Adab AL Rafidayn

Conflict resolution in post-conflict societies constitutes one of our world\\'s most pressing issues. Too frequently, peacebuilding gets imposed from the outside, disregarding the profound heterogeneity of local populations and their extensive expertise. This means that sometimes social cohesion does not develop; instead, it creates wounds and undermines morale. This underlines the importance of proper valuation of peacebuilding efforts. As a microcosm of society, the university context provides the opportunity to enable peacebuilding skills based on local knowledge. Thus, through a case study in the University of Duhok, this paper sheds light on two significant issues: first, the potential of university campuses to provide space and resources for development of conflict resolution strategies and, second, how innovative methods can improve students\\' peacebuilding capacities.
This paper focuses on the short- and long-term effects of a university-led peacebuilding initiative to enhance students\\' capabilities in implementing projects related to social cohesion. The research utilised a mixed-methods approach, including pre- and post-assessments, focus groups, interviews, and observations, to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, behaviours, skills, and relationship changes.
The findings show significant positive outcomes in all these areas, with participants reporting improved conflict resolution abilities, empathy, and interpersonal skills. While the project cultivated a strong sense of community, some challenges in maintaining long-term collaboration arose. Thus, the study highlights the need for continuous support to maximize project impact and to guide future peacebuilding efforts.
The initial peacebuilding project was funded by the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) and took place in the Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution Studies (CPCRS) of Duhok University. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of MCC and CPCRS.

Richard Wright (1908-1960), a prominent African-American novelist, has made significant contributions to American literature, particularly in his exploration of race, identity, and social injustice. His works often depict characters struggling with fear, anger, and frustration due to poverty, racism, and segregation. Through vivid portrayals of oppression, Wright examines how these hardships lead African-American characters to respond violence and delinquency.
Wright's landmark novel, Native Son (1940), delves into the relationship between individual aspirations and societal constraints in 1930s Chicago. It highlights the racial injustices faced by African Americans in a Jim Crow society, a reality Wright himself experienced. Through the character of Bigger Thomas, the novel explores how personal desires and environmental strains shape actions and choices, illustrating the complexities of the human condition.
This study, utilizing a descriptive-analytical method, applies General Strain Theory (GST) to analyze the interplay between desire, strain, and delinquency in Native Son. It focuses on how Bigger's thwarted desires, influenced by systemic racism and societal constraints, manifest as strains that lead to delinquent behavior. The research seeks to answer how Bigger's unfulfilled desires contribute to his strain and criminal actions, and how GST provides insight into his motivations within a context of systemic oppression.
The findings demonstrate that three key sources of strain in Bigger's life—his inability to achieve valued goals, the loss of those goals, and exposure to negative stimuli—trigger significant negative emotions. These emotions, including fear, anger, and frustration, drive Bigger to engage in violent and delinquent behavior as a means of coping with his circumstances.

Pharyngealized coronal consonants, or emphatics, are distinctive phonological phenomena in Arabic dialects. A word with an underlying emphatic consonant, pharyngealization, or emphasis, usually spreads to neighboring consonants. This study aims to ascertain whether the Jordanian Arabic (henceforth JA) pharyngealized coronal sounds carry over this emphasis to adjacent sounds across word boundaries. It examines how coronal sounds behave differently in the JA, especially how they are pharyngealized in patterns that may differ greatly from those in the Arabic Mother Tongue, known as Standard Arabic (henceforth SA). The study uses feature geometry as its theoretical framework for data analysis, based on McCarthy's (1991) model, which was then improved by Vaux (1993) as cited in Mahadin and Bader (1995). Thus the model utilized in the current study is the one proposed by McCarthy and then modified by Vaux. By investigating this phenomenon, the study demonstrates that JA's phonological techniques differ from the ones found in the SA and advances our understanding of how pharyngealization works in this language.

This paper explores the social and political impacts depicted in Caryl Churchill's plays Cloud Nine and Top Girls, utilizing affect theory as conceptualised by Brian Massumi. By examining the emotional and affective dimensions of these works, the study highlights how Churchill's dramaturgy engages with and critiques societal norms and power structures. Cloud Nine deconstructs colonial and gender identities through its non-linear narrative and cross-gender casting, while Top Girls addresses the complexities of female ambition and societal expectations.
Churchill’s plays are not far from her life and career development, instead, they are related. In the two plays, one can notice how the socialist and feminist ideas were conveyed professionally and how the playwright managed to convey to the audience her main perspectives. The paper tackled the professional life of Churchill, her gradual development as a playwright and the distinctive theatrical techniques used in the two plays.
Through the lens of affect theory, this paper argues that Churchill's plays not only reflect but also actively shape the audience's emotional responses, fostering a critical awareness of the social and political issues at play. The analysis demonstrates how affective engagement in drama can serve as a powerful tool for social critique and transformation.

This study investigates a particular type of dangling modifier in English, the *-ed* participle, adopting the Quirk et al. (1985) paradigm, which discusses grammar from syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic perspectivesf. The *-ed* participle poses difficulties with clarity, ambiguity, and functioning as a dangling modifier. By building self-generated data based on common syntactic structures and linguistic principles, this study fills a research gap by examining *-ed* participles as dangling modifiers from an eclectic perspective. Using an eclectic approach, the study aims to investigate how *-ed* participles work as dangling modifiers and how this affects sentence comprehension. One of the primary hypotheses is that *-ed* participles affect the meaning of entire sentences rather than simply the components they directly alter when they are used as dangling modifiers. The data samples, which comprise 10 different texts each and are representative samples of the corpus of 50 texts, were collected from literary works, language textbooks, journals, and news items in order to assess the dependability and credibility. These self-constructed examples are examined using Quirk et al.'s eclectic framework (1985), and their design is based on common patterns observed in both literary and non-literary English. The findings add to our understanding of this grammatical phenomenon by shedding light on the function of *-ed* participles inside sentences and their effect on overall meaning.

This research focuses on the psychological analysis of some of the main characters in the novel Artificial Bonds by Nathan Devers, which highlights the impