journal of kufa studies center

The most important thing that distinguishes acts of worship from others is that they are actions or omissions by which the servant intends to draw closer to Allah Almighty. Therefore, the prominent feature of acts of worship and their stipulation of the intention of closeness was that if the intention of getting close to the worship was not intended, it would not have been valid, unlike other non-acts of worship such as transactions, rulings and the like, so it is not necessary for them to be valid, even if the intention of proximity is in them (other than acts of worship), which necessitates the perfection of the action and not its validity. Therefore, the intention of proximity is a condition in The validity of worship.
The relationship between man and worship is a spiritual relationship and it is not affected by the influence of public life and does not develop with its development age after age and century after century because it is clear that the worships that have a great role in Islam are a relationship between the slave and his Lord, and it is a spiritual and spiritual relationship that does not change with the change of time or place and is not affected by the influence and development of life, while the relationship of man with nature is a material relationship that is affected by the influence of public life and develops with its development from time to time, and that is why public life in this era is more developed From the public life in the advanced ages, and hence worship in Islam has a spiritual educational role that strengthens the relationship between man and his Creator and must be established in the souls.
The research was organized into five topics, the first dealt with the rulings of taqlid and its evidence, the second dealt with the rulings of purity in both its malignant and hadith aspects, the third dealt with issues in the rulings of prayer, the fourth dealt with the rulings of fasting, and the fifth and last topic dealt with issues in the rulings of Hajj .
In the issues of this chapter, I have dealt with the most important jurisprudential opinions of Shaykh Muhammad Ishaq al-Fayyad, which he was unique in and disagreed with the well-known, as well as the new ones.

The research deals with the analysis of the logical relationship between the philosophy of the Enlightenment and the essence of Islam in terms of being based on faith or reason, through the analysis of the term Islamic Enlightenment in its material, i.e. the word Enlightenment as a philosophy whose criterion is reason in accepting attitude and behavior, and the word of Islam as a statement of faith based on submission, and in its formal form, and concluded that the relationship is a relationship of contradiction in the common subject between them, which is the practical field, and the approach in reaching this conclusion was the method of logical and semantic analysis in harmony with The nature of the subject.

One of the important principles in understanding the Holy Qur'an is that Allah (swt) means the words of the Qur'an with a special meaning, and the ultimate meaning is the will of Allah, that is, after proving the divine source of the Qur'an, it is necessary to interpret it by the followers of a method that can reveal the concepts of the Qur'an according to certain rules.The biggest secret of the difference of understanding among the exegetes is their difference in knowing the basic conditions of interpretation and how to benefit from them in understanding the Qur'an. Most of these conditions are related to the interpreter's preconceived information and hypotheses, which are known today as hermeneutics. Hermeneutics, from the point of view of philosophers of language, is a science that examines issues related to the origins and difficulties that hinder the understanding of texts, and is not only concerned with deriving the meaning of the text, but also criticizes the approaches that dominate the stages of interpretation. In religious studies, the question of the meaning of the text and how it is revealed in some sources is related to hermeneutics, and of course the expectations of the pure preconceptions of the exegetes, if they are compatible with the goals of the text and are accepted by Muslims, they lead the interpreter to the correct interpretation.

The family forms the nucleus of society, and its children reflect the morals and principles on which they are raised, as the rights of every individual, whether he is an elderly man, a woman, or a child, must be established.
The importance of the research comes in the study of the rights of the child and the attention it has received from Islam, the international community and domestic legislation. The problem of the research is to briefly define the rights of the child, and then to identify two of his basic rights, namely the child's right to a name, as well as how he is cared for by the family, and what are the limits of the obligation of the family and society to nurture him as the second basic right under study. in the name and his right to nourishment). This research deals with some of these rights and their consequences, as it deals with the child's right to a name (name) and the child's right to nutrition (food), as according to the researcher, they are among the most important rights of the child.
Therefore, we have dealt with the subject of the research in three topics, the first topic was about the definition of children's rights, the second was specialized in talking about the child's right to a name, while the third dealt with the child's right to nutrition, and a conclusion that included the most important findings of the research.

