Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

This study was carried out to determine the nature of the land cover in the area of Hor Ibn Najim and its surroundings. These changes had occurred changes in the environmental conditions between 1986 and 2016. Remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were used to monitor changes in the region as well as changes in NDVI values. Satellite images of Landsat 5 and 7 with sensors TM and ETM +, were used respectively. The extraction of land covers in the region was executed by the application of the supervised classification processes. The area has been classified in to six main land categories (water bodies, low density of vegetation cover, high density of vegetation cover, wetlands, abandoned land and land suitable of agriculture).

The work studied the relationship between polar jet stream core speed at 300 hPa level and the surface low pressure system on winter seasons during years from 2014 to 2016. Februaries were chosen from winter seasons which the polar jet stream passes with high frequencies over the area of study. The study presented that the structure of polar jet was almost continuous jet-type structure that the jet core was easy to recognize and it had indirect relationship with the low pressure systems at surface. the Pearson's (R) statistical test used to show the strength of that relationship which accessible values were between (0.6 - 1) that presented the core speed values as a good element to derive equation connecting between the low pressure system value in (hPa) at surface and core speed value in (kt) at 300 hPa level . The simple linear regression technique is used to drive the equation that connects between the low pressure system and the jet core speed value which was (Low pressure center value (hPa) =1042.57 ̶ (0.307 × core speed (kt) )) . The equation was tested against some jet stream cases at 300 hPa that were the highest value of the jet core speed, the lowest and middle selected value which presented the percentage errors were between (0.03-0.09). the chart analyzing presented the lowest low pressure system center corresponded the highest the jet core speed values as shown in 11 Feb., 2015 at 00 UTC which the core speed was 150 (kt) corresponding the surface low pressure system which was 993 (hPa).

Abstract Rain is one of the most important meteorological elements for the various forms of life. Over time, because of the changes in the Earth's climate, patterns of precipitation have changed. Many areas have suffered from lack of water resources. Others have become completely dry and turned into arid deserts. For these reasons, increased interest in climate studies, especially those related to rainfall. In this study, the statistical indicators was showed for the mean annual rainfall is about 225.84 mm and rainfall fluctuates around this mean, and the trend of rainfall was decreasing for period (1983-2017). The mean of monthly rainfall indicate that the highest amount is less than40 mm/month. The histograms of monthly rain shows the highest counts of(40-50) mm, (30-40) mm, (20-30) mm, ( 10-20)mm, (0-10)mm intervals for same period. By using TRMM daily rainfall maps to study the dynamical analysis of severe rainfall cases was conducted in Iraq for four individual study cases. The highest values are ranged between (80- 160) mm. Eleven meteorological elements were selected to study their behavior in the process of severe rainfall in these study cases as the (1000-500) mb thickness, mean sea level pressure, the 850 hPa (relative humidity, temperature and streamlines), the 500 hPa (vorticity and geopotential height), the 200 hPa (streamlines and isotaches), the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and the Total Cloud Water Vapor (TCWV) founding some of the results that were illustrated in this paper.

In this study heat and momentum fluxes have been determined at Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, by using eddy correlation method. It is one of the methods which determines heat and momentum fluxes and it is considered direct and accurate. This method depends on high response instruments like Ultrasonic Anemometer (model: 1590- PK- 020) which is used in this study. Observation period is about 53 days for 24 hours in months June, July and August from 15/06/2016 to 06//08/2016 and the observations included wind speed and temperature every second. MATLAB program has been used to process huge data to calculate heat and momentum fluxes (H and ). The maximum value of H equals 127.6 Wm-2 in 10:30 at 26/07/2016 and minimum value equals -58.9 Wm-2 in 07:30 at 29/06/2016, as well, the maximum value of equals 0.134535 Nm-2 in 15:00 at 03/08/2016 and minimum value equals -0.4649 Nm-2 in 03:00 at 01/07/2016. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between H and. Also maximum frequency of friction velocity at unstable conditions.

