Iraqi Journal of Science

A newly derivative of oxazolidin-5- one namely [2-(2-biphenyl-4-yl-imidazo
[1,2-a] pyridine-3-yl)-3-(4-nitro-phenyl)-oxazolidin-5-one (BIPNO5)] was examined as an corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel surface. Quantum mechanical method of Density Functional Theory (DFT) with (B3LYP (6-311++G (2d, 2p)) level of theory was used to calculate the minimize structure, physical properties and inhibition chemical parameters, in vacuum and two solvents (DMSO and H2O), all at equilibrium geometry. The results indicated that the new derivative could adsorb on the surface of carbon steel through the heteroatom, showing that the new inhibitor has good corrosion inhibition performance.

This study aims to evaluate the adsorption isotherm of carbon microparticles prepared from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds for adsorbing curcumin (as a model of dye). The results were derived and compared using the kinetics approach based on several standard adsorption isotherm models, namely the Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The second aim is to evaluate the effects of carbon particle size (from 100 to 1000 m) on the adsorption characteristics. The experimental results showed that the adsorption on the surface of carbon microparticles occurred in monolayer with a physical phenomenon. This is because the active areas are located only on the outer surface of carbon and no surface structure in the carbon is available. This is confirmed by the fact that the produced carbon has less porosity and the pores themselves are mostly produced from the release of inorganic contents during carbon synthesis, while the amount of inorganic content is very less. The confirmation of the adsorption profile was also achieved by testing various sizes of carbon microparticles. Smaller particles have direct impacts on the improvement of adsorption capacity, which is due to the existence of a larger surface area, a larger number of adsorption sites, and additional cooperative adsorption, i.e. adsorbate-adsorbate interaction. Understanding the adsorption phenomena occurring on carbon particles is useful for further developments and applications, such as those of catalysts and adsorbents, especially concerning the production of carbon materials from organic waste.

Rhizobium bacteria was isolated from the root nodules of Medicago sativa plants and, based on morphological and some biochemical properties, it was characterized as Sinorhizobium meliloti. We studied the ability of this isolate, as well as that of Agrobacterium rhizogenes R1601, to produce the auxin indole acetic acid (IAA). For purposes of control, both isolates, in the absence of tryptophan-L, were similarly tested. The identification of IAA was achieved by checking the colour reactions with Salkowski’s reagent. Low amounts (23, 69 and 26,77 μɡ/ml) of IAA were produced by S.meliloti and A.rhizogenes after 24 and 72 hours of incubation, respectively. S.meliloti was distinguished by the high production of this auxin (612μg/ml) when adding 0.1% tryptophan to the growth medium (YEM), as compared to the amount of its production by the other bacteria. Therefore, this isolation was used to determine the highest production of IAA at optimal conditions, which reached to 553,550 and 610,662 μg/ml in liquid YEM medium supported with tryptophan-L (both at 0.5 and 1.0%) and a medium supported with glucose and lactose sugar (10%), after 72 hours of incubation, respectively. The 72-hour incubation period was better than that of 24-hour in obtaining an additional amount of IAA, which ranged between 0.6 and 0.7g/l. A spot of IAA produced by rhizobium bacteria was created corresponding to the standard spot of IAA in the thin layer chromatography (TLC) detection experiment.

The condition of elevated concentrations of triglyceride in the blood is called hypertriglyceridemia, which triggers the onset of some physiological disorder. This study was carried out to find the correlation between body weight and hypertriglyceridemia. Out of 518 cases, 342 individuals were underweight, with body mass index (BMI) values of ≤18, while their mean serum triglyceride level was 172.4 ± 25.2mg/dl. In addition, 99 cases had normal BMI of >18, whereas 60 were overweight ( BMI = 25-29), with mean serum triglyceride level of 182.3 ± 15.9. Also, 17 cases were obese (BMI >30), where the mean triglyceride level was 202 ± 25.6. The results showed no significant differences in terms of weight categories and triglyceride levels, whereas significant effects of marital status, daily exercise, and diet on elevated triglyceride levels were observed. These findings conclude that underweight and normal BMI individuals were as much at risk of elevated level of triglyceride as overweight and obese ones, which are mostly at higher risk. Moreover, daily exercise and supplementary nutrient have significant effects on triglyceride level.

Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) is a significant global health threat that is responsible for approximately 170 million chronic infections worldwide. A feasible research was conducted to provide more understanding of viral load, effectiveness of Harvoni drug on virus concentration, and distribution of virus genotypes in Iraqi patients. Ninety eight HCV cases were investigated in this research , including 52 untreated, with an average age ± SE of 45.26 ± 2.97 years, and 46 treated with Harvoni therapy, with an average age of 39.30 ± 3.90 years. In addition, eighty healthy persons with an average age of 29.40 ± 2.84 years were included as control. These cases were attending to the Special Nursing Home Hospital in Baghdad between December 2018 and January 2019. They were diagnosed with this disease by using a real-time PCR to concentrate the viral level and determine viral genotypes. Statistical analysis showed that high substantial variances in virus concentration between untreated and treated patients and between both groups versus apparently healthy volunteers group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, genotype 4 was shown to be higher in our sample of Iraqi hepatitis C patients in comparison with the other patterns.

The usage of blue laser has been considered as a therapeutic approach to prohibit the viability of bacterial species, but there is no agreement about optimum parameters to be used. The aim of this project is to study the influence of blue laser (450 nm) on the viability of the gram-negative bacteria Proteus mirabilis isolated from burn wounds, using different exposure times (i.e. doses) in vitro. Seventy swab samples were collected from burn wounds of patients admitted to the burns unit in AL-Yarmouk teaching hospital in Baghdad, during the period from June to August 2019. The Bacteria were isolated and identified depending on their culture characteristics, biochemical tests, gram staining, and morphology, being finally confirmed by API 20E Test System. By using the disk diffusion method, susceptibility of the isolates to 21 different antibiotics was examined. One isolate of P. mirabilis was elected according to susceptibility to all antibiotics used. To prepare bacterial solution, P. mirabilis was mixed with normal saline solution. Dilution of 10-6 cell/ml for p. mirabilis was selected from other serial dilutions. A number of colonies and colony forming units (CFUs/ml) were achieved and correlated to controls. P. mirabilis was irradiated by blue diode laser (450 nm, 500mw) and exposed to different doses (24, 48, 72, 96, 120J/cm2) corresponding to respective exposure times (4, 8,12,16,20 minutes). The results of antibiotic susceptibility test indicate that the entire isolates of P. mirabilis were multidrug resistant. With the increase in laser dose (exposure times), the number of colonies and CFUs/ml were reduced, reaching a highest inhibition in CFU/ml at exposure time of 20 minutes, i.e. a dose of 120J/cm2 , with irradiance of 0.1 watt/ cm2. No significant reduction was recorded in CFU/ml at exposure time of 4 min (a dose of 24J/cm2). As a conclusion, the blue laser irradiation at wavelength of 450 nm and 500mw had antibacterial effects on P. mirabilis isolated from burn wounds with irradiance of 0.1watt/cm2 in vitro, as evidenced by the effective reduction in the viability of bacteria at a dose of 120J/cm2 corresponding to exposure time of 20 minutes.

Enterococci are usually encountered and predominate in oral infections, especially those associated with dental root canal infections of necrotic pulp and periodontitis. This study aimed to detect and identify Enterococcus faecium isolated from infected root canals, using polymerase chain reaction ( PCR). Thirty samples were collected from patients with necrotic pulp, infected root canals, and endodontic treatment failure, attending the Conservative Treatment Department, College of Dentistry, Mosul University, Dental Teaching Hospital. The samples were obtained by inserting sterile paper points into the root canals and transferred in brain heart infusion broth vials to be inoculated in a selective M-Enterococcus Agar Base . Twenty five isolates that belong to the genus Enterococcus were recognized by traditional culture methods and biochemical tests. Then, DNA extractions of these isolates were carried out for identification with PCR by the amplification of ddI (D-Ala-D-Ala Ligase) chromosomal genes of Enterococcus faecium. Among the 25 isolates, twenty (80%) were identified to the level of Enterococcus faecium by traditional culture methods and biochemical tests, in comparison to 17 (68%) identified by molecular identification. The PCR products for the specific primer produced bands on agarose gel at the position of 658bp. The study showed that the use of PCR with primers for the E. faecium ddI gene may be the most accurate method for rapid identification of Enterococci. Molecular
identification of Enterococcus spp. revealed a significant role of E. feacium in root canal infections. Also, the detection of ddI gene using PCR provides a definitive target that could be used for the detection of E. faecium from clinical samples.