The research discussed foreign investment as one of the important topics in the field of private international law . He touched on the most important matters related to the legal reality of foreign investment . These are the disputes arising in foreign investment contracts and how to resolve them in the Iraqi Law No. 13 of 2006. In particular, Article 27 thereof . An amendment has been made in the said article in order to address most of the problems that arise due to disputes in foreign investment contracts , as well as to protect the foreign investor from the legal obstacles that may hinder him in investing his money .
The research is summarized in several axes, including the definition of foreign investment, its types, the parties to the dispute in it, and the reasons behind the dispute, most notably the actions taken by the parties or the contract itself, in addition to reasons beyond the control of the parties, such as force majeure, for example. The research dealt with the law applicable to the dispute and its legal solutions, both internal and external .In the end, we mentioned the results and recommendations we reached and we hope that they will be of benefit to the reader .... And from God success

Based on the presence of this precaution in (I do) preference has generated four hypotheses that represent scientific premises that we seek to verify in order to reach the revelation of the truth, and these four hypotheses lie in the following:
First: It looks at the integration of the concept of the noun of preference, represented by the structure of (I do), and the scholars of grammar and morphology have not prepared conditions that they have committed themselves to in the validity of the derivation of (I do) from the verb, so were these requirements of derivation based on solid scientific and explanatory foundations?
The second is to delve into the specific rationales established by Arab scholars, and additional additions to the formula of \"I do\" preference, so that if we are convinced that the Arabic language is the language of signification and statement, then it is necessary to acknowledge and say that there is a distinction and semantic difference between these reasons, otherwise Arabic would be limited to a single linguistic method to perform the meaning of preference.
The third is to monitor the reason for the ambiguity in the (I do) preference and investigate the stylistic requirement that works to move it from the space of the content of the ambiguity of differentiation to the field of clarity and semantic statement of it.
Fourth: It seeks to capture the semantic excesses of \"I do\" when it deviates from its semantic originality (preference), and to try to limit them, and accordingly we will try to meet the requirements of these hypotheses.
The research concluded that the form of (do) indicates the release of the content of the adjective in its owner without considering a counterpart, comparator or differentiator with it, as it is a complete adjective of it that is fixed in it by evidence that this formula is devoid of balance, and that the form of (do) preference may be introduced by the thumb in terms of not knowing the differential content of it in any sense whatsoever, and the attribute of the thumb does not disappear from it except by the act of (discrimination), which is the stylistic requirement that works to remove the thumb from the formula of (I do) the preference and determine the meaning of The formula of \"I do\" is clearly connotated by the recipient by virtue of the functional performance of the distinction in the discourse, and it has also reached the point that the thumb has the authority to seep into the forms in which the preference is mentioned in all Arabic discourse, so that there is no exception to one of them, and in all cases, the distinction works to save the preference from the grip of the thumb to free it to perform its semantic practices that existed for it in the verbal discourse.

This research included four topics, and I saw a title that balances its name with the field in which it is discussed, so the title was Aesthetic Representations in the Analysis of the Creative Text of Modern Qur'anic Studies as a Model, and I refer here to the reason for the formulation of the title of the aforementioned research, I did not use the term "aesthetics" in it because critics and writers do not agree that it is a science like the rest of the other sciences, but I tried as much as possible to avoid this problem and make do with what suits the demands that represent the related literary issues Uses from the point of view of aesthetic vision.
The research is divided into two sections: the theoretical aspect, in which I investigated, in the first topic, the elements of creativity in the scope of the analysis of the literary text, and in the second topic, the most important aesthetic terms used in the scope of the quality of the aesthetic vision, and these terms are the aesthetic judgment, taste, and aesthetic idea, indicating the most important differences between each of them, and in the third topic, I dealt with the most important foundations that arouse the values of the recipient towards his aesthetic vision. The methodology of this research, which I employed in this study, was a comparative approach.
The theoretical aspect included the first, second and third topics, while the second section was the applied aspect and was part of the fourth section, in which a group of modern Quranic studies was distributed within four characteristics that represent the Quranic miracle and aesthetic aspects at the same time.
One of the problems that I encountered during the research was the different opinions among critics about aesthetics and the fact that beauty is relative among them, especially that I tried to be familiar with the various research bodies in order to reach a level that is almost close to the great critics and the owners of modern theories in literary aesthetics.

Literary work with its various purposes and arts in Iran occupies a great place in the cultural arena, ancient and modern, and is considered one of the most important pillars of the ancient Iranian civilization, which in turn contributed effectively to the building of the edifice of Islamic civilization, and since literary criticism represents one of the important aspects in literary works, it was necessary to be exposed to it and identify it, and on the stages of the course of the critical school that enriched the various arts of Iranian literary work and tried to be inspired by its data, enriched it, and enriched the trends of contemporary Arab literary criticism. Through this is due to the close and historical links that have linked Iranian and Arabic literature over many generations and centuries. In this context, it was necessary to shed light on the stages of the long journey that Iranian critics have traveled throughout the history of literature and its data in various organized and prose literary works through the adoption of the historical method and an aspect of the artistic method to investigate the general features of literary criticism in Iran and to try to provide new information - to some extent - to those concerned with this art and to identify the roles of its emergence and historical precedent among the stages of its emergence in other countries.