The present study was carried out in the botanical garden \\ department of biology \\ college of science in ALmustansiriyah University, Baghdad. During autumn 2016 under natural environmental conditions in plastic house. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of Onion root exudate and date fruit (Al Khastawi cultivar) aqueous extracts and yeast as root promoters on stem cuttings of the difficult rooting Quisqualis indica shrub.. All extracts were used at different concentrations (2.5, 1.25 ) gm\\ L ) , with semi hard wood cuttings for two dipping times (24, 48) hours. The results indicated that the highest concentrations and the longest dipping time gave the best results in promoting root formations. The onion root exudate gave the highest results in rooting percentage ,root numbers and root lengths compare to1000 mg\\l IBA treatment and other treatments. The biochemical analysis indicated that the absence of IAA in Onion root exudate and date fruit extract.

The present study was carried out in the botanical garden / department of biology /college of science in ALmustansiriyah University, Baghdad. During winter 2017 under natural environmental conditions in plastic house. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the N- Yttrium oxide application to reduce salt stress in 1 and 2 gm/ Lof NaCl on seed germination and seedling growth of mung been. The results reveal that N- Y2o3 gave the highest results in seed germinations and seedling growth trait (seedling lengths, shoot length, number of leaves, number of secondary roots and dry weight of seedling) of mung bean than gibberellin and aqueous extract of Liquors roots under 1 and 2 gm / L NaCl and has no significant different with control treatment.

One of the most prevalent bacterial infections are urinary tract infections (UTIs), which affect any age of individuals and they appear higher in women than men, the major problem regarding UTIs are the difficult of antibiotics treatment, due to bacterial pathogens resistance. So, the current study aimed to detect the types of bacterial pathogens and their antibiotics susceptibility of UTIs in Taiz Governorate – Yemen. In this cohort study, one hundred and ten (110) mid-stream urine samples were collected from a symptomatic UTIs patient, the type of bacterial pathogens was identified by using standard bacteriological media and biochemical tests and determine the antibiotics sensitivity to these bacteria using disk diffusion tests. Out of one hundred and ten of urine samples:: 65 of patients were females and 45 were males and the bacterial growth in these patients were sixty-four [46(58.2%)] : (33.7%) were females and (24.5%) were males. Our findings showed that the types of bacterial pathogens include: Escherichia coli (32.7%), Klebsiellapneumoniae (9.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (6.4%), Proteus mirabilis (5.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.5%). The majority (57.9%) of the isolates were from female. The prevalence of UTIs is high among patients with age between 16-30 years with the incident rate 20.9 %, age groups 1-15 years have the lower incidence rate 5.5%. UTIs were more prevalent among the rural area population, there were 50% than the population of the city center, there were 8.2% and the rate of infections were more prevalent among illiterate (no read and write) patients with incidence rate 44.5% , compared to literate (read and write) patients 13.6%. Also, our results showed that the sensitivity test against bacterial pathogens as All bacterial isolates was more sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, followed by Amikacin, Gentamycin , Cefotaxime (except Staphylococcus aureus Cefotaxime (42.9%) and Ceftriaxone (except Staphylococcus aureus) (28.6%). Staphylococcus aureus isolated also were sensitive to Erythromycin, Rifampicin, and Cephalothin. Finally, all isolates showed very high rate of resistance against Amoxicillin, ampicillin and penicillin G.

This study was carried out to detect the effect of earthworm powder on the Entamoeba histolytica in white mice and to measure the serum of two cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) of infected and treated mice with earthworm powder in comparing with metronidazole drug after 3, 7 and 9 days. Result showed that the infected mice which treated with earthworm powder in a concentration of 200 mg/ml for 10 days the level of IFN-γ in serum was (170.67, 150.33 and 145.67 pg/ml) respectively compared with control group, in the earthworm powder group (none infected) level of IFN-γ after 3, 7, 9 days was (105.50, 121.50, 127.00 pg/ml) respectively, also in the metronidazole treatment group IFN-γ level after 3, 7, 9 days was (188.33, 263.50, 253.33 pg/ml) respectively compared to control group. In the treatment earthworm powder group level IL-10 after 3, 7, 9 days was (108.67, 105.67 and 103.17 pg/ml) respectively compared with control group, but in the earthworm powder group (none infected) level IL-10 after 3, 7, 9 days was (95.67, 95.83, 95.67 pg/ml) respectively, also in the metronidazole treatment group IL-10 level after 3, 7, 9 days was (109.83, 107.67, 103.33 pg/ml) respectively compared with control groups.

