.
Conclusion: The concentration change of sCr is significantly superior to cystatin C as an early biomarker in

Background: Sepsis is an issue of globular health care, characterized by complete inflammation of the body in response to microbial infection,
which results in organ malfunction. This becomes a chronic patient complication. Therefore, sepsis may be a diverse and combined disease
with varying etiology, severity, and treatment plan. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the existence of exposure and
the resistance of microorganisms to the range of antibiotics in subjects of the local community. Results: Among 11 species of bacteria isolated
from a variety of specimens, Escherichia coli (22.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (20.3%) were the most common organism found over the
subjects had been collected. The most sensitive antibiotics for Gram‑negative E. coli were colistin 97%, imipenem 89%, meropenem 88%, and
amikacin 79%, while the highest resistant rate was benzylpenicillin 93%, and oxacillin 86%. Methicillin‑resistant S. aureus (MRSA) prevalence
was 90%, vancomycin‑resistant S. aureus (VRSA) 31%. Conclusion: Because of the high incidence of VRSA and MRSA, clinicians should
become more vigilant in using vancomycin and another important antibiotic. Moreover, maintain this useful drug to be used for a prolonged
time with good efficacy.

Background: War with ISIS (Daesh) is plaguing the Middle East region since 2014. It had a major regional and global impact on the lives
of many. Peshmerga forces are the most active and effective ground force against ISIS. The major western forces and the international
communities including the United Nations back up these forces. Although the war started 4 years, till now, little is known about the injuries
these forces suffer from the explosive materials on the battlefield, and even less is known about the first aid and paramedic activities on the
frontlines. Material And Methods: Reports estimate that 8,610 peshmerga were injured and 1,466 have died since the war with ISIS started.
In this study, we randomly sampled the Medical records of 100 peshmerga injuries during the 3 years ISIS war( 2014 o 2017) from Duhok
Emergency Hospital. Objectives: This study aims to provide the descriptive analyses for the injuries suffered by Peshmerga forces in Duhok
region, near Mosul, ISIS’s largest captured city in Iraq where the heart of the Battlefield was located. Results: This study also provides the
information about the management lines and the outcome of these injuries. The main focus of this study is on blast and explosion injuries. It
sheds the light on the line of the medical management on the battlefield and also highlights the availability of medical staff/equipment both
at the frontlines and also at Duhok Emergency hospital which took care of the injured Peshmerga forces near Mosul. Conclusion: This study
assessed the medical services and the outcome performance of wounded Peshmerga from blast injuries during the ISIS war.

Background: People living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are more vulnerable to various forms of both short‑ and long‑term complications,
which often lead to their premature death. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of serum level of ghrelin in diabetic
postmenopausal, nondiabetic obese menopausal, and control healthy women. Materials and Methods: This case–control study included
90 participants (30 diabetic postmenopausal women, 30 nondiabetic obese menopausal women with body mass index (BMI) equal or >30, and
30 control healthy participants). Full history for referred individuals was taken and height and body weight were measured. BMI <18.5 was
considered underweight, between 18.5 and 24.9 was a normal, between 25 and 29.9 was overweight, and more than 30 was obese. Results: Age
ranged between 45 and 80 years old. Serum ghrelin had highly significant difference in obese comparison to both diabetes and control groups,
and there is a significant difference between obese and diabetes with higher concentration in obese than diabetic group. Mean fasting blood
glucose (FBG) showed a highly significant difference between obese, diabetes, and control groups with higher concentration in both obese
and diabetes participants, and specifically, there is a significant difference between diabetes and obese groups with higher concentration in
diabetic than obese group. BMI showed a significant difference and higher level in obese in comparison to other two groups. The serum ghrelin
had a moderate significant correlation with FBG in obese but insignificant correlation with both diabetes and control groups. FBG shows no
significant correlation with BMI in all three groups. Conclusion: There is an inverse relationship between fasting glucose and ghrelin level in
type 2 diabetic patients and positive correlation in obesity.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a disease with multiple causes and has a low incidence rate. Seizure is one of
the most common complications of CVT. The rate at which seizure occurs following CVT and the risk factors associated with that
occurrence is a debated issue. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of seizure and its associated and risk
factors for patients with CVT. Subjects and Methods: This was an observational study that included a total of 30 adult patients with
CVT. Data, including age, sex, clinical manifestations such as fever, headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and focal neurologic
signs, such as sensory disturbances, were collected. Imaging findings that included hemorrhagic lesion, infarction, and thrombus site
were also reported. Patients were followed up for 6 months from the initial diagnosis to recognize the development of seizures. Results:
Within 6 months of follow-up, 13 (43.3%) patients developed generalized seizures, which was the most common type of CVT. The
superior sagittal sinus (SSS) occlusion was recognized in 84.62% of patients with seizures and 48.06.5% in patients without seizures.
Similarly, the right lateral sinus was occluded in 84.62% of patients with seizures as compared with 41.18% among those without
seizures. Contraceptive use was reported in 61.54%of patients with seizures versus 17.65% in those without seizures with a significant
difference. Conclusion: The involvement of SSS and lateral right sinus occlusion and use of contraceptives could be warning signs and
a risk factor for the development of seizures in patients with CVT.

