ISIN Journal

The period between the fall of Ur in 2004 BC and the fall of Babylon in 1595 BC, which was nearly five hundred years old, - the two cities built according to urban planning that reflects a conscious mentality of what is to be built, - has been witnessed a revolution in civil and urban planning, so the cities of Nippur, Isin, Larsa and Babylon (we did not touch upon the city of Babylon in this article because there are no architectural plans that prevented groundwater Excavators can access it), Uruk and Eshnunna were built among the capitals, whether they are political or religious capitals, and Haradum, Nerebtum and Shaduppum are among the towns. Where the architectural facilities were distributed in their places after the construction of the temple and the palace, all of them were surrounded by a wall, and some cities were fenced with more than one wall, All this is evidenced by archaeological fieldwork, whether excavations or surveys

Fire is one of the most important discoveries reached by man in the past, which was widely used in various areas of his domestic and industrial life. Skirts and other names, which are appropriate to the purpose of their use as well as their shapes, plans and internal details that differ according to their relationship with the temperatures to be reached, such as heating, pride, baking or melting and melting that are commensurate with the quantity and type of fuel. Where many ovens and stoves were found during the archaeological excavations and since prehistoric times, and then comes the common use of the tandoor, as archaeological excavations are hardly devoid of it.
Fire has been used since ancient times in many and varied fields, perhaps the most prominent of which is its use in heating and lighting inside caves and caves that were occupied by man before he had a home or a home. Fire is in the process of cooking and ripening food. Fire also entered the manufacture of some materials that need heating and melting or smelting processes with the development of life in later periods. Relatively small, in which flammable materials were placed, and perhaps they were surrounded by stones to control the fire and take advantage of its heat as much as possible.

Despite the extensive knowledge of King Hammurabi and his achievements, whether political or military, or the legislation known by his name, which is the Hammurabi Law, our knowledge of his family members was not at the level we know himself, and the reason for this is the lack of research that dealt with members of the royal family in Old Babylonian Period. For example, we do not know the name and origin of Hammurabi's first wife. Royal marriages were a family affair and his first wife must have been a member of an important contemporary royal dynasty, such as the dynasty of Assur or Eshnunna, and as well as his first wife, Hammurabi must have had secondary wives and many concubines. As we do not know which of these women gave birth to his successor, Semsu- Iluna, another important question is whether or not the kings of Babylon belonged to a single line from father to son. We know from other kingdoms such as Isin, Larsa, and Mari, that many dynasties followed each other to the throne over decades and centuries. Current information about the first dynasty of Babylon indicates that it was a single dynasty connected from Sumu-la-El to Samsu-ditana, a succession of ten kings over three centuries. Given contemporary evidence as well, it is possible that the brothers succeeded each other on the throne. This article is based on these ideas and poses the following question: What can we rebuild and know the Babylonian royal family? At the end of this paper, the reader will find a clear family tree of the kings of the first dynasty of Babylon containing all the family members who were likely to be members of the royal family

The art is aresult of interacting the human with asurrounding him from the pictures of actual (enviromental,social,economical,cultural,intellectual…and so ) .which the rafadian artist could expressed about their by different kinds of art works(heigh relief,around sculpture,paintings…).
This research contains study number of figures and terracotta which unpublished from tell Hadad site is one of hamrin basin sites .Therefore this study contains three of terracotta and five figures.The aim was to know the period which belong of its. And to know theirs subjects and the aims of industry for these artistic works .As well as comparison with similarities from another sites. This study supported by pictures and illustrated paintings and schedule with details of these artistic works.