Clinical specimens from burns, wounds and UTI`s, were collected from four hospitals in Baghdad area, and local isolates of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were obtained. Five monosubstituted metal cholates were prepared by reacting monoequivalents of sodium cholate with metal salts in two different solvent, viz. 95% ethanol or water. Ten monosubstituted metal cholates were obtained, and characterized by their physical and spectrophotometric properties. It is the first time to report systematic preparation, characterization and study of such monosubstituted metal cholate. The growth curves for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in the presence of metal cholates, revealed that the time for logarithmic phase were reduced from 25-30 to 5-25 minutes for both bacteria, while the stationary phase from 90-100 to 40-60 minutes. The antibacterial activities of the prepared metal cholates against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were determined by broth dilution method in the presence of metal cholates. It was found that in the presence of the metal cholates, the MBC values were found to be within the range.

Homocysteine (Hcy) has been considered as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD Oxidative stress and free radicals are known to have important roles in the development ofAngina Pectoris. Oxidative stress is present in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and hyperhomocysteinemia, an independent risk factor for these diseases, may play a role in inducing production of oxygen free radicals. The aim of this study was to determine a possible relationship between blood serum Hcy levels and lipid peroxidation in patients suffering from Angina Pectoris (AP).To evaluate the possible role of homocysteine (Hcy) in inducing oxidative stress in Angina Pectoris(AP), plasma homocysteine( Hcy), plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and C reactive protein (CRP) were measured in 60 unstable Angina Pectoris patients, we tested 30 healthy volunteers. Hcy was measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method and MDA, an index of lipid peroxidation, by spectrophotometer. Serum Hcy levels were significantly higher in angina pectories (AP) patients than the controls (23.2±8.0 vs 10.76 ± 2.55 micromol/L; P <0.0001), Similarly, total MDA were significantly higher in angina pectoris (AP), patients than the controls (12.19 ± 0.68 vs 5.68 ± 0.45 nmol/L; P <0.0001).Our findings show that Elevated levels of tHcy and HsCRP appear to be associated with the pathogenesis of angina pectoris(AP).

In this work ferric oxide nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method from oleic acid .the size of nanoparticles were studied by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA).the effect of ferric oxide nanoparticles on catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity in healthy human serum were studied .the results showed that ferric nanparticles acted as competitive inhibitor with peroxidase and un competitive inhibitor with catalase enzyme.

In this study, a descriptive study of Syrian limestone was conducted from the area of Al-Musallamiya-Aleppo. The optimal conditions for calcination of the limestone sample were studied. The results indicated that the preferred conditions for calcination were: crashing the limestone sample of diameter 5cm, the temperature of 1200°C, and the most suitable time was 60min. The optimal conditions for extinguishing the calcined limestone sample had also been identified As follows: Liquid phase ratio to the solid phase (L / S): (3: 1), Temperature 75°C, Time 30min. As a result of the experiments, two highly important products have been obtained in various industrial fields, namely calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide from local ore, which is widely available in large parts of the Syrian Arab Republic.

In this study, new spectrophotometric methods were developed for estimation of cefdinir (CFD); the research consists of two methods. The first method depends on the conversion of function group amine in cefdinir to diazonium salt and then combined with the 2, 5-Dimethylphenol (2, 5-DMP) reagent in the alkaline medium. The formed azo dye has a purple colour with absorption intensity at λmax 510 nm. Concentration range was obeyed Beer's law at (1-50 μg / ml), correlation coefficient was 0.9998, molar absorptivity was 1.54 × 104 L.mol-1.cm-1 and the detection limit was 0.04 μg.ml-1. The second method is including cloud point extraction (CPE) of a trace amount of the formed azo dye in the first method followed by measuring with a UV-visible spectrophotometer. Concentration range that obeyed the Beer's law was (0.2-6 μg / ml), correlation coefficient was 0.9998, molar absorptivity was1.48×105 L.mol-1.cm-1, detection limit was 0.004 μg.ml-1, Pre-concentration factor was 25 and Distribution coefficient was 125.The proposed methods were applied and proved their compatibility for estimating of ingredient compound in pure samples and pharmaceuticals by comparing them with previous studies. Keyword: cefdinir, diazotization, cloud point extraction, 2, 5-Dimethylphenol.

