Al-Salam Journal for Medical Science

The risk of long-term cardiovascular problems resulting from cancer treatment is rising due to the growing population of cancer patients. Cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CTIC) is a partially elucidated consequence of diverse chemotherapeutic drugs, targeted anti-cancer treatments, and radiation treatment. It is usually identified clinically by a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction, evaluated by echocardiography. Nonetheless, the emergence of cardiac functional decline signifies irreparable heart injury, underscoring the need for the development of diagnostics capable of identifying CTIC before the commencement of functional deterioration. Growing evidence indicates that abnormal changes in heart metabolism significantly contribute to the onset of CTIC. The treatment progress has significantly enhanced the recovery rate of cancer patients. This better longevity is concomitant with increased risks for cardiovascular complications. Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is a perilous outcome that limits the therapeutic use of various chemotherapy agents. This review analyses the prevalence of heart disease is caused by immunotherapeutic medicines and chemotherapy. The preventive characteristics of antioxidants and future possible concerns about cardiotoxicities caused by treatment are the primary topics of discussion in this study.

Schiff bases are formed by reacting aromatic or aliphatic ketones or aldehydes with heterocyclic amines, yielding azo methine derivatives. The ceftriaxone reacts with aldehydes, such as 4-(N, N-dimethylamino) benzaldehyde and 4-heptoxybenzaldehyde, giving new schiff bases derivatives and characterization by FTIR. These derivatives (A and B) tested for in vitro biological activity against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumonia, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Candida, and Aspergillus nigaer. The biological properties of derivatives A and B have been evaluated against different bacteria and fungi. Docking is crucial for examining binding mechanisms. The function of GP6 synthase in the formation of microbial cell walls. Both compounds had similar binding affinities, with ceftriaxone measuring -6.9 kcal/mol. Experiments confirm that both substances possess antibacterial properties. The derivative A has a more pronounced influence on suppressing bacterial growth in petri dish zones. The most substantial effect on fungus was seen in the case of Aspergillus niger due to derivative A. The cytotoxic effect of the prepared Ceftriaxone derivatives against human prostate cancer cells (PC3) was investigated using the MTT colorimetric assay. The cytotoxicity assay reveals that the B (heptoxybenzaldehyde Ceftriaxone derivative) is more active to inhibit the growth of PC3 cells compared to the A (N, N-dimethylamino) benzaldehyde Ceftriaxone derivative).

hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections resemble a huge global public health issue particularly in Iraq and frequently result in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The major purpose of this research was to examine the viral load and liver enzymes levels in Iraqi patients with acute and chronic HCV, as well as the infection distribution by age, sex, and disease stage. Fifty patients diagnosed with HCV utilizing ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) for HCV antibody detection and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) for HCV viral load measurement participated in this study. Based on the duration the infection lasted, the patients were categorized as either acute or chronic. Additional measures were used to evaluate the liver's function, such as the levels of ALT and AST enzymes. The viral load levels, liver enzyme values, infection distribution by sex, and age were all compared using SPSS version 27. The acute patients showed a higher mean viral load than chronic patients. In addition, the study found that the prevalence of HCV infection was highest in the 40-49 age group, and that males were more likely to have the infection (54%). The acute group and the healthy control group differed significantly only in the levels of AST liver enzymes. Acute infection was more common in younger people, and men were somewhat more impacted. The results highlight the significance of HCV monitoring at all times, since the virus can be silent or cause major liver problems.

Nanotechnology extends the limits of molecular diagnostics to the nanoscale. This study describes some of the details of how the body interacts with nanoparticles. Biological tests measuring the presence or activity of selected substances become quicker, more sensitive, and more flexible when certain nanoscale particles are put to work as tags. Particular emphasis is placed on the effects of surface changes on body-borne particles, their transport within the body, and the dose-response effect. Other considerations include the definition of "persistent" in the context of therapy, FDA scientific committees, and the need for nanoparticle tracking. In short, there have been dramatic changes in molecular and genetic research findings, as well as in diagnostics and therapy using nanotechnology. Numerous ethical challenges and concerns, including biocompatibility, biodistribution, and long-term toxicity, among others, accompany this. A careful and critical consideration of these challenges and concerns will lead to the improvement and design of "best-fit" nanomaterials for molecular genetics and the treatment of genetic disorders.

Biosensors are analytical instruments that combine biological recognition components with transducers to identify and measure analytes, vital in medical diagnostics, environmental surveillance, and industrial uses. This review examines advancements in biosensor technology, emphasizing their classification according to detection mechanisms, such as electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors. Biosensors are extensively utilized in the medical domain for glucose monitoring in diabetic individuals, early cancer detection via biomarker analysis, and swift identification of pathogens in infectious diseases. The biosensors are crucial in monitoring endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and evaluating environmental pollutants. Recent advancements encompass the incorporation of wireless monitoring systems, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology, markedly improving biosensor sensitivity, specificity, and real-time data processing capabilities. Miniaturized biosensors and wearable devices have transformed personalized medicine by facilitating continuous health monitoring. The innovations in enzyme-based biosensors, DNA biosensors, and immunosensors broadened their utility in disease diagnosis and pharmacological research. Issues such as stability, reproducibility, and biocompatibility continue to be pivotal domains of investigation. The future of biosensors is characterized by intelligent, multiplexed, and highly portable devices featuring enhanced real-time analytical capabilities. As biosensor technology advances, its significance in medicine and industry will increase, providing swift, economical, and precise detection instruments for various applications.