The article provides a brief discussion of four round stone “cosmetic” pyxides from Neo Assyrian contexts. These specimens can be attributed to a workshop located in North Syria at Karkemish, active between the Iron II and Iron III periods. Thus, they might have reached Assyria likely as tribute or booty from a North Syrian manufacturing center. These objects were used in Assyria in feasting contexts and they thus served multiple functions

The archeology is of great importance in human studies in general and historical studies in particular, but in the first place in the writing of history because it comes in the field of the main documents for the permanence of historical information and correcting previous errors based on archeological discoveries so the researcher wanted to shed light on the historical relics in northern Iraq especially The city of Mosul, the ancient archaeological sites have been neglected for years, and the effects are still very neglected in Iraq, despite its importance in humanitarian studies. The researcher will deal with the introduction of four main topics, the first of which is the importance of archeology and its relation to the science of history and the interest of researchers in these two sciences, especially after the interest of Western scientific institutions to support scientific research and researchers to the importance of historical effects and usefulness to humanity and civilization to reveal more historical facts and solve ancient symbols. The other side of these topics is the history of Iraq in ancient and Islamic times in terms of the historical sequence, specifically in northern Iraq, from birth until the end of the Islamic era with its various stages and the periods witnessed inthe northern regions. While the researcher presented the historical relics in northern Iraq such as the cities of Assyria and Kal (now Nimrod) and the city of the role of Shrokin (Khorsbad currently) and the city of Nineveh (Mosul now) and Tel Hassouna and urban and then the city of Arbil and Zakho.
Then the researcher concluded with the city of Mosul archaeological, explaining the most prominent hill of antiquities, whether the ancient antiquities BC or the Islamic monuments that still exist to the present time and others were removed by the act or the impact of environmental time, all will be expanded in minute detail taking into account the developments that have occurred And the extent to which it is possible to preserve, develop and promote it in terms of its historical importance, be it locally or internationally, because of its great financial return on national income.

The article deals with study of the cones mosaic, which is often used in the decoration of the temples of Uruk (Warka). The complex research included study of the results of excavations of the German expedition and the results of laboratory analysis of the cones conducted in the geological department at the Ministry of Industry of Iraq (Baghdad). During the research was carried out several practical experiments for the production of such cones for determining the method of their production and determine the reasons for the prevalence of this ornament to decorate the walls of temples of Uruk (Warka). The study allowed to determine the best method for manufacturing a ceramic cones, which is optimal in relation to quantity, quality and production rates. Cone mosaic is fixed and in some other cities of ancient Mesopotamia, but Warka (Uruk) was the center of the art, as evidenced by the volume of use of this type of decoration and the quality of its execution.

The best definition of the "date formula" is the selecting most important historical events and use it to name years. Such as the year of the inauguration of the king, building a temple, building city wall, digging a channel, destructing a city, etc., the "date formula" has been mentioned in many economic texts at the end of the text. It can be used to study the architectural, military, and other achievements that has been done by the kings. Also, by date formulas, it was possible to determine the number of years of kings' rule, as well as the duration of the cuneiform texts and the geographical framework from which the texts came from. As it is known, these historical events are mentioned throughout the year, which includes 12 months. At the end of the year, the historical events of that year ends, and it can't be used anymore. Therefore, they have to use another historical event. If there is not any events in the following year, it can be called by "the year after the year in which the event took place in the previous year". For example: (the year after the year when city of Zabchali was destroyed), (the year after the year of inauguration the King Shu-Sin), and so on.
The date formula usually begins with the Sumerian singular (MU year) and it ends with the actual formula consisting of the actual sentence tool and the actor's conscience (sometimes). Toward: (Ba-ḫul destroyed), (ba-ḫun chosen), (mu-na-dù built for him, or mu-dù built). The number of date formulas studied in the texts of the third dynasty of Ur was approximately 171, which chronicles the rule of 6 kings classified as follows: Ur-dnammu 17 Formulas/ dŠul-gi 83 Formulas/ dAmar-dSuen 22 Formulas/ dŠu-dSuen 17 Formulas/ dibbi-dSuen 30 Formulas.
The research includes the study of the achievements of each king with the classification of his architectural achievements first and military then. In addition to images and maps of the buildings constructed or restored by the kings of the third Ur Dynasty, and cities that were destroyed by the military campaigns of the Sumerian kings

The Religion has occupied a wide area in ancient human thought , Since prehistoric times, for reasons raising from the nature of human formation , Who relied on religion in understanding and interpreting life, until religious concepts and values became the cornerstone of his long career.
Therefore, the inhabitants of ancient Iraq resorted to worshiping a large group of gods ، That embodies various cosmic and natural forces. So , Long lists of their names and places of worship and symbols have reached us ، each of them is concerned with a natural aspect, or a life issue, or a general phenomenon , Some of them were symbolized by certain animals, and they were described with the characteristics of those animals such as strength, courage, persistence, and others .
Among these deities that the ancient Iraqis worshiped and made vows and sacrifices to them, is the god Ishtaran or Satran, which is the god of determining boundaries and fixing them to the ancient Iraqis , he is the guardian deity of the city of Der (the modern name of Badra).
He was called with this epithet, because it interfered with the struggle of resolving the border dispute , which was located between the cities of Lagash and Umma around the plain of Guedinna by order of God Enlil

The study address an investigation as site of ḫar-dišpi city, that mentioned in cuneiform text belong to Sennacherib the king of Assur, the site has note determined yet by the scholars and whose concerned with historical geography in the light of geographical heritage of cuneiform text, and just elect some site without rational proofs. Therefore, the study focus on it , with discussing the name linguistically. In fact, the study doesn’t miss to compare it with geographical and topographical nature of this site, and landscape archaeological field survey to conduct that comparison depending on the cultural role of archaeological remnants of site (Tal khazraj in Dibis District northwest of Kirkuk) from pottery sherds and others

Simplicity The Egyptian civilization with its distinctive environmental diversity made it a stable and ancient civilization. The Nile River is the source of life for all Egyptians, as they depended on it in all their daily affairs and cultural guidance. The ancient Egyptians believed that the sources of the Nile originated in Heaven and are of nutritional value and a symbol of loyalty and regeneration.
The flood of the Nile River had a great impact on the lives of Egyptians because it corresponds to the agricultural season in Egypt. The Nile River is the largest natural phenomenon in Egypt, as embodied by the celebration, festivities and religious songs that are held annually to celebrate this great river

Religion in ancient Egypt was an important axis in the life of the ancient Egyptian and in various aspects of life, as was the case for many of the people of the ancient East, including the idea of sins and sins that crystallized on the basis of the idea of creation and the Creator God. The ancient Egyptian society sought from the highest position occupied by the king. And ending with the ordinary individual in preserving the cosmic order and not allowing the forces of chaos to affect it by persevering in satisfying the gods, especially the Creator God. The ancient Egyptian man, by committing sins and sins, is a supporter of the forces of chaos and work to corrupt the affairs of the universe and create quarrels between members of society.
Rebellion, disobedience, and the commission of sins and sins are characteristics of human beings that were not created by the Creator God, and therefore we find the ancient Egyptian thinker through religious writings gives us a clear picture of the ways in which divine revenge is carried out against humans and how punishment starts from the earthly world and extends to the other world, which is the world that A person moves to him after his death

Cuneiform texts are considered among the most important and reliable documents as a source of documentation and non-distorted information. The contents of thes texts are diverse depending on the nature of each period of Mesopotamia Civilization . Economic texts represented the majority of the Third Daynasty of Ur , Which reflected the economic nature of society at that time

The letters are important in cuneiform studies because of the abundant material they provide for language research, its grammar, and its various linguistic expressions, as well as for the history and nature of ancient life in the ancient Babylonian era. Babylonian letters, some of which are official and administrative letters written by kings and addressed to and from senior officials, and some of them are letters related to the army And the police and letters issued by the court and rulers, and there are personal letters sent to spend important private affairs.
Messages occupy a large space in studies because of the contents they contain are in fact a product of the nature of society and the way it deals, and through the method used in messages between the sender and the addressee, as it takes the method of direct speech. Most letters usually begin with the preposition ana (ana), followed by the name of the addressee, followed by the verb (qibima), then the sender, and then enter into the content and in the ancient Babylonian era and complete the structure as it consists of the introduction, the body and the conclusion, as the introduction of the message is indicated by mentioning the name of the sender and the addressee