In the present work, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have been synthesized by two methods (electro chemical and biological method).The synthesized nanoparticles characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) and transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM). results show that to copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle have average size of (11-15)nm of electrochemical method and (6-12 ) nm of biological method by different technique CuO nanoparticles were applied to study the inhibition of bacterial using (staphylococcus and pseudomonas). The antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles show a higher inhibition of pseudomonas bacteria when a compared with staphylococcus bacteria.

With the tremendous development witnessed by the world in recent times, computer security significance expanded as insurance procedure of registering systems and authentication the user with scientific and technological developments are increasing every day. This assurance procedure is connected for touchy information such of electronic business, electronic learning, and electronic saving money exchange, online networking and more administrations over the web by utilizing login application to distinguish the character for doing this authentication. The problem by using some application login how to detected the user authentic and experimental data collection and separated the duplicated name that may be Confusion the system with speed detected and difficult attack. This paper solve this problem by used Cubic spline to easy represented name and easy detected by distance Euclidean equation, authentication techniques utilized as insurance process by securing name mix with Blum Blum Shub (BBS) algorithm that have randomly number. In this work, the application is founded on type name that the combine with (BBS) and represented by cubic spline, to detected user. The result of proposed work require randomly number to drawing the curve to detect and how much the different shape in cubic spline curve that can be detected. Assurance gives affirmation distinguished suitable security and all the more effortlessly least complex that developing popular in the online application that shows in result some portion of the paper.

Agriculture has special importance in that it is a major source of food and clothing and is an important economic source for countries. Agriculture is affected by a variety of factors, biotic such as diseases resulting from bacteria, fungi, viruses and non-biotic such as water and temperature and other environmental factors. detection of these diseases requires people to expert in addition to a set of equipment and it is expensive in terms of time and money Therefore, the development of a computer based system that detection the diseases of plants is very helpful for farmers As well as to specialists in the field of plant protection. the proposed plant disease detection system consists of two phases, in the first phase we establish the knowledge base and this by introducing a set of training samples in a series of processing that include first use pre-processing techniques such cropping , resizing, fuzzy histogram equalization ,next extract a set of color and texture feature and used to great the knowledge base that used as training data for support vector machine classifier . In the second phase of the work we use the classifier that was trained using the knowledge base for detection and diagnosis of plant leaf diseases. To create the knowledge base we used 799 sample images and divided it by 80% training and 20% testing. We have use Three crops each yield three diseases in addition to the proper state of each crop .the accuracy of disease detection was 88.1% .

The process of detect the text from the natural image is complex and difficult process because the variance by the devises that take the images and different the texts that found in images in the orientation, size and style. Given the importance the texts in images in the several of application of computer vision. In this paper dependent on the spatial natural images and on the spatial data set for the street sign that include the texts by the different size and different orientation. In this paper detected the texts in images by using robust method by using several algorithms, at the first stage making preprocessing for the image to blur the image and reduce the nose on it by Gaussian blur, second stage making processing that include canny edge detection to detect the edges and dilation, third stage applying connected component to filling all objects in image then applying stroke width transform(SWT) to detect the letter candidate and applying the system on the several images that include different types of texts.

Face recognition is one of current biometrics identification methods, that based on the measuring to one of human biological characteristics and utilize them to recognize individuals. these characteristics which are called biometric they are hard to fake because they identify a person by measuring one of its biological characteristics such as (finger print, iris print and face print). With the rapid improvement of mobile technologies that happen in last decade face recognition process can make using mobile phone, this paper explains the building of mobile face recognition system using Eigen face approach, Experimental results have been tested on a local data-set that has been created to analyze the efficiency of the application in various cases including different illumination conditions, variation of view, and orientation, the recognition rate of the application when testing on Galaxy Grand Prime + was 78.4. while The recognition rate when testing on Galaxy Note 5 was 82.4. The accuracy of this application can reach to 100% if we use camera with high accuracy and on good light condition.

In this paper, we define and investigate subclass of Bazilevi´c type harmonic univalent functions related with a new linear operator. Also, we have obtained the harmonic structures in terms of its coefficient bounds, extreme points, distortion bound, convolution and we proved the function belongs to this class be closed under an integral operator.

