Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

There are many economic and financial visions that were mentioned in the book (Al-Anis Al-Mutreb in Rawd Al-Qirtas in the News of the Kings of Morocco and the History of the City of Fez). As this valuable book includes between its two covers, narrations that reveal important and pioneering events and practices that took place and were applied in the recent past on the scene of the countries of the Maghreb. This prompted the officials in the Marinid state to take quick measures to address and confront what happened.
Despite the large number and severity of these repercussions and interactions, it is not the nature of this research to download texts and visions beyond what they can bear, but rather it aims to reveal the practices and actions taken by officials in the Marinid state, as stated in the visions of Ibn Abi Zara in his book (Al-Anis Al-Mutrib Proud al-Qirtas in the news of the kings of Morocco and the history of the city of Fez). Because that would enrich the comparative studies. At the same time, it indicates the possibility of convergence of these practices with contemporary concepts that correspond to them in action, end and means.

Voluntary work has been considered as a basic step to society building through spreading love and social cohesion among individuals. It is a purely humanitarian deed and fulfilled for sake of Allah. It differs from one community to another and could be presented as money or any symbolic means leading to welfare for the community.
Voluntary work includes humanitarian efforts exerted by individuals or community. Essentially based on voluntary inner motivation whether it is emotional or logical. Free of charge, the voluntary work offered to community motivated by values of belonging for the purpose of ensuring the basic social needs.

The Islamic conquests, including the conquest of Egypt by the Arabs and Muslims, were the focus of many oriental studies, so we see many orientalists discussing the conquest of Egypt or the reasons for the Muslims’ tendency to conquer it, or the Muslims’ dealings with the Copts.
For some of these orientalists, their studies were objective and methodological, and their analyzes were in conformity with reality. Others did not study these conquests with a systematic, scrutinizing, scientific and objective view, so we see the contradiction in their sayings and analyzes, but we see the difference between their narratives and the historical narratives in the original Islamic and Coptic sources.
This study came to show the orientalists' views on the Arab Muslim conquest of Egypt, the course of military operations, and the position of the Copts towards them.

Orientalism represents a wide current of Western researchers who were interested in the literature, sciences and beliefs of the East, and researched its languages and cultures. This current clarified the Western vision of the Arab and Islamic world. These perceptions and visions reflected the nature of the conflict between Eastern and Western civilizations, as well as the conflict between Christianity and Islam. The Orientalist phenomenon occupied a large part of the life of the European society and the Arab and Islamic society, and over time it formed a major and important milestone in the field of thought, culture and literature. His geographical work, which is the Orient itself, as it stimulated Arabs and Muslims to return to their heritage, and to search for appropriate responses to defend their entity and belief, while some orientalists exaggerated in their writings by describing the beauty of the Orient.

The research includes a historical study of the conditions that Iraq went through after its defeat in the Desert Storm War, and its withdrawal from Kuwait, and how the American administration began exploiting those circumstances to start fragmenting Iraq and preventing its effectiveness, which took the form of threatening to use economic sanctions, and imposing UN committees that in turn adopted the issue of disarming and destroying it. His War arsenal, and how those committees reached the stage of inciting the Security Council to issue a resolution against Iraq, and how this decision had a role that paved the way for winning the war option, which was represented by Operation Desert Fox, which the United States launched against Iraq under the pretext of its non-compliance with United Nations resolutions.

A statesman and one of the most prominent leaders of the American Republican Party, he had a strong influence on the foreign policy of the United States of America during the thirties and forties of the last century. He served in the administrations of five American presidents from 1911-1945. He worked in both Republican and Democratic administrations. He served as Secretary of War (1911-1913) under President William Howard Taft. He took over the State Department for the period (1929-1933) during the era of President Herbert Hoover, and launched his principle known as the "Stimson principle", which was adopted by the US government in its foreign policy towards Asia in 1932. He returned as Minister of War for the period (1940-1945) under the leadership of the two presidents Franklin Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. He had a major role in supervising the Manhattan Project, which produced the atomic bomb, and participated in issuing the decision to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and put an end to World War II.