Economic texts are most of the cuneiform texts discovered in ancient Iraq, since the early old Babylonian period which is also called (Isin- Larsa) dynastic period, Cuneiform texts provide us with important informations about economic life in cities of ancient Iraq, there are texts related to sale and purchase contracts, all kind of leases and loans, texts for expenditures and distribution of foodstuffs and animals to people. This research studies four unpublished cuneiform texts belong to the Iraqi museum which are (unknown region), Its contents are various including distribution and expenditures of foodstuffs and animals for holding meals. We have translated and analyled this group of texts with date formla and personal names and we reached in most of them to the origin according to date formula that it had

The form of intertextuality through its mechanisms, the most influential means of including the meanings of language, from text to text, and through the application of this concept, I tried to study the Aramaic language, in its linguistic dimensions on the one hand and religious on the other, and this language, i.e. the Aramaic language is not On the same pace, but it can be divided into the old Aramaic language and the new Aramaic language, and Aramaic was formed from a group of diverse dialects, and the Aramaic speakers did not speak the Aramaic language first .They spoke other languages, but when they wanted to achieve their personal existence, they worked to speak the Aramaic language, and worked to leave those other languages and other dialects, which they were speaking, and one of the advantages of the ancient Aramaic language is that it embodied the most developed language and Completely, but it was not prevalent in all ancient human societies. On the other hand, we find that the Neo-Aramaic language is the language that was embodied in official discourses and official institutions, and Which was expressed through the administration of political and administrative affairs of the political system, and the political use of the Aramaic language was a multiplier factor in the rule and spread of the New Aramaic language, and its transformation into an official language, but this sovereignty did not prevent the emergence of dialects with local borders , the official Aramaic language competed in formulating ideas and communicating with them, and due to various natural and human factors, these dialects within the Aramaic language were transformed into other languages, and met here The Aramaic language with the Aramaic religious text, with the degree of expression and the dialectic of stability and change, so religious societies appeared on its eastern and western sides, and the Aramaic language remained in keeping with the Aramaic religious text in interpretation, after it accompanied the first formulation, and the Aramaic language became a tool and means of religious formulation and explanatory and expressive. And the overlap between Old Aramaic and New Aramaic raised a question about the mechanisms of language transmission from people to people, and the emergence of dialects. The locality within the original language, and this overlap increases with the diversity of the nature of these peoples, and also increases the complexity of the structural nature of these dialects, in the formulation and codification of linguistic texts and their relevance to religious texts, and what this interference produced from the maturity of the Aramaic language and its multiplicity of significance, and generates The meanings of the religious text and its ramifications, which prepared for the emergence of Aramaic thought, which is based on two main dimensions: The first dimension - the Aramaic linguistic text. The second dimension - the Aramaic religious text

The subject of intransitive verb is consider one of the most important topics of grammar and morphology, the intransitive verb is known in the Aribite languages as an action which is complete in itself and affects the subject as "to lie" or expresses the state of being in a certain condition as "to be pleased".
The study showed that there's a relationship between the stem-vowel and the meaning of transitive and intransitive verb.as the research showed that the intransitive verb has several semantic meaning of its own that are not indicated by the transitive verb. Moreover the intransitive verb can be transitivity by several ways like duplication of the second radical of the verb or by causative form or by additional aleph to the verb or the transitivity by prepositions

The use of myth in literature has appeared since the emergence of ancient Greek literature, as it is an important tribu
tary of literature of its various kinds. Until the modern and contemporary narrative texts became, they could not achieve their poetry and its enjoyment without drawing inspiration from the myth constructively or intellectually, so the research, in turn, dealt with the use of the biblical legend of Samson, which is one of the myths that found a presence in world and Hebrew literature, since its use in literature gives it a dimension. Metaphysics and another human that brings together the collective unconscious of the Jews. Hence, the Samson myth was linked to the literary narration directed, which conceals a meaning. The two researchers went at the beginning to try to monitor the essence and concept of this myth and what it means in terms of symbolism, as well as its linguistic and analytical aspects that made it a fertile field for literary employment, and Zionism used it to spread its racist ideas, in order to establish the roots of literature in the womb of the myth in its human and historical dimension and even in its artistic and aesthetic aspect. . In order for the research to fulfill its goal and objectives, the two researchers sought to study Samson's personality and analyze it linguistically and semantically and its place in the Torah, to indicate the most important features related to the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions of the myth, as well as the nature of political, social and historical issues that are presented through the multiplicity of mythical employment methods, both semantic and semantic