Pandemic COVID-19 is a contagious disease affecting more than 200 countries, territories, and regions. Recently, Iraq is one of the countries that have immensely suffered from this outbreak. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) is also prone to the disease. Until now, more than 23,000 confirmed cases have been recorded in the region. Since the onset of the COVID-19 in Wuhan, based on epidemiological modelling, researchers have used various models to predict the future of the epidemic and the time of peak, yielding diverse numbers in different countries. This study aims to estimate the basic reproductive number [R0] for COVID-19 in KRI, using the standard SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Removed) epidemic model. A system of nonlinear differential equations was formulated and solved numerically by the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The reproductive numbers R0 was estimated by the method of fitting the curves between the actual daily data and numerical solution by applying the least square method. For the analysis, data were taken for the duration of 165 days, from 1st of March to 12th August 2020, in a population of 5.2 million. It is concluded that the R0 value was fluctuating during the outbreak, with an average of 1.33, predicting that infection cases will reach their maximum value of around 540,000 on the 5th of November 2020. Then, the spread of the disease will die out since the number of susceptible people will decrease to about 3.2 million. While the number of removed individuals will reach approximately to 1.5 million.

The effect of myeloid leukemia, especially cute myeloid leukemia (AML), has been widely noticed on the parameters of liver and kidney functions and the levels of certain hormones. This study aimed to evaluate a number of biochemical parameters of liver and kidney functions and hormones in Iraqi subjects with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Eighty newly diagnosed AML adult patients (40 males and 40 females) and forty healthy individuals (20 males and 20 females) with an age range of 16-75 years were involved in this study during their attendance at the Hematology Department of Baghdad Teaching Hospital/ Medical city in Baghdad province from March 2019 to February 2020. Blood samples were collected from all subjects for the determination of serum levels of the parameters of liver function parameters., kidney function , lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Erythropoietin (EPO). The results showed that the serum levels of liver function parameters (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) had highly significant increases (p< 0.01) in AML patients (85.87±2.49 , 53.93±1.76, 150.87±7.04 U/L, respectively) as compared to the control (30.58 ±2.04, 22.89 ±0.97, 75.51 ±2.12 U/L, respectively ). Also, the level of kidney function parameters (blood urea, creatinine and uric acid) showed highly significant increases (p< 0.01) in AML patients (58.82 ±1.49, 1.831 ±0.05, 8.34 ±0.15 mg/dl, respectively) as compared to the control (31.10 ±1.03, 0.850 ±0.02, 4.81 ±0.14 mg/dl, respectively). In addition, the level of LDH showed a highly significant increase (p< 0.01) in the patients with AML (657.72 ±80.76 U/L) as compared to the control (166.05 ±6.15 U/L). Moreover, the level of EPO showed a highly significant increase (p<0.01) in the patients with AML (11763.80 ±329.46 pg/ml ) as compared to the control (316.94 ±34.42 pg/ml).

The protective effects of red cabbage and garlic extracts against liver, kidney and thyroid gland damage induced by fumonisin B1 (FB1) in male mice were studied. Sixty mice divided in to six groups. Group one are the healthy mice, Group two are mice that received a daily oral dose of only FB-1 (100 μg/kg.b.w) for 1 month, Group three: are mice that received red cabbage extract (500 mg/kg.bw) plus FB1, Group four: are mice that received red cabbage extracts, Group five: are mice that received garlic extract (500mg/kg.bw) plus FB1, group 6:are mice that received only garlic extract. After finishing the experiments, samples of blood were used for biochemical examination. The results indicated that group (2) mice treated with fumonisin B1 had significantly increased levels of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), kidney function parameters (urea and creatinine), proteins (albumin and total protein (TP)), and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), along with significantly decreased level of TSH (p < 0.05). In the LD50 experiment, we are choose concentration (100 μg/kg.b.w) gavage to the mice. Oral administration red cabbage garlic extracts produced significantl reduction the levels serum IgG, IgM, T3, T4, urea, creatinine, TP and albumin and with a significant increase in TSH.

