journal of kufa studies center

The parliamentary system requires that the Prime Minister be the representative of a majority within the parliament elected by the people, where the head of state does not have full powers in choosing him and ending his term, so he must send to the head of the largest party and invite him to form the government, so the head of state is not chosen by a party that has a clear majority and its leader is identified, but he must summon the leader of the party to form the government, and the parliament has the right to end his term and not the head of state.
Lebanon has adopted the parliamentary system, and the constitutional legislator has tried hard to adopt the rules of this system with their basic principles, but political, sectarian and national considerations have been reflected in the reality of the constitutional text with regard to the selection of the Prime Minister and the termination of his term under the Lebanese Constitution.

The economic and cognitive imbalance between the (professional) seller and the consumer, which is exacerbating day by day with the tremendous and rapid development in the means of electronic commercial transactions, has prompted the legislator, the judiciary and jurisprudence to try to protect the consumer as the weak party in most of the electronic contract transactions that are carried out remotely, through a set of means, methods and legal, legislative and jurisprudential procedures to determine and protect the consumer's rights in electronic commerce contracts and to address this imbalance in the The relationship between the professional trader and the consumer.
The role of the obligation to inform comes in bridging the gap of knowledge between the consumer and the intervenor, as the latter must inform the consumer of all the information available to him about the good or service, whether that related to the physical condition of the product, the correct way to use it or how to preserve it, as well as the indication of the risks inherent in the commodity and the precautions to be followed to prevent risks.

The purpose of the research is to shed light on the practical reality of the grave violations affecting human rights within certain countries, including the case of Iraq, because of the clear violations of those rights and freedoms, so that the honorable reader can be informed in some detail about the reality of human rights, with an accurate reference to the concerned reports issued by the responsible authorities in this regard.
The problem with this study is that constitutions may often suffice with stipulating human rights and freedoms and their compatibility with the International Bill of Human Rights, leaving the details that regulate their practice to the ordinary legislator.
Our research will focus on explaining the practical factual framework for the violation of some of the human rights under study, in the sense that the violations will be referred to in their content and reality by clarifying this in the reports issued in this regard.
This applied study will be divided into two topics, the first of which will be devoted to the physical violations of the human right to liberty, and the second to the grave violations affecting the human body and the right to life.

The presumptions of commentary are considered one of the most important concepts on which grammatical thinking has based its procedures in systems and the interpretation of contextual phenomena, and one of the most important types of commentary clues are the moral clues, which are useful in determining the grammatical meaning and its statement, and one of its divisions is the predicates of specificity. Or the attachments, which assign it and narrow the circle of its release, (((useful speech is done by the two elements of the attribution, and other subordinates and adjuncts, and are represented by different grammatical functions, called al-Fadla), or (((complementary)) that serve both sides of the attribution and make it restricted in a certain direction. It is not that it is a virtue that can be dispensed with, or that there is no benefit to be hoped for from it, as its linguistic meaning feels, but rather that the meaning of speech may depend on it, so it is necessary to mention and the general grammatical relations that link between the attributional meaning derived from the complete attribution, and the nouns, sources or verbs that are established after this attribution, which include the five objects, the adverb, the exception, and the distinction, are called attribution presumptions. These attributions are moral clues for restricting the attribution, assigning it, and their presence after the completion of the attribution, their complementary presence In terms of the statement of intention, ((each of these appointees is an allocation to the general meaning of the attribution in the sentence, and a narrowing of it)) and the scope of application of the allocations related to the event is the moral clues that indicate the aforementioned appointations.
Specificity is a major moral presumption from which derives more specific moral clues that fall under its concept, the meaning of each of which expresses a special understanding of the relationship that binds it to the previous one.
The clues of specificity have been discussed in the supplications of Imam Zayn al-'Abidin (peace be upon him) in the Sajjad newspaper, and they have come up with a wide prominence, which illuminates different semantic lights, and as clues that are useful in understanding the grammatical relations in terms of the occurrence of the event, its time, place, condition, the reason for its occurrence, its confirmation, or its association with what preceded it and others, which I will limit myself to manifesting, and explaining their significance in this research.

The Arab literary heritage can be read in order to derive the main values and general principles that may meet with the new linguistic concepts and theories put forward by modern linguistics that may burden the Arab researcher and lose his identity if he does not rely on his huge heritage that extends over many centuries.
The research tried to address a unique phenomenon in Arabic ghazal, which is the phenomenon of violence and coarseness mixing with delicacy and softness, during chivalry, killing, fighting with ghazal, and rejuvenation with the beloved, as Antara – the subject of the research – is unique to this phenomenon that deserves to be studied carefully and carefully examined, in order to try to come out of it with new results, in the hope that we will succeed in exploring and manifesting it.
The research plan required the following details:
Introduction: It taught the reading of the literary heritage according to the new methodological methods.
The first topic was titled (Violence and Self-Assertion).
The second topic: I have the words of love.
Third Topic: Excessive Violence
Each of them included branches in which we tried to fulfill the research on the subject.

The modern literary scene has witnessed the emergence of the phenomenon of the overlap of literary genres to the point that it has become difficult to identify the literary text, which has led modern critics to strive to search for new procedural mechanisms in approaching texts to ascertain their identity.
Hence, this study came to shed light on one of those mechanisms adopted by critics in the field of biography. Through the study of the text of the Lebanese realist writer Tawfiq Youssef Awad (novelist first, storyteller, poet, essayist, politician, diplomat), the study concluded that the importance of this procedural tool, which was known as "referential textual engagement", lies not only in determining the identity of the autobiographical text and the extent of its truth or falsity in expressing the life of the writer, but also in exploring the deep currents that make up the writer's personality, crystallizing his psychological tendencies, and interrogating the confessions that escaped from them. which cannot be separated from his philosophy and literature in general.