This study aims at clarifying the role of the Arabic language in the development of Hebrew and Jewish literature in general in Andalusia, the influences of the Arabic language in Jewish poetry in Andalusia, especially on the poetic grounds, and the quotation of images and poetic ideas from Arabic poetry, And Arabic vocabulary that entered the Hebrew language.
In addition, the research sheds light on the Arab tolerance enjoyed by the Jews and Christians under the rule of Islam in Andalusia, and the role of the Arabic language in enriching the literature of minorities

The morphological substitution is the standard substitution known in Semitic languages, including Syriac language, and it occurs as a result of phonetic similarity; The letter is affected by its phonemic value by the sounds that are adjacent to it, so some of the sounds that are juxtaposed are difficult to pronounce, and language speakers tend to facilitate pronunciation and save effort, so this substitution occurred.
This study is to shed light in detail on the morphological substitution in the Syriac language, and we found that the letters of this substitution have sixteen letters, namely: (ܐ/a, ܕ /d, ܗ/h, ܘ/o, ܙ /z, ܛ/ ṭ, ܝ/y, ܟ /k, ܠ /l, ܡ /m, ܢ /n, ܣ /s, ܨ /ṣ, ܪ/r, ܫ/š, ܬ/t), we have dealt with it according to the order of the Syriac alphabet So we mentioned each of these letters and the morphological substitution with examples

This research aims to study the history of building the ancient Ma'rib Dam in the country of Yemen. Historical evidence indicated that the Wadi Saba civilization in Mashreq Yemen played a major role in the emergence of the idea of dams and the development of irrigation systems in dry valleys. Therefore, the Ma'rib Dam was mentioned Throughout history in the name of Saba and the Sabaeans, and it was said that the builder of this dam is Saba bin denouncing, and the fact is that there is nothing in the history of ancient Yemen comparable to the history of Saba, as it is the land, the people and the state, and thus it is the pillar of the ancient Yemeni history and its great political formation, and the history of Saba in fact, it is the history of Yemeni civilization in its dawn, prosperity and demise.
The Ma'rib dam is a symbol of that civilization, as it is in its advanced form, dating back to the first millennium BC, and was associated with the existence of the Sabaean civilization that existed at that date, with a study of its importance and impact on the agricultural life of the inhabitants of Yemen. It is worth noting that historical accounts indicated that there are approximately (80) eighty dams in the country of Yemen, but the Ma'rib Dam is at the forefront and most famous of it, as it is an archaeological witness and material evidence that the country of Yemen has witnessed a sophisticated agricultural civilization, and that this dam is nothing but the outcome of a long agricultural experience Advanced and intensive farming life.
God Almighty honored the Ma'rib Dam, so it was mentioned in the Holy Qur’an, under the name: Al-Aram, which is: the dam, and as much as its construction and reconstruction was a symbol of the prosperity of ancient Yemen’s civilization, its eruption became a painful memory of the collapse of that civilization, which was close to the dawn of the emergence of Islam, as it was associated with the migration The people of Yemen and their dispersal in the regions and countries before and after Islam, and we have given the idea of rebuilding the (new) Ma'rib Dam a special priority and importance, to restore this great historical achievement, and to benefit from it in expanding agricultural lands, by using the water of the new dam to increase agricultural producti

Islamic money is one of the important documents that archaeologists rely on in determining the identity of the archaeological site, as well as because it contains important and official information issued by the state. Aqilian’s money is one of the important money in the year 416 A.H., through Which provided us with important information that was not mentioned in the historical sources and was the worth record of Islamic surnames , and this dirham is one of the important dirhams for this country was coined in the city of Tikrit in the year (416 AH), and through which it was proven that the Aqeelis had beong to the Shiite sect, and it was inscribed with the following phrases: (Imam Ali, Prince for the nation)