This study aimed to stand on genetic effects important of cabergoline drug. This toxic effect was evaluated for three different doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mg/ml) in comparison with control (PBS/ phosphate buffer saline) both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo study involved the cytogenetic evaluation of cabergoline in mice by examination of mitotic index percentage (MI), micronucleus formation (MN) and chromosomal aberrations. Result indicated that all the tested doses cause significant reduction in MI percentage, while significant rise was seen with both MN formation and all studied chromosomal aberrations. While in vitro study involved measuring the effect of cabergoline on normal cell line (REF/ Rat embryonic fibroblast) by studing cell viability through MTT assay and a TP53 codon 72 polymorphism (rs1042522) through (PCR-RFLP). Results recorded that cabergoline caused high proliferation of normal cells at all doses and p53 polymorphism showed that the Arg allele yielding two fragments 213 and 140 bp after cleaving with BstuI,, while the Pro allele had a single 353 bp band because it did not cleaved by BstuI. In conclusion and according to the results care should be taken while obtaining cabergoline as a results of its genetic side effects.

This study was carried out in the Center of Endocrinology and Diabetes in Baghdad during the period between October 2019 to February 2020. The aim was to measure the level of some apoptosis markers and some autoimmune antibodies related to the thyroid gland in Iraqi patients with hyperthyroidism and evaluate the correlation between all the measured parameters. The study included 88 patients who were divided into three groups; group 1 included 30 newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism patients (24 females, 6 males); group 2 included 30 patients of hyperthyroidism who were under treatment (28, 2 males); group 3 included 28 healthy individuals as control group (22 females, 6 males).
Most of the patient's ages ranged between 40 to 60 years (73.3%), while60.7% of the control group were within the same age category. The highest rate of disease was in females compared with males (86.7% vs. 13.3%). The current study included 30% of newly diagnosed hyperthyroid patients and 30% of patients undergoing treatment for a while. The majority of the hyperthyroidism patients, both newly diagnosed and treated, were overweight, and they accounted for 53.3% of each group.
Highly significant differences (p=0.001) were found in the level of TNF-α in the newly diagnosed and under treatment patient groups in comparison with the level in the control group. The results show a significant decrease in TNF-α level in the treated patients as compared to its levels in the other groups, which indicates that this factor is affected by the given therapy.
It was found that 25% of the patients with hyperthyroidism were suffering from diabetes, with a significant correlation (p=0.009) between hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus. It was observed that these patients have a significant increase (p=0.038) in the level of p53 as compared to its level in patients with non-diabetic hyperthyroidism patients and healthy subjects.
This study shows a non-significant negative correlation between TNF-α and TSH levels (r= -0.06) and a non-significant positive correlation between TNF-α and p53 levels (r= 0.17) in hyperthyroidism patients.
The positive correlations between some apoptosis markers and anti-TSHR antibodies and between TSH and these antibodies in hyperthyroidism patients refers to an increase in the concentration of apoptosis markers, which may lead to an increase in the levels of thyroid autoantibodies, which affects thyroid tissue potency and increases thyroid hormone production.

Essential oils of eucalyptus leaves and clove buds were isolated and tested for their bioherbicidal potential on different annual weed species. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry analysis (GC-MS) identified thirteen compounds representing around 87.11% of the total isolated eucalyptus oil. The main constituent was 1,8-cineole, which accounted for 68.15% of the total identified compounds. As for clove oil, eleven compounds were identified, representing 90.03% of the total compounds. Eugenol was the dominant compound and accounted for 73.89%. The bioherbicidal efficacy of the two oils and their combinations by three concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10%) were tested on four weedy species, namely Chenopodium album, Raphanus raphanistrum, Melilotus indicus, and Sisymbrium irio. The isolated oils significantly affected the dry weight and inhibited the seedling growth of the four weedy species. Using the two essential oils, individually or within their combinations, showed the highest bioherbicidal efficacy against the targeted weeds in comparison with the synthetic herbicide. In addition, utilization of the two essential oils as natural bioherbicides caused an electrolyte leakage as a result of membrane disruption and loss of integrity of weed seedling tissues. The results showed the possibility of using eucalyptus and clove essential oils individually or in combination as a desirable alternative to synthetic herbicides for sustainable weed management.