Background: There are many unique features related to substance abuse in the elderly, which is an underestimated problem in society.
Objectives: A cross‑sectional exploratory study was conducted in a North Indian tertiary care setting to assess the pattern of substance use
in the elderly. Materials and Methods: Fifty cases were included in the study via purposive sampling; a Drug Abuse Monitoring System
pro forma and a semistructured pro forma designed to gather information on sociodemographic and substance use characteristics were used.
Descriptive statistics were applied. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviations and categorical variables as
counts and percentages. Results: The mean age of the samples was 64.12 ± 4.54 years. Alcohol use was noted in 66% of the cases, tobacco use
in 76%, opioid use in 16%, cannabinoid use in 4%, and sedative/hypnotic use in 4%. Majority of the cases were married, studied up to high
school, self‑employed, and living in joint family. Majority of the cases had initiation of substance use in young age due to peer pressure, and
the reason for change in pattern were in majority mainly family issues and tolerance. Majority of the cases were brought by family members
for treatment seeking. Conclusions: The issue of substance abuse in elderly population is underestimated, and studies are scarce in finding
the exact prevalence in the society.

Background and Objective: Patients with diabetes mellitus are at high risk of developing hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus
(HCV) infections owing to frequent hospitalization and blood investigations. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence
of HBV and HCV infections among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in Duhok. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study,
a total of 200 patients with DM type 1 and 2 were included. Patients’ serum samples were obtained to study HBsAg, and anti-HCV
assays were done by the enzyme immunoassay method. Patients diagnosed to be positive for HBsAg and anti-HCV were referred to
the infectious diseases unit for further evaluation. Results: The mean age of patients was 53.33 ± 11.25 years (mean±SD). More than
two-thirds of them (70.0%) were females. The crude prevalence rates of HBV and HCV in patients with T2DM were 1.5% and 1.0%,
respectively. The diabetes-specific seroprevalence of infection with HBV and HCV was 1.5% and 1.0%, respectively. The study did
not show that baseline and clinical characteristics are related to developing viral hepatitis infection in diabetic patients. Conclusion:
The study showed a very low seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV infection in type 2 diabetic patients with no relationship with
clinical information.

Background: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal (EETS) approach is a minimally invasive technique that has gained increased
acceptability for the removal of sellar and para-sellar tumors. Objectives: To evaluate the EETH in the skull base center of Basra and
compare our EETH procedures with others done in different centers. Patients and Methods: A prospective observational study was
carried out in Basra skull base center at Al-Sader Teaching Hospital between August 2017 and July 2019, and it included 50 patients
(29 female and 21 male) with a female to male ratio of 1.38:1. We included all patients with a pituitary tumor fit for surgery, and there
were no exclusion criteria. The standard technique involved a unilateral, endoscopic, and endonasal approach to the sella turcica via
an anterior sphenoidotomy, with enlargement of the natural sphenoid ostium using powered instrumentation and 0° and 30° rigid
endoscopes for visualization. This was performed as a joint procedure by a consultant otolaryngologist and a consultant neurosurgeon.
Results: The most common presenting symptom for pituitary tumor was headache, which is present in 80% (40 patients) of patients,
followed by visual disturbance in 56% (28 patients). The MRI study of the brain and sellar region shows that 46 patients (90%)
were diagnosed as having pituitary adenomas. Eighty-four patients present had a tumor larger than 1 cm in size. Sixty eight percent
(34 patients) had an abnormal hormonal study before the operation, whereas 32% (16 patients) had a normal hormonal analysis.
Histopathological examination of the tumors showed pituitary adenoma in 90% (45 patients), followed by craniopharyngiomas in
6% (three patients) and 2% (one patient) was Rathke’s cyst and 2% (one patient) was pituitary carcinoma. Postoperative follow-up
result indicated headache improvement in 82% (34 patients), improvement in menstrual disturbance in 67% (13 patients), and vision
improvement in 46% (13 patients). Seventy-four percent showed hormonal normalization after EETH, which is statistically significant
(P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study show that endoscopic, endonasal, transsphenoidal hypophysectomy is a minimally invasive, effective,
and safe procedure to remove pituitary tumors.