Reading is considered the conscious tool in the broad reception of knowledge, and the self's tool for cultural richness that expands the range of knowledge and its continuous activity in observation, reflection, questioning and deduction, and accordingly reading is something that is inherent to the individual, especially when it becomes the substance of an instinct of his multiple instincts, which satisfies his cognitive need always, through the localization of reading, the reader and the reader are inseparable from each other in the dialectic of reception and its cognitive mechanisms. Reading in its functional impact on the individual works to store the cultural richness that is extracted from the knowledge tide in the surroundings of the self, from this point of view, we have tried in this research to provide the foundations for literary readings in children and the methods of their development, as the school composes, starting (from kindergarten, then the primary stage, up to the other stages) the wide area of the child's worlds and the inexhaustible manhaal to nourish him with the basics of building his personality, integrating his abilities and potentials, and organizing his behavior, so the school is a complete life for the child and through the school (curriculum). and system, education and behavior) The child's knowledge accumulation is expanded, his thought and imagination are developed, and they are gradually phased out with all that supports and nourishes his culture, so socialization in school is what will determine the child's personality and clarify the cultural, cultural and educational features in this personality.

The importance of the research on the subject of artisanal organizations in the Ottoman era lies in the fact that these organizations were formed by artisanal sects that were the most important pillar in the social and economic construction of the Islamic city until the end of the nineteenth century, and were the most important tool for preserving the traditions, social values, and religious ideologies prevailing at that time.
The research included identifying the human groups that lived within the borders of the Ottoman Empire through a simplified study of the nature of Ottoman society, the forms of organization of these groups and the formation of the relations between them, by identifying the structure of society based on the geographical distribution of the urban population that inhabits the cities and consists of four categories: the category of military personnel, the category of merchants, the category of warlords, and the category of others
This study dealt with the reality of artisans in each of the aforementioned collections. It is worth mentioning that the horizontal dynamics of Ottoman society were of varying speed and limited by the nature of human beings, geographical areas, economic situation, and state policy, while the next topic addressed in the research is the reality and structure of craft organizations during the Ottoman era and highlighting the role of the workforce that is not part of the tent of distinguished organizations in moving the process of the Ottoman economy.

Professional pressures have a great impact on the behavior of kindergarten teachers and the promotion of their values, as they deal with an important segment (children) in society, which is the basis for the progress of any advanced society. Therefore, we find that kindergarten teachers use various methods related to their psychological characteristics and the nature of the events themselves to face some stressful events, some of them can deal with the event flexibly, endure pressure, adapt to it, and improve their performance, and some of them deal with it in a rigid and negative way and feel it as a threat to them. And it was dangerous for her. This increases their sense of psychological pressure, and they base their backgrounds on the personal meanings and special connotations that teachers add to their methods of dealing with stressful events.
The study aimed to identify the psychological pressures of kindergarten teachers and their relationship with the promotion of their value system. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher used the descriptive method. The study sample was (150 teachers) who were randomly selected from the study population from the teachers of government kindergartens in Baghdad city / Rusafa side. The researcher used the two scales of psychological stress (prepared by the researcher), and adopted the scale of the improvement of the value system from (Shamikh and Al-Hamdani, 2010), and the study reached several results, including that the higher the value system of the kindergarten teacher, the less psychological stress she has, and the study ended with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

As it is said, man is civil by nature, and therefore he cannot live in isolation from others, but the necessity of life requires interaction between human beings in an interaction through which the individual, the family, and society can be protected from the danger of crime that grows in every social environment to which they are exposed Some families are disintegrated and have a weak economic situation, which throws some into the shafts of theft and behavioral deviations, and consequently deficiencies in ethics and social behaviors among some family members. We believe that Iraqi society, like other societies, and the changes that have occurred in its demographic composition and the wide openness to the world, especially after 2003 and 2006, including political, economic and social changes, and in light of keeping pace with all these new changes and requirements, and with the absence of proper means and in light of dealing with them, have led to the pursuit of quick material sources of livelihood, leaving behind the important social and psychological aspects in building the family, which has negatively affected the family formation in the society and the emergence of some Practices that are alien to our society, which is known for its cultural awareness and religious and moral commitment.