In this work, polypyrrole (PPy) composites were chemically prepared by a chemical oxidation method. Also, Tungsten Trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles were prepared and added in certain proportions to PPy. The structure properties were studied for the polypyrole and tungesten trioxide separately before mixing them together. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a hexagonal WO3 and a triclinic PPy. It was observed that the nano-composite prepared by the addition of WO3 with 10 and 20% volume ratios to PPy shows a triclinic phase with the presence of hexagons. The molecular structures of PPy, WO3, and PPy–WO3 nano composites were depicted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the scope of 400–4400 cm-1. The supercapcitors of PPy and PPy-WO3 were examined by calculating the figure of merit of the electrode (PPy and PPy-WO3) using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge and discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. It was found that the highest value of capacity (266.62 F/g) is obtained at 20% WO3 ratio.

The quaternary alloy of Cu2CdSnS4 (CCSS) is one type of thin film materials that contributes to the field of photovoltaic devices manufacturing, the importance of which has not been commonly enlightened as most of the other materials. For the preparation of CCSS thin films at 350 °C on glass substrates, the chemical spray pyrolysis technique was used. The optical properties of thin films prepared under the influence of the variation of copper solution molarity (0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09 M) on the quaternary compound were examined using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The findings of the AFM study showed the atoms on the surface that are acclimatized in the form of nanorods with an increase in the average grain size from 62.72 to 79.17 nm. The results also showed an improvement in the average surface roughness from 5.69 to 12.8 nm when copper concentration increased from 0.03 to 0.09 M. The UV-vis results showed that the optical transmittance of CCSS decreases by increasing the solution molarity of copper, with a change in the absorption edge toward the low energy side (redshift). With an increase in the wavelength between 725 and 960 nm, a low absorption coefficient was found in the infrared region, while a strong absorption coefficient in the visible range was observed with the increase in copper solution molarity. The energy gap values decreased from 1.6 to 1.47 eV when copper solution molarity increased from 0.03 to 0.09 M. By raising copper solution molarity to 0.09 M, the refractive index at the absorption edge was increased from 1.6 to 1.97, while the extinction coefficient reduced.

The current research included obtaining the best performance specifications for a silicon device with a mono-crystalline type pn junction (pn–Si). A simulation of the device was performed by the use of a computer program in one dimension SCAPS-1D in order to reach the optimum thickness for both p and n layers and to obtain the best efficiency in performance of the pn-Si junction. The optimum device efficiency was eta (η) = 12.4236 % when the ideal thickness for the p and n layers was 5μm and 1.175μm, respectively (p=5 μm and n=1.75μm).
The research included studying the effects of different spectra of solar illumination using simulation of the device; the usual solar spectrum AM1_5 G1 sun. Spectrum, Black body spectrum, White spectrum constant photon flux, White spectrum constant photon power, Monochromatic spectrum constant flux, and Monochromatic spectrum constant power. The highest efficiency was obtained from the monochrome spectrum with constant power (eta (η) =22.4338 %). The effects of different temperatures on the device was studied on 250K, 300K, 350K, 400K, and 450K. The highest efficiency was revealed for Monochromatic spectrum constant power (eta (η) =24.5381 %) when the temperature was 250K.

The dependence of the cross-section of the coherent and incoherent radiation peaks in the X-ray absorption experiment of different energies (20-800 Kev) was investigated. Cross-sectional dependence on the atomic number Z was included from the published data for (8) elements, ranging from carbon to silver (C-Ag). The proportional constant K was obtained between (σc/σi), with the atomic number Z from (6-47). The results show that the value of K exponentially changes with energy.