Background and Objective: Acute myocardial infarction is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity across the world. Acute
myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation has been considered a common cardiac emergency and has considerable morbidity
and mortality. The role of uric acid (UA) in the mortality rate of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was examined
in the present study. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, 107 patients diagnosed with STEMI aged 18 years and older
in the coronary care unit at Azadi Teaching Hospital, Duhok, Iraq from April 20, 2017 to December 20, 2017 were followed up for
1 month to determine the 30-day mortality in relation to serum UA level. Results: The mean age of patients was 55.27±13.59 years.
The inferior type of STEMI was the most prevalent one among the patients (45.1%). Serum UA was not significantly different in both
the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The study did not show UA as a risk factor for mortality in patients with STEMI.

Background: Post–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms tend to persist in many survivors of COVID-19. Objectives: To
find out the prevalence of persistent symptoms that continue to appear after the eradication of the COVID-19 infection among Iraqi
survivors. We hypothesized that wearing a mask during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to a lesser viral load in an individual who
gets infected, thereby leading to milder symptoms and manifestations. Materials and Methods: Overall, 70 consecutive Iraqi patients
diagnosed with COVID-19 during the period from early August to late September 2020 were enrolled in the study, and on a mean
of 31 days after recovery, they were assessed for persistent symptoms after the acute COVID-19 infection. Results: The mean age ±
SD was 40.5 ± 16.1 years old. On a mean of 31 days post-COVID-19 recovery, 91.4% of all the patients had at least one persistent
symptom. The most common persistent symptoms recorded were fatigue (42.9%), dyspnea (32.8%), and chest pain (25.7%). There
was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.002) among patients with hypertension, among whom 45.5% had persistent palpitation.
Among patients with ischemic heart disease, 25% had constant chest pain, and 37.5% complained of palpitation post-recovery. Patients
who had used masks before infection (85.4%) were managed at home, and they did not require hospitalization. Overall, 45.7% of those
dyspneic during the infection period were still complaining of exertional dyspnea post-recovery (P = 0.041). Conclusion: A large
proportion of the Iraqi patients with COVID-19 infection had persistent symptoms after recovery. The use of a mask before infection
showed mild symptoms during the acute phase, and hospitalization or oxygen therapy was not indicated for them.

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder mainly affecting the axial skeleton, although
peripheral joints, entheses, and extra-articular tissues such as eyes, heart, and lungs may also be involved. Raised inflammatory
markers in patients with AS at the start of anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy are associated with more clinical response.
Objectives: The aim of this article is to assess the role of raised inflammatory markers in predicting response to anti-TNF drugs in
patients with AS. Materials and Methods: The prospective cohort study enrolled a total of 71 patients with AS. Nineteen patients were
excluded from the study due to discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy and 52 patients continued in the study and were followed for
3 months. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35.2±9.6 years, males constitute 84.6% of them and the median disease duration
was 5 (3–10) years. Univariate analysis showed that the predictors of response to anti-TNF drugs were raised baseline C-reactive
protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, and Bath Ankylosing
Spondylitis Functional Index. Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent predictor for response to anti-TNF drugs
was raised baseline CRP. The optimal cut point for CRP to predict response was >7.5 mg/L, whereas that for ESR was >32 mm/h.
Conclusion: Raised inflammatory markers at baseline predict better response to anti-TNF drugs in AS patients. CRP had better
prediction of response to anti-TNF drugs than ESR.