The research consisted of two topics and a conclusion in which the researcher mentioned the most important findings of his findings, and explained in the first topic " The first attempts to secede Basra in 1921" to a petition for the separation of Basra from Iraq submitted on behalf of the people of Basra to the British High Commissioner in 1921 , in which they demanded the formation of a separate administration for Basra under direct British rule, and claimed that Basra is a commercial city with interests different from the interests of Baghdad, and expressed their fears that the government in Baghdad would be worse than the government Al-Othmani .
In the second section, "The attempt to secede in 1928", the subject of separation was raised again after the Iraqi newspapers published articles about the secession of Basra, especially the Al-Alam al-Arabi newspaper in Baghdadi, which published an article in 1928, in which it pointed out that some people followed the policy of separating Basra from Iraq, which was opposed by a number of Basra residents, and this article raised concern among the popular circles and the Iraqi government, which feared that the British would help the advocates of secession to achieve their goals.
The researcher relied on a set of Iraqi documents that were not published in the House of Books and Documents in Baghdad, which are official letters and books issued by the Iraqi government and the British High Commissioner, and the book History of the Iraqi Cause by Muhammad Mahdi Al-Basir and the memoirs of Suleiman Faydi, which were contemporary with that period, as well as some Arabic sources to introduce the personalities .

Makkah Al-Mukarramah is the Sacred House of Allah, it was found in the earth to be a place for pilgrims, sectarians and Umrah pilgrims, Makkah sanctified the different eras of history until the era of Islam which highlighted its status unequivocally, and what the verses of the Holy Quran declare about its virtue and holiness, and the multiplicity of its names to constitute evidence of its sanctity and high status, and of its importance in the message of Islam.

India is a major regional power, and the growth achieved in its potential qualifies it to increase the amount of its influence in the international system and in international balances. The research deals with the issue of the strength of this state and the issue of international balances, and concludes that the international balance has been unstable in its elements, since the beginning of the new millennium, by virtue of the existing movement in power relations, and it can end up with the presence of more than one country at its top, controlling and influencing it, and in global interactions Economically, militarily, technologically, and politically, other powers cannot ignore their presence in the international system.

Investment is one of the topics on which many views have been raised, and long-term capital flows have been considered as the most important tools through which countries have financed their development programs through the mechanisms of external gap surplus, on which most countries that find that they have competitive advantages in their trade or services within the balance of payments
The research strives to examine the methods of examining the ability of the Iraqi economy to attract foreign capital that is engaged in the field of influencing the joints of the real economy, and it is not harmful that this implies the need to move and reassemble other elements. Therefore, the research places Iraq within the thesis of the approach with the world in this field, and this necessity was based on the interest in the overlap between foreign direct investment and monetary policy in the field of empirical research.
The research is based on the hypothesis that the presence of power factors among economic activities and the reduction of the repercussions of rentier would enhance the opportunity to benefit from foreign investments and reduce dependence on local resources. The research aims to examine and explain the impact of foreign investment in Iraq during the post-2003 era, and to show the possibility of comparison with the most important regions in the world in the field of the volume of investment inflows and outflows. It is interested in considering the problem of the existence of two contradictory situations in the Iraqi economy, namely the existence of investment flows of varying sizes and the failure of Iraq to achieve the desired level of economic growth.

Contemplating the plans of these cities leads to a firm conviction that the ancient Iraqis used to embark on their creative work with insightful spontaneity and evidence of a creative mentality in the engineering aspect of urban planning that makes the city reach the point of self-sufficiency to become a debtor state, so it must have been evaluated and reviewed, especially to address many obstacles and challenges that plague society
In the cities at that time, when the Iraqis were able to set future goals within the basic plan of the old Iraqi city, what is required to allocate areas for spatial lands to accommodate the expected increase in population in the future, in addition to green areas as an aesthetic value and health condition, so they realized the special criteria for each type of land use.
The research found that basic changes occurred in the formation of settlements after the social, economic and urban characteristics of agricultural villages developed between the end of the Neolithic Age and the beginning of the Stone Age in the Hassouna and Halaf periods in the north of ancient Iraq, and the urban urban planning of the ancient Iraqi cities was affected by several dimensions, including the religious, political, administrative, economic, civilizational, and even architectural dimensions, together to create urban variables so that each style (religious, civil and military architecture) adheres to its own engineering systems. Forming the idea of urban planning for the old Iraqi cities, Iraqis were able to set future goals within the basic plan of the old Iraqi city by allocating areas for space lands proposed within the urban plan of the city to accommodate the expected increase in population in the future.

Internal audit and control bodies are one of the main and essential pillars to ensure the fairness and accuracy of financial performance in any of the state institutions and the public sector as well as other economic units, especially in public universities, in light of the expansion of the work of these universities and the increase in their budgets, and the orientation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research towards administrative decentralization and support for their financial and administrative independence, and in light of the growth of the economic and human resources available to them, and the increase and diversity of their investment and operational projects in order to serve The vision, mission, and objectives of the Ministry and the universities.
All of this has led to the need to develop the efficiency and effectiveness of financial performance and to protect public funds from waste, loss and misconduct through the development of the internal control system in public universities, increasing its effectiveness and providing the basic elements of that system as one of the basic guarantees to achieve these goals.
In view of the importance and centrality of internal control and audit bodies in achieving an effective internal control system, the study came to determine the availability of the basic elements of internal control and to extrapolate the reality of internal control and audit bodies in a sample of public universities, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses in order to propose supporting the strengths and avoiding the weaknesses for the purpose of achieving the desired goals, thus achieving the goals of Iraqi universities and protecting public funds from waste, loss and misconduct.