Drug Resonance Chemotherapy (DRC) is an emerging therapeutic approach designed to enhance the precision and efficacy of cancer treatment by leveraging molecular resonance phenomena. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, which often results in systemic toxicity and multidrug resistance due to its non-specific action, DRC proposes a targeted mechanism wherein chemotherapeutic agents are modulated to interact with cancer cells at specific vibrational frequencies. This method theoretically improves drug-cell binding and reduces off-target effects. The review explores the foundational challenges in cancer therapy, particularly drug resistance caused by genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, efflux pumps, and phenotypic adaptations. DRC incorporates elements of nanotechnology, quantum chemistry, and biophysics to enhance drug delivery, increase bioavailability, and allow for controlled release at tumor sites. The manuscript discusses potential applications of DRC in malignancies such as breast, lung, leukemia, and glioblastoma; however, it notes that empirical evidence remains limited and primarily theoretical. While some early-stage studies and related technologies, like focused ultrasound and nanocarriers, suggest a promising future for resonance-based therapies, the clinical translation of DRC is still in its infancy. Challenges such as high implementation costs, technical complexity, and lack of regulatory clarity also hinder immediate adoption. Nevertheless, DRC represents a potentially transformative direction in oncology by aligning therapeutic specificity with personalized medicine. The review underscores the need for further experimental validation, mechanistic clarification, and clinical trials to establish DRC as a viable alternative or adjunct to traditional chemotherapy strategies.

Steroid hormones are extremely important in controlling a wide range of body functions. They start from controlling growth before birth and thinking ability and go on to relate to the beginning and development of many illnesses. These hormones act in many different organs both to keep a person healthy and sometimes to cause disease. Learning about how steroid hormone compounds are grouped and their chemical shapes is key for explaining their many effects in biology. Normally, people group steroid hormones into five types—glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, male hormones, female estrogens, and hormone progesterone's based on their shapes, chemical relation to each other, and what they do in the body. The current paper tries to review existing knowledge about how steroids are built structurally and how they have been classified while also pointing out where our understanding is lacking and needs more research. By improving our understanding of these compounds—especially their production, ways they work, and effects on health and illness—this study helps make clinical practices better and improve treatment plans. Also, the article points out upcoming paths for more studies to answer open questions and make health results better for different groups of people.

This study reports the synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, and theoretical investigation of a cobalt (II)-ciprofloxacin complex to find its actual binding sites, its geometry, and stability. The study highlights the interaction of cobalt ions with ciprofloxacin by applying several spectroscopic methods, such as FTIR and UV-Vis, and using semi-empirical computational approaches. The findings from FTIR analysis reveal that the carboxylate group and the oxygen atom of the ketone groups of ciprofloxacin bind with cobalt (II) ion, indicated by shifts in C=O stretching frequency and the appearance of new bands corresponding to M-O and COO-M vibrations. Additionally, UV-Vis spectroscopy showed d-d transitions and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands consistent with an octahedral geometry. The results from computational modeling confirm strong cobalt-oxygen interactions, a high-spin octahedral arrangements, as well as favorable ligand field stabilization energy (LFSE) values. Theoretical parameters, including HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, hydration energy, and log p suggested low aqueous solubility and a hydrophobic nature. These combined methods give a detailed understanding of cobalt (II)-ciprofloxacin coordination chemistry, supporting its potential use in various medicinal and catalytic applications.

DNA-binding molecules regulate gene expression, replication, repair, and transcription, making their research crucial to molecular biology. This review investigated their architectures, processes, and impacts on cancer research and therapy to determine their biological and therapeutic potential. A thorough examination of published data on DNA-binding agents, including intercalators, groove binders, and metal complexes, focused on their chemical properties, biological activity, and therapeutic significance. Doxorubicin intercalated between base pairs to inhibit replication and transcription, whereas cisplatin produced covalent cross-links with guanine bases to cause tumor cell death. Multiple derivatives of metal complexes reduced tumor development by over 70% in leukemia models as DNA probes and therapeutics. Also reviewed, Dps proteins in *Escherichia coli* showed that their non-specific DNA binding offered up to 65% oxidative stress resistance compared to control cultures, validating DNA-protein protection as a survival strategy. In Phase II studies, amsacrine caused substantial remission in acute leukemia patients, whereas doxorubicin was more effective across many cancer types but had greater cardiotoxicity concerns. Selectivity, toxicity, and resistance limit DNA-targeting medicines, although they are successful. Chemical modifications like hydrophobic tailoring and sequence-specific binding have enhanced binding affinity and therapeutic index, yet only 10% of candidate compounds get clinical approval. Recent studies show that AI-driven design has expedited screening, lowering development costs by 30% and durations by 3–5 years. These data suggest that DNA-binding medicines have great potential in cancer, but safer, more selective, and resistance-free therapy are still needed.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus, GAS) is an important human pathogen that can cause a wide range of clinical conditions, ranging from mild (i.e. pharyngitis) to severe and life-threatening diseases like necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The balance of inducing mild versus invasive disease will likely be determined by several virulence factors such as the pyrogenic exotoxins. The speA gene, which encodes Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A SpeA has been associated with severe invasive disease. The present study is intended to examine the expression of the speA gene in S. pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) strains recovered from both invasive and mild infections. Twenty clinical isolates of S. pyogenes (10 from patients with invasive infections and 10 from those having mild infections) were used. Gene expression of speA was examined by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) with 16S rRNA gene as a reference. Results The level of speA expression were significantly greater in the invasive isolates than those from non-invasive infections and there was a strong correlation between speA expression and the invasiveness of individual invasive isolates. Changes in speA expression, as determined by unpaired statistical analysis with the use of the t-test, were highly significant (p<0.001). In addition, logistic regression analysis showed that speA gene expression was a significantly positive predictor for invasive infection. Our results suggest that speA expression is a potential biomarker that can aid in predicting the pathogenicity nature of S. pyogenes isolates, and may also direct future therapeutic and diagnosis strategies for eradicating these virulence determinants in invasive disease.