Introduction: Globally, hepatitis C virus (HCV) has infected about 180 million people by 2019. The World Health Organization
(WHO) reports that 71 million people worldwide are infected with chronic HCV. HCV is considered as a main public health problem
globally, and recently it has been observed that the prevalence of this virus is declining but still populations with asymptomatic chronic
HCV exists. The main objective of the present study was to determine the effects of TLR3 gene single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP) on the susceptibility of HCV infections in Erbil city of Iraq. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, samples were collected
from many private hospitals, which included 50 samples from patients with HCV and 10 samples as controls from healthy people.
The sample followed molecular techniques for determining toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) SNP. Finally, the results were analyzed using
Chromas-Pro software. Results: The results of the present study showed that both age and gender have a crucial role in HCV infection.
About 66% of the HCV patients were males and 64% of patients were above 40 years. Conclusion: The results concluded that there
was a significant relation between TLR 3 SNP (rs78726532 polymorphism) and the risk of HCV infection in population of Erbil city.

Background: Oxidative coupling reactions are among the most important reactions that have wide applications in chemistry, and the
oxidative coupling process involves the interaction of two or more organic substances in the presence of an oxidizing agent, where an
oxidation process occurs for these substances forming intermediate compounds that interact with each other to form a colored product
that can be determined by either spectrophotometric, polarographic, or various chromatographic methods and these reactions were
used to quantify many different organic and inorganic compounds. In this article, the spectrophotometric determination of salbutamol
was done by an oxidative coupling reaction with the reagent 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid in the presence of potassium per sulfate.
Objective: In this study, we developed a simple, rapid, sensitive, selective, and accurate UV-visible spectrophotometric method for
analyzing salbutamol in pure drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. Materials and Methods: Based on oxidative reaction with
1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid at pH 11.24, form a yellow-orange colored product in alkaline medium has a maximum absorbance
at 470 nm. The Beer’s law is followed in the concentration range 5–23 μg/mL. Results: The product was stable for 60 min, molar
absorptivity was found to be 0.8054 × 104 L·mol−1·cm−1, and sandal index was 0.0296 μg·cm−2 with a relative error (RE) of 0 to −0.79,
and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.54%–1.84%. Detection limit (DL) was 0.227 μg/mL, quantitative limit (QL) was 0.756μg/
mL, correlation coefficient was 0.9998, and recovery was 99.51%, respectively. Conclusion: The method was found to be accurate and
precise, as indicated by recovery studies which is up to 100% and relative standard deviation is not more than 2 that is good result. The
proposed method has been successfully applied in the determination of preparations containing salbutamol.

Background: Ceruloplasmin (CP) is a copper-containing glycoprotein found in the globulin portion of human blood serum 2. CP,
a glycoprotein secreted by hepatocytes, carries more than 90% of copper in the bloodstream of healthy people. CP is an effective
antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation by removing oxygen. CP inhibits lipid peroxidation initiation. CP has function also known
as an extracellular superoxide dismutase species (SOD) that neutralizes radicals of superoxide anions. Aims: The aim of this study is
to understand the status of CP in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients, which could yield important information regarding the overall
oxidative stress and iron storage. Out of the total 86 samples, 50 samples were patients who have been diagnosed with CLD, especially
chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), collected from the Center of Internal Medicine and Cardiology in
Marjan Teaching Hospital in Hillah city, Babylon Province, Iraq and other samples were healthy controls. Materials and Methods: The
CP oxidase activity test was processed by PPD buffer oxidation. Ferritin concentration was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay. Results: There were no significant differences in levels of ferritin between HBV and HCV patient groups, but there are slight
increases in the mean of CP activity in the HCV patients. A positive significant correlation was observed between CP activity and
ferritin. Conclusion: 1. CP activity increases in CLD patient and in HCV more than HBV. 2. CP activity is affected by viral load so
it increases in positive viral load patients compared with negative viral load patients. 3. There was a positive correlation between CP
activity and ferritin. 4. Serum ferritin is not affected by CLD.