In this study, morphotectonic analyses were prepared for an anticline existing to the north of Maqloub Anticline and extends toward north - south approximately, which is unfamiliar in relation to the major extension of the anticlines in the region. The study involves a structural interpretation of the anticline's origin and its relation with the faulting in the foreland zone in this area, specifically in foothill zone, because of the major fracture that is found adjacent and parallel to the axis of this anticline.
The visual interpretation is the major tool used to determine the features of this anticline. Moreover, some facilitating remote sensing technologies, such as digital processing of satellite images and Digital Elevation Model data, were utilized to verify the shape of this geological feature.
The origin of the fold was discussed through its relationship to the associated fault within the general tectonic framework and the surrounding areas. This study addresses the tectonic mechanism of the anticline as a fold-related fault mechanism.
As a result, and through the compilation of the above interpretations, a final geological map was prepared for this anticline, along with a 3D model demonstrating its mechanism of folding. Proposed names were given to the anticline and the fault, which are Mahad Anticline and Mahad Fault , according to the name of their nearest town (Mahad Town).

The environmental impact was illustrated by rockslide and erosion on the Duhok Dam and its reservoir. The evaluation of the geotechnical characteristics of the Gercus Formation was conducted. The research plan was divided into three phases, field, laboratory, and office works. The fieldwork included studying all the geological phenomena of the region related to the environmental impact. The laboratory work focused on studying the geotechnical properties of the various rock samples taken from the Gercus Formation. Rocklab program was used to define the geotechnical properties of a rock mass. The results indicated the weak resistance of the Gercus Formation rocks to weathering and erosion processes, as well as their weak resistance to sliding. These results indicate a kind of risk for this formation on the stability of the dam, as well as its effect on the size of the reservoir storage, due to erosion and deposition of huge amounts of sediments in the dam reservoir.

The Yamama Formation was studied in three wells (Fh-1, Fh-2, and Fh-3) within Faihaa oil field, south Iraq. Thin sections were studied by using the polarizing microscope examination in order to determine microfossils and biozone. Thirty-five species of benthic foraminifera were recognized, including four index species. In addition, twelve species of calcareous green algae were recognized, including two index species. Other fossils that were recognized in Yamama Formation include Gastropoda, Bryozoa, Coral, Rudist, and Pelecypoda. Six biozones were observed, which are Charentia cuvillieri sp. (Range Zone of Berriasian age), Psudochryalidina infracretacea sp. (Range Zone of Berriasian age), Pseudocyclammina Lituus sp. (Range Zone of Valanginian age), Nezzazata Perforate sp.andChoffatella sp.(Assemblage Zoneof Berriasian-Valanginian age), Desycladales Green Algae- Cylindroporella sp. (Range Zone of Early Cretaceous- Berriasian age), and Desycladales Green Algae- Salpingoporella cf. circassa sp. (Range Zone of Valanginian age). According to these biozones, the age of Yamama Formation was distinguished to be the Berriasian-Valanginian.

Groundwater is considered as one of the most important sources of fresh-water, on which many regions around the world depend, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. Protecting and maintaining groundwater is a difficult process, but it is very important to maintain an important source of water. The current study aims to assess the susceptibility of groundwater to pollution using the DRASTIC model along with the GIS environments and its tool boxes. A vulnerability map was created by relying on data collected from 55 wells surveyed by the researchers as well as archived records from governmental institutions and some international organizations. The results indicate that the region falls into three vulnerability functional zones , namely very low, low and medium. Fortunately, most of the region is in a very low - low range (89-125) which covers approximately 94.6% of total area of the region, while the medium zone (125-133) forms 5.4%, as the smallest part of the total area of region. To reduce the risk of pollution in the medium zones of vulnerability, precautionary measures must be taken before commencing industrial or agricultural activities.

This paper concerns the study of ripples that occur on the windward of Barchan dunes from the dunes field of Najaf governorate, Iraq. These dunes consist mainly of sand sediments with variable sizes, including medium, fine, and very fine sands. Quartz represents the major light mineral in the Najaf Dunes sand. The prevailing wind direction in the study area is NW-SE. The major ripple crest series of every pattern are oriented perpendicular to the NW-SE wind direction, whereas imbricated ripple groups within the troughs of the preexisting ripples are created by the WSW-ENE wind trend. These ripples tend to be formed by shortened ripples that occupy the troughs of the prolonged series. All crests of the ladderback ripples are oriented at right angles to asymmetry ripples. The ladderback ripples were noticed from fine to very fine- grained sediments, which consist mainly of quartz. The wavelength of the ladderback ripples ranges from 2 – 4 cm, while they are 0.1 – 0.2 cm in height. The occurrence of ladderback ripples within an aeolian environment indicates a variety of wind directions, which influenced the arrangements of the crest ripples.