This research is concerned with studying and documenting the monastery of mar Eilia Alheery in Musel , far about (7 Km) wast from musel . the monastery is one of the unique patterns of its kind . the monastery is rectangular style , includes (27) athousand rooms , and its located on hill above musel city .
The building includes many of silos for housing the monks , its entries look up on open area . the monastery built with stone , and the building includes a small room hold a grave hiding one of the monks or may be mar Eilia Alheery itself . the research study showed the blast to be located by isis

The importance of the Ali al-Gharbi district lies in several factors, including that it extends with the borders of the State of Iran for more than a hundred kilometers, and the various commercial and economic relations arising from these borders. And abundant water, it became a primarily agricultural area, and the religious factor had a clear effect on attracting the population to the presence of shrines and sanctuaries such as the western shrine of Ali, which we are about to study from an architectural and technical point of view

This research was devoted to the study of Christianity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, especially in the historical aspects and the experience of coexistence with other religions, especially with Muslims. And doctrinal distortions and he also studied the historical roots of the Christian religion in the Kurdistan Region, indicating the beginnings of preaching the religion and how missionaries arrived in the region. To the high level of peaceful coexistence in the region, so that the common destiny and the struggle against injustice and tyranny had a remarkable role in uniting the word of the Kurds and Christians and advancing the reality of coexistence from the socio-economic level to the political level, that is, the level of political participation, joint action and participation in political decision

Many researchers were interested in the era in which Al-Ghazali lived in general, and the person of Al-Ghazali and his scientific achievements in particular, because they are rich in important sciences and knowledge in terms of establishing some of them and developing others. The prestigious position as one of the most prominent faces of the Islamic nation at the time, only after he proved his great knowledge of religious sciences and the rest of the sciences and was able to use its effective mechanisms

The interest in the social aspect has become attractive to readers interested in historical research, as this aspect has found a large area of interest from researchers specialized in historical research, and if we allocate the medical aspect of it as it is one of the main pillars of social life, we will find that there are important studies devoted to this aspect.
The administrative and financial aspect of each ministry formed the basis for any study because the disclosure of the administrative formations of the ministry and the financial allocations that the state allocates within the general framework of the annual budget gives a broad horizon for the researcher about the nature of the state’s interest in this or that sector and the extent of its policy that it puts under implementation from here came the importance of the study Entitled (Ministry of Health in Iraq 1968-1979, Historical Study in Administrative Formations and Financial Appropriations in the Light of Government Documents). Therefore, the research came divided into two parts:
The first section: Administrative formations and includes all kinds of administrative divisions, including directorates, divisions, units, etc., and the development that occurred in the ministry and its institutions during the research period.
The second section: Including the financial allocations that were allocated to this ministry during the research period, including expenditures and revenues revealed in the tables that included numbers that reflected in their fields the status of the ministry and its institutions, the nature of its work, the extent of its development and the role it played in the medical aspect.
All this information came based on government documents, both from published and unpublished documents, which were allocated to the Ministry of Health and its institutions, and issues from the Iraqi Journal of Al-Waqi’a.
Analyzing and studying words, and clarifying their aspects that distinguish them from difficult linguistic studies, which require knowledge and comprehension of the rules of the language of these words, which is the Syriac language.
In this study, we tried to analyze a number of Syriac words mentioned by Bishop Yaakov Eugene Menna in his dictionary (Guide for the Willing in the language of the Arameans), and to clarify their linguistic aspects, which made them less used in the Syriac language.
We have analyzed the words that the bishop said before us that they are "a few", and these words reached (27) words

The study dealt with the role of Brent Scowcroft as National Security Adviser during the period (1975-1977), as he held several important positions until he reached the position of National Security Adviser. He was distinguished by intelligence, knowledge, self-confidence and loyalty to his country, which made him be appreciated and respected by his colleagues and superiors at work, and to rely on him in many important issues and issues during the period For him and for his distinguished services in the performance of his work in this position