Franck Ayni Jewish School is one of the modern educational institutions in Baghdad, which was founded by the Jewish merchant and reformer Franck Yacoub Ayni in the year 1941, and was managed and supervised by the Israeli Private Schools Committee responsible for the education and education affairs of the Jewish community of the Israeli Physical Council. In the year 1967, the Administrative Committee of the Jews supervised Iraqis over its administrative affairs after the abolition of the Israeli Physical Council.
The school continued to exist until 1973 after it was closed due to the small number of students due to the shrinking number of Jews residing in Baghdad, as well as the economic deterioration and the dwindling of material support for the sect, after the Jewish endowments and their money were placed at the disposal of the Directorate of General Frozen Funds, which depended on its imports for tunnels On the Jewish schools. After they were closed, the school building was occupied by the government (Regular Preparatory School for Boys). By virtue of this, the Presidency of the Mousavi community in Baghdad granted all the contents and assets in kind and cash for the Franck Aini Intermediate School and Shamash Preparatory School to the regular preparatory administration. The Iraqi government seized the school building whose endowments belonged to the Mosawi sect in Baghdad under Resolution No. (284) issued on March 6, 1975 regarding the state’s expropriation of private and foreign school buildings after their nationalization and closure.

. In our follow-up to the narratives of Al-Idrisi (d. 559 AH) about the markets, we see that most of them carry abundant information that indicates the importance of these markets, and the commercial exchange they achieved between the markets of the Islamic Maghreb and the East. Wool, honey, oil and other trades and luggage, in addition to what became clear to us the features of Al-Idrisi's personality in his accurate descriptions, and thus his author became an important reference for all generations, whether he was in the East or the Islamic Maghreb, as he drew his narratives from viewing, not theorizing. Since the markets represent the prosperity of the economic aspect and the pole on which the prosperity and well-being of countries revolves, the historian and geographer Sharif Al-Idrisi paid great care in embodying the markets of Morocco in his narratives in terms of their distribution in villages, cities, and then regions in a sequential manner, alone from his peers, while these markets enjoyed diversity The crops and yields in it, as well as the industries in which it is spent, and the trades that are brought to it and carried from it. Although Al-Idrisi did not mention in his book the names of the markets in Morocco - except for a few of them - as is the case with the traveler Ibn Battuta (d. 779 AH / 1399 CE) when he mentions the market of engravers and paperworkers, the horse market, the market of glass makers and cooks, and many others, but Al-Idrisi had identified them within the paper. It must be noted that the researcher did not dwell on the biography of al-Idrisi because the study came to shed light on the markets in his narratives and not others research

The study of the names of the months helped to know the ownership of the cuneiform texts as well as their importance in knowing the economic and social life because the naming of the months was related to the activities of daily life in the era of Ur III. The month (iti níg-ga-e), which is the tenth month in the calendar of this city and to the names of the characters mentioned in the texts. These texts have been translated and analyzed. As for the general contents of the texts, the first text included a quantity of barley, while the second text included the expenses of beer and the third text distributed oil Sesame and the fourth and fifth texts, we could not determine its general content, because of the corruption of the face of the number, and the sixth text included beer expenses by a number of people.

The Journal of Arab Scientific Heritage is one of the fruits of the Center for the Revival of Arab Scientific Heritage at the University of Baghdad. Its editor-in-chief is headed by many professors whose fingerprints were present in the development of the magazine.

This research sheds light on the elements of the epic story such as events, characters, nodes, place and time of the epic, an idea and other elements.