Seventy three species of calcareous nannofossils are recorded from the studied section of Tanjero Formation at Azmer anticline, Sulimaniya, Northern Iraq. The studied section reveals four biozones arranged in an ascending order from oldest to youngest as follows; Tranolithus phacelosus Interval Biozone (CC23) Part, Rienhardtites lives Interval Biozone (CC24), Arkhangelskilla cymbiformis Interval Biozone (CC25), and Nephrolithus frequens Rang Biozone (CC26) Part. These biozones are correlated with other calcareous nannofossil biozones of both local and regional sections, leading to conclude a possible age of Late Campanian- Maastrichtian.

The purpose of this paper is to extend some results concerning generalized derivations to generalized semiderivations of 3-prime near rings.

A Module M is called cofinite J- Supplemented Module if for every cofinite submodule L of M, there exists a submodule N of M such that M=L+N with main properties of cof-J-supplemented modules. An R-module M is called fully invariant-J-supplemented if for every fully invariant submodule N of M, there exists a submodule K of M, such that M = N + K with N K K. A condition under which the direct sum of FI-J-supplemented modules is FI-J-supplemented was given. Also, some types of modules that are related to the FI-J-supplemented module were discussed.

We define skew matrix gamma ring and describe the constitution of Jordan left centralizers and derivations on skew matrix gamma ring on a -ring. We also show the properties of these concepts.

An eco-epidemiological system incorporating a vertically transmitted infectious disease is proposed and investigated. Micheal-Mentence type of harvesting is utilized to study the harvesting effort imposed on the predator. All the properties of the solution of the system are discussed. The dynamical behaviour of the system, involving local stability, global stability, and local bifurcation, is investigated. The work is finalized with the numerical simulation to observe the global behaviour of the solution.

The theory of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) was introduced in the second half of the twentieth century and aids the decision maker to resolve problems when interacting criteria are involved and need to be evaluated. In this paper, we apply MCDM on the problem of the best drug for rheumatoid arthritis disease. Then, we solve the MCDM problem via -Sugeno measure and the Choquet integral to provide realistic values in the process of selecting the most appropriate drug. The approach confirms the proper interpretation of multi-criteria decision making in the drug ranking for rheumatoid arthritis.

This paper introduces a generalization sequence of positive and linear operators of integral type based on two parameters to improve the order of approximation. First, the simultaneous approximation is studied and a Voronovskaja-type asymptotic formula is introduced. Next, an error of the estimation in the simultaneous approximation is found. Finally, a numerical example to approximate a test function and its first derivative of this function is given for some values of the parameters.

A dynamical system describes the consequence of the current state of an event or
particle in future. The models expressed by functions in the dynamical systems are
more often deterministic, but these functions might also be stochastic in some cases.
The prediction of the system's behavior in future is studied with the analytical
solution of the implicit relations (Differential, Difference equations) and
simulations. A discrete-time first order system of equations with quadratic
nonlinearity is considered for study in this work. Classical approach of stability
analysis using Jury's condition is employed to analyze the system's stability. The
chaotic nature of the dynamical system is illustrated by the bifurcation theory. The
enhancement of chaos is performed using Cosine Chaotification Technique (CCT).
Simulations are carried out for different parameter values.

This article deals with the influence of porous media on helical flows of
generalized Oldroyd-B between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders.The fractional
derivative is modeled for this problem and studied by using finite Hankel and
Laplace transforms .The velocity fields are found by using the fundamentals of the
series form in terms of Mittag-Leffler equation. The research focused on
permeability parameters,fractional parameters(????) , relaxation (????1), retardation (????2),
kinematic viscosity  , magnetic parameter(M),and time (t), which affected the
velocity fields u and w.The influences of the various flow parameters of the problem
on these distributions are debated and proved graphically by figures .

