Journal of Science and Engineering Applications

At present, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are applied as a paradigm in environments where the use of
conventional sensor networks is impossible. Many characteristics of WSNs make it suitable to apply, such
as low power consumption, mobility of sensors, and the ability to deploy on a large scale but, when the
size of these wireless networks increases, some challenges need appropriate solutions, and one of these
challenges is the congestion. Congestion occurs when the network is more than the available capacity at
any network point. The cause of congestion can also be attributed to the nature of wireless sensors and the
nature of the data transmitted through these sensors. For this purpose, it is necessary to analyze the layers
of these networks specifically (transport layer) properly and provide appropriate mechanisms for
communicating information through the sensor network for each layer. The discovery of congestion is
significant for the effective utilization of network resources to balance traffic load balancing. In this paper,
we propose the use of the genetic algorithm for routing knowledge of congestion control and interference
in WSNs where we defined two objective functions which are reduced packet transmission delay and the
expected transmission number to reach the destination. The results of the simulation show that the response
time of the two-objective genetic algorithm is shorter than the basic genetic algorithm.

The use of light, cheap natural fibres instead of heavy ,expensive materials can reduce
noise, increase strength, and reduce fuel consumption in automotive application. This research explores
the potential for gradually replacing metallic materials with natural and hybrid fiber . The simplest and
common technique hand layup is utilized to study the performance of fiber reinforced epoxy composite
tubes under static compression to investigate the effect of using hybrid fibers on the failure mechanism.
This study investigates the effects on stress and strain using different types of fibers after determining the
tube load-displacement curves. A total of 24 samples are prepared at room temperature and tested at a
constant speed of 1.5 mm/s using one resin type (epoxy) and two fiber types (Kevlar, jute). Two circular
and square geometries of three heights (200mm, 250mm, 300mm), two circular diameters and two square
sides are used to investigate the crashworthiness parameters. Replacing two layers of Kevlar fiber by two
layers of natural jute fiber enhanced the crash worthiness parameters particularly, failure type. The hybrid
jute / Kevlar accomplished desirable results, especially the circular tube.

Single slope solar still is one of the most popular water purifiers. This paper investigated heat transfer
processes that occur inside the solar still numerically and experimentally In addition, attempts to improve
productivity have been studied. Comsol Multiphysics software (v5.5) was used to develop a 3D
mathematical model to examine the considered developments. Four different heating tank designs (sphere,
half sphere, con, and rectangular) were compared as an optimization step. The studies have also considered
the volume of the tank to choose to best one among the proposed volumes. The experimental study included
the manufacturing of a water heating tank and its integration with a solar still. An improvement of (35%)
was obtained when designing a halfsphere tank with a volume of 2.5 times that of a conventional solar still
(CSS).

Kerberos is a widely used authentication protocol that provides secure access to network resources by
authenticating users and services. This paper provides an overview of the Kerberos protocol, its history,
and its steps. The Kerberos protocol was initially developed at MIT in the 1980s to solve the problem of
authentication in distributed systems. It has since become a widely adopted protocol in enterprise networks
and is implemented in many operating systems and applications. This paper outlines the steps involved in
the Kerberos protocol, including authentication, authorization, and ticket granting. It also covers the
security features of the protocol, including encryption, mutual authentication, and delegation. The research
on Kerberos protocol has mainly focused on improving its security, scalability, and usability. Various
researchers have proposed different enhancements to the Kerberos protocol to address its weaknesses, such
as using stronger encryption algorithms, improving the key distribution process, and implementing
additional security features. Furthermore, this paper discusses the most important attacks on the Kerberos
protocol, such as the Golden Ticket attack, Password guessing attacks and Replay attacks. These attacks
exploit vulnerabilities in the protocol to gain unauthorized access to network resources or impersonate users or services. The paper also presents the countermeasures and mitigations that can be employed to
prevent these attacks and improve the overall security of the Kerberos protocol.

Increasing demand for petroleum diesel, long to increase in harmful air pollution. Excessive use of diesel
fuel, present an opportunity to develop environmentally friendly and renewable fuels for current diesel
engines that have not been upgraded. The effects of using biodiesel, generated from palm olein oil and
derived through transesterification, along with biodiesel and diesel fuels blends in varying percentages, as
a fuel in a TD202, a small air-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine. According to the results of the
experiments, as the biodiesel percentage in the blend increased, compared to fossil diesel, thermal
efficiency declined by 2.84% and specific fuel consumption increased by 0.0438 kg/kW-h for B100.
Moreover, the result obtained from the emissions analysis reflects that the average carbon monoxide
(CO) value decreased by 0.03 % vol., hydrocarbon (HC) value decreased by 6ppm, carbon dioxide (CO2)
emission increased by 1.4 % vol. for the given load, and nitrogen oxides (NOX) increased by 262 ppm,
indicating that the mixture was stable in comparison with fossil diesel.

Reactive powder concrete is a result of developing process in concrete technology. It is a new type of
composite material satisfying the increasing demands for high strength, high durability, offering superior
ductility and workability . In this experimental study, four mixtures were casted and testing ( slump test,
absorption test, density test and compressive strength test). Four different ratio of polymer fibers were
used (0 %,0.5% , 1% and 1.5%). The results of the slump test showed that the increasing of the polymer
fibers ratio led to decrease the amount of slump. The results of the compression strength tests showed that
the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio from 0% to 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% led to decrease the
compressive strength by (7.49% , 13.40% and 19.66% ) consequently at age 28days. The results of the
absorption test showed that showed that the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio from 0 % to 0.5%, 1%
and 1.5% led to increase the absorption ratio by ( 3.29% , 5.81% and 7.34 % ) consequently at age.
The results of the density test showed the increasing of the polymer fibers ratio led to decrease the dry
and wet density.

Recycled solid wastes like rubber are one of the issues that impose a significant environmental challenge
as a result of the rapid population growth. The reactive powder concrete is experimentally studied with
rubber tire waste to replace some of the fine aggregate. In this study, four mixtures were casted and test
(slump, absorption, density and compressive strength test). Four different ratio of rubber waste (0 % ,5%,
10% and 15%). The results of the slump test showed that the increase was used rubber tires wastes led to
increase the slump of the mixture. This increase is due to the fact that the water covers the rubber
particles, which in turn leads to reduction in friction between the components of the concrete mix. The
results of the compression strength tests showed that. the increase of the rubber tires wastes ratio from
0% to 5% to 10% ,15% led to decrease the compressive strength by 13.02%, 36.56% and 37.87%
respectively at age 28days. The results of the absorption test showed that the increase of the rubber tires
wastes ratio from 0 to 5% to 10% to15% led to increase the absorption ratio by 7.91%, 11.76% and
13.79% respectively age 28days. The results of th