In the present paper, the growth rate of the central index of the composition of two integral functions in terms of the left and right factors are discussed.

In this article, we will present a generalizations of the nеw technique for spеctral conjugatе gradient methods based on the descent condition that by using a simple method to prove the global convеrgence of the nеw method without the Wolfе line searches. Depending on our numerical experiments we can confirme that our proposеd mеthods are prеferable and in genеral superior to the classical conjugatе gradiеnt mеthods in tеrms of efficiеncy.

This paper is concerned with, the proof of the existence and the uniqueness theorem for the solution of the state vector of a couple of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations using the Minty-Browder theorem, where the continuous classical boundary control vector is given. Also the existence theorem of a continuous classical boundary optimal control vector governing by the couple of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equation with equality and inequality constraints is proved. The existence of the uniqueness solution of the couple of adjoint equations associated with the considered couple of the state equations with equality and inequality constraints is studied. The necessary conditions theorem and the sufficient conditions theorem for optimality of the couple of nonlinear elliptic equations with equality and inequality constraints are proved using the Kuhn-Tucker-Lagrange multipliers theorems

The main aim of this research is to introduce the relationship between the topic of coding theory and the projective plane of order four. The maximum value of size code M over the finite field of order four and an incidence matrix with the parameters, n (length of code), d (minimum distance of code) and e (error-correcting of code) have been constructed. Some examples and theorems have been given.

The main aims of this research are to find the stabilizer groups of cubic curves over a finite field of order 7 and studying the properties of their groups and then constructing the arcs of degree 2 which are embedding in cubic curves of even size which are considering as the arcs of degree 3. Also drawing all these arcs.

The single index support vector regression model (SI-SVR) is a useful regression technique used to alleviate the problem of high-dimensionality. In this paper, we propose a robust variable selection technique for the SI-SVR model by using vital method to identify and minimize the effects of outliers in the data set. The effectiveness of the proposed robust variable selection of the SI-SVR model is explored by using various simulation examples. Furthermore, the suggested method is tested by analyzing a real data set which highlights the utility of the proposed methodology.

Methyl-ammonium lead tri iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite thin films have been prepared by solution processing. Thin film after deposited in the laboratory ambient conditions by drop casting, it prepared by two step method PbI2 and CH3NH3I at the glass substrate. The analysis provides: the absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive indices, real and imaginary components of the dielectric constant of the CH3 NH3 PbI3 films, energy gap. Energy gap of perovskite thin films is reached 1.8 that is very important for solar cell application.

This research involves using epoxy resin and polyurethane resin to form a blend (Epoxy+ Polyurethane) with different ratios (90 – 10)%, (80 – 20)%, (70 – 30)%, and (60 – 40)% to get the best ratio for impact strength as a function of materiale toughness; then reinforced with micro and nano (Clay) and with weight fraction (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%). Thermal conductivity were studied in natural condition and after exposure to UV irradiationfor(24h). Results showed that the composite (nano Clay+ blend) had better properties compared with (micro Clay+ blend) composite. Also thermal conductivity show increases with increasing the weight fraction for all samples and values in the case of UV radiation are higher than values in natural condition.

In this work, the utilization of waste paper in the preparation of cellulous-based composite is described, with latex as a binder. Paraffin wax and acrylic woven fibers were also used at various weight ratios to get the best mechanical and physical properties. The results were compared with the performance the Dixon, regularly used material in shoes manufacturing. The following tests were performed: compression resistance, density, water absorption, shrinkage, and moisture content. Manual method was employed in the preparation of test specimens in addition to laboratory forging machine for finishing of the specimens. Results of compression test (Modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, resistance to crushing) of the Specimens that contain pulp paper and reinforced with latex and acrylic fibers and low content of paraffin wax showed the highest resistance to compression, The increase of additives contents within the mix resulted in an increase in density. To mimic the real application conditions of the insole, the specimens were subjected to water absorption test by irrigation for 2 hours. The best specimen compositions for the water resistance test are those with high (5-10%) wax content due to the fact that the wax is a water repellent material. The shrinkage is another important parameter for the use of the composite in shoe industry. Result of shrinkage and humidity of all specimens show comparable results to commercially available and Dixon are also very close to the requirements of the specification of leather industry. However, in comparison with the available carton and dixon, our specimens contain from weight fraction (50g) waste pulp, (20g) latex, (4g) paraffin wax, (0.7g) acrylic fibers, proved comparable performance.