The tools were mentioned in daily scenes, including scenes of celebrations, scenes of drinking, and scenes of war, such as a ruler or a priest carrying the scepter that symbolizes power in Mesopotamia, and other scenes depicting people in a boat rowing, or scenes of human struggle with predatory animals to protect domestic animals, or a battle scene, as mentioned in the scene of the obelisk Vultures, as war tools were used for self-defense in different scenes, and pots were also mentioned in other scenes.

Cuneiform writings are one of the most important sources of information about the history of ancient Mesopotamia because they enlighten us about the different aspects of that civilization. Three unpublished cuneiform texts kept in the Iraqi museum of Baghdad were chosen. Since these texts are of an unknown place of found -they were not obtained through archeological excavations- it was not easy to identify their exact date or the place of finding. After examining these texts thoroughly, reading, analyzing the terms, and identifying the historic expressions, it was found that they belong to King Šulgi Reign. The geographic location was also identified as belonging to the City of Umma (Chukha) based on the names of months reported in these texts.
The first text is a receipt for a number of copper tools (hammers and axes). The receipt is dated in the third month of the twenty-nine year of King Šulgi reign. The second text contains spending of various quantities of wheat; it was dated in the third month of the twenty-nine year of the same King. Whereas the third text contains personal belonging consisting of two small shovels or ploughing tools. This text was dated in the twelve month of the thirty year of King Šulgi reign.

The achaemenid empire is one of the most significant empires in world the pesian had established in the near east . it has expanded throughout continents of their ancie world asia ,Africa and Europeand lasted almost for two cantures(555B.C-331B.C) . the historical accounts and tradition of the Empire were mentioned in the historic and Geographical soures especially the classical ones such as strabo (63B.C-24AC) in the his book Geographical sketches their account and history had been taken from one generation in to the ather. Even though the skethes recount the events of Persians and their history after declienof their Empire ,Strabo mention wath he clims to have witnessed or havetaken from historaians who perced him . this paper deals with the life of Strabo and his book they are the Geographical sketches,as well as the account of the Persian cities,kings and cemetery of Cyrus ll as well as religios ,social,and military accounts and the defeat of Darius lll in front Alexander the great in the battles of Macedonians invasion of the near East in addition to other miscellaneous events.

Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (peace be upon him) was one of the most distinguished of the pure family, one of the prominent imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), and one of the most prominent men of thought and knowledge in Islam. Intellectualism has spread all over the Islamic world, but from a political point of view, the Imam strayed completely away from these political currents. The prevailing intellectual and scientific movement in his time, the importance of this research lies in revealing the legacy of Imam Al-Baqir in the writings of the people of Morocco and Andalusia.

The Assyrian state imposed its political dominance over a wide area of the globe during the first millennium BC. So, it’s had been fought the Elamites to the east, the Urartians to the north, the Arameans and Egypt to the west. Babylon (to the south) had represented the strategic depth of the Assyrian state. So, when it had imposes tight political control over Babylon, its administrative policy would be tightened over Sumer and Akkad. Then it had proceeded outside and unleashed its political control over the north, south, east and west. For sure, this political control would be died without the existence of a coherent administrative apparatus by its employees from its senior one till the smallest, where everyone owes an absolute loyalty to the king.
From this perspective, the dissertation has come to three axes: in the first, we will deal with an introductory profile about the administrative system in the Assyrian Empire, while in the second axis we will discuss the most prominent administrative pillars, of which are: (the king, the senate and employees), as we will show how did they perform their jobs, and how did they relate to each other. The research concluded with a set of results and a list of used sources and references.

Many modern academic studies have sought to pay attention to the study of academic, cultural and scientific personalities whose owners spent their lives serving their country through scientific research, and these studies achieved a number of goals, the most important of which is preserving the scientific and cognitive biography of these personalities, and for this it was necessary to shed light on the life and method of the historian (Sabah Ibrahim Al-Sheikhly and her contributions to the writing of Islamic history) and she is considered one of the personalities that contributed effectively to presenting many valuable studies and important researches that are considered an important reference for students in the subjects of Islamic history.