Background: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by multiple symptoms such as positive symptoms, negative
symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Cognitive deficit can be detected with specific neurophysiological tests. Among these tests are
the measurements of auditory P300 event-related potential which is a neurophysiological method that allows the examination of
cognitive functioning of the human brain. Objective: The aim of this article is to assess cognitive deficits in chronic schizophrenia
patients by studying the amplitude and latency of P300 potential and to compare findings with those from control subjects. Materials
and Methods: The present study was a case–control study extended from January 2020 to May 2020. Forty subjects were enrolled in
this study: 20 patients aged 20–50 years comprising 11 males and 9 females diagnosed with schizophrenia and 20 apparently healthy
volunteers comprising 11 males and 9 females were analyzed. Results: The results of the current study revealed that a highly significant
difference was found in the years of education between patients and controls (P-value <0.001) with no significant difference to be
noticed regarding age or gender. When analyzing the P300 component with an unpaired t-test, the patient group showed delayed
latency and smaller P300 amplitude than the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: The present study concludes that P300 indices
could be valuable biomarkers to assess changes in cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia.

Background: As the subject pathology in second MBBS represents a transition phase between theoretical knowledge regarding
etiopathogenesis of a disease and communication with patients in clinics, the main goal of a medical teacher is to provide a framework
for the description of disease course and to understand the clinical signs/symptoms for management aspects as well. Objectives:
The aim of this article is to find out students’ perception of importance of pathology subject in MBBS curriculum as well as to
assess subject understanding, teaching methodology, and assessment criteria. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional descriptive
e-platform-based feedback analysis. Materials and Methods: Ninety-eight students of 2nd MBBS (2018 batch) who were about to
appear in university examination in the year 2020 were enrolled. The feedback from students was obtained. Results: About 75.8%
of students were satisfied with number of lectures for the chapters taught during their tenure. About 91% (n = 81) opined that
combination of two or more methods is better while teaching for better understanding; 73.6% (n = 67) felt that pathology lectures
were interactive enough. About 80.2% (n = 73) opined that adequate diagrams, flow charts, tables, and clinical applications were
included in the lectures, and 79.1% (n = 72) of the students opined that they could implement the knowledge gained in first year
whereas 82.5% was same regarding implementation in clinical posting. About 71.34% (n = 65) suggested that weightage of internal
examination marks should be increased and 50% passing cut off in university examination should be reduced. Conclusion: The study
has emphasized the importance of pathology as a subject for understanding clinical subjects and underlines the need of a few changes
in teaching-learning process and assessment criteria as per student’s perception. As NMC has implemented its competency-based
curriculum from 2019 batch onwards, it requires a fundamental change of the roles and commitments of not only educators but also
planners and policymakers.

Angiokeratomas are vascular abnormalities that usually appear as multiple or solitary cutaneous plaques. Several clinical variants
have been designated, with the same principal histopathological lesion. Mucosal affections, including the oral cavity, are infrequently
found either as a component of the systemic variety, called angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, or are associated with cutaneous lesions
in more locations. Isolated oral involvement seems to be rather infrequent. Here, we report a case of this rare entity affecting a 6-yearold
boy in the dorsum of the tongue.

Dear Editor
Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most important
preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality.
It increases the risk for cardiovascular, renal, neurological
diseases, and premature death. Early identification of this
medical health problem may help to minimize its incidence
and related complications.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.13
billion people worldwide have HTN; most of them (twothirds)
live in low- and middle-income countries, and Iraq is
one of the countries that are facing this burden. One of the
global targets for noncommunicable diseases by the WHO is
to reduce the prevalence of HTN by 25% by 2025 (baseline
2010).[1] According to WHO, up to 40% of Iraqi people who
are ≥25 years have HTN and they reported that there was a
higher prevalence of HTN in women.[1]
Studies in different regions in Iraq have shown a prevalence
of HTN across different cities of Erbil (2019) of 88.8%,[2]
Nasiriya (2014) of 77.8%,[3] and Bagdad (2019) of 63.5%[3]
among older patients (>60 years).
During the last 10 years, Iraq was

In below listed two articles [1-2] that were published in Medical Journal of Babylon in 2020 the name of the sixth author
is written incorrectly as “Dlovan Mustafa Fateh Jalal” instead of “Dlovan Muhammed-Fateh Jalal”.