We develop the previously published results of Arab by using the function under certain conditions and using G-α-general admissible and triangular α-general admissible to prove coincidence fixed point and common fixed point theorems for two weakly compatible self –mappings in complete b-metric spaces.

Ad hoc networks are characterized by ease of setup, low costs, and frequent use in the corporate world. They ensure safety to the user and maintain the confidentiality of the information circulated. They also allow the user to address the cases of communication failure in areas subject to destruction of communication infrastructure. The proposed protocols in the ad hoc networks often build only one path to achieve communication between the nodes, due to the restrictions of battery run out and the movement of the nodes. This connection is often subject to a failure within a certain range. Thus, multiple alternate paths in ad hoc networks use a solution to failing node communications. In addition, when looking at the situation where interference is widespread, each path is preferably somewhat distant from the others. In this paper, we present a simple processing by building multipath routing that do not overlap at the level of an ad hoc network zone, which is achieved through dividing the zone. The evaluation performed by using Network Simulator (ns-allinone-3.20) showed that the proposed ad hoc network connection is more efficient than the connection with the traditional methods of constructing multipath routings.

Metaheuristic is one of the most well-known fields of research used to find optimum solutions for non-deterministic polynomial hard (NP-hard) problems, for which it is difficult to find an optimal solution in a polynomial time. This paper introduces the metaheuristic-based algorithms and their classifications and non-deterministic polynomial hard problems. It also compares the performance of two metaheuristic-based algorithms (Elephant Herding Optimization algorithm and Tabu Search) to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), which is one of the most known non-deterministic polynomial hard problems and widely used in the performance evaluations for different metaheuristics-based optimization algorithms. The experimental results of Elephant Herding Optimization algorithm and Tabu Search for solving ten different problems from the TSPLIB95 library are compared.

Cryptography steganography is a practical tool for data security. Hybridization of the cryptography with steganography can provide more security by taking advantage of each technique. This work proposes a method for improving the crypto-stego method by utilizing the proposed dictionary method to modified ciphertext. After that, the modified encrypt ciphertext id was hidden in the text by using the proposed method. For cryptography, an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was utilized to encrypt the message. The AES employed a 128bit block size and 256bit key size. The ciphertext characters were then replaced by the characters identified by a dictionary list. The dictionary is time-dependent, where each of the equivalent words shift based on the time-shift equation. The modified ciphertext was then embedded into a cover text so that the attacker cannot separate them by applying cryptanalysis. The "Modifying Spain" method used the "Space" to build a steganography tool that hides the secret message.
The simulation results show that the proposed method achieved a high-security level when the cryptography and steganography are combined in such a way that the ciphertext is changed to another value by using a dictionary with a time sequence that makes the cryptanalysis test fails to guess and identify the algorithm that has been used for encryption. The stego test shows that the proposed method achieved good results in terms of capacity and visibility, being proved to be hard to notice. The tests also prove that the proposed method runs fast with less computational requirements.

Both 13C 16O and 22Ne 25Mg reactions perform a cosmic role in the production of neutrons in AGB stars, which significantly contributes to the nucleosynthesis via the s-process. The astrophysical S-factor for both reactions is calculated in this research, utilizing EMPIRE code and depending on two parameter sets for the optical potential. These datasets were published earlier by McFadden and Satchler (denoted here as MFS) and Avrigeanu and Hodgson (denoted as AH) for the non-resonant region of the spectrum and over a temperature range of . The extrapolated S-factor at zero energy is derived to be and for 13C 16O, while the values were and for 22Ne 25Mg, using MFS and AH parameter sets, respectively, which showed a reasonable agreement with the most recommended value. The differences in the S-factor, S(E), values obtained from these two adopted parameter sets are attributed to the variations of the real potential term's diffuseness parameter that affects the reaction cross section, hence S-factor, specifically at low energy region. Moreover, the present results imply an influential enhancement of the rates by the electron shielding effect at the low-temperature region in which 13C 16O reaction is activated, especially on 22Ne 25Mg reaction. In addition, for both adopted reactions and overall selected temperature range, the reaction rates using values based on MFS showed acceptable results compared with previous compilations and reference libraries. While the results obtained from AH exceeded all the other compilations even though the resonance contributions are currently unconsidered.