In the present work, undoped CdS and doped with iron CdS:Fe+3 thin films have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis method on glass substrate with different temperature from cadmium nitrate solution with constant thickness(450 ± 5 nm), and study the effect of the percentage of doping with iron on optical properties of prepared films. The optical properties have been studied from transmittance and absorbance spectral within wavelengths range (380-900 nm). The results showed that all the prepared films has direct electronic transitions and optical energy gap between (2.31-2.44 eV). They also showed that the transmittance and optical energy gap of films prepared from nitrate solution increase with increasing of substrate temperature, then transmittance start downward with the continued increase in temperature (400, 450 oC), and a decrease in the optical energy gap with increasing doping percentage with iron.

Uranium is a common radioactive element in Earth’s crust (soil, rock), so it is important there quantity to be under control. The concentration of uranium in soil varies widely, Depending on the geological location, its concentration in the surface soil vary from 0.1 mg.Kg-1 (ppm) to 20 mg.Kg-1 (ppm) with a world average of 2.8 ppm and the allowed limit that equals 11.7 ppm. The uranium concentration, radon activity, radon concentration, in twenty soil samples collected from AL-Hamdaniya region (East of Mosul city) were measured using the sealed-can technique based on the CR-39 SSNTDs. The estimated values for the uranium activity which equal to radon activity at secular equilibrium were found vary between (581.11-1453.5) mBq with mean value 905.89 mBq, the uranium concentration are between (0.313-0.784) ppm with mean value of 0.488 ppm. All values of the samples under the test are below of allowed limit and world average value.

In this research , we study the effect of substrate temperature (423K and 473K) on structural and optical properties for thin films of cadmium sulfide (CdS) by evaporation thermal deposition method on glass substrates and the thickness was about (390nm).XRD analysis showed that CdS thin films prepared at (423K and 473K) are single crystal and have preferred orientation along (002).The grain size was found to be increased with increasing substrate temperature, in addition, the atomic force microscopy(AFM) an increase in root mean square (RMS) with an increase in substrate temperature. The absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded in the range off wave length(400-800nm), and it was found that the transmittance decreases with increasing substrate temperature, while the optical band gap decreases from (2.4-2.2ev)for allowed direct transition. CdS thin films should further investigated for application towards the fabrication of solar cells.

In this paper ,Shielding parameters of fast neutrons like removal cross section , half thickness , and mean free path were calculated for polymer composite whish consisted of paraffin wax as basic material (P) with various reinforced materials (B, B2O3, Fe2O3, W, Clay) with different reinforced concentration (5, 15, 25, 35, 45) % . Results have been shown that , with increasing the reinforced materials concentrations , removal cross section increases while half thickness and mean free path decreased.

In this study, the properties of thermal and dielectric Constant and electrophoresis of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes with different concentrations (0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 wt%) of CuCl powder were investigated. A mixture was prepared using ultrasound technique for the distribution and homogeneity of the powder in the comparator polymer. The thermal conductivity (k / w / m.c) of the casting membrane was examined. The thermal conductivity of this polymeric system was increased by increasing the concentration of copper chloride. At 5% concentration, high thermal conductivity was observed, followed by a decrease in the values that followed. The electrical insulation and the electric permittivity were measured as a function of the percentage of the material. The results showed a gradual improvement in the durability of the electrical insulation by increasing the copper chloride material.

In this work different amount of acidic (HCl) and alkaline (NaOH) solutions were added to stoke solutions of K2CrO4 and K2Cr2O7 to show the effect of pH values on their spectra. The results of UV-Visible spectroscopy shows that, the Changing of solution pH value when drops of HCl were added led to shift wavelength of K2CrO4 spectrum while no change has been occurred in K2Cr2O7 spectrum. However, Changing PH values solution by adding drops of NaOH led to change in wavelength red shift for K2Cr2O7 while no changes has been occurred in spectrum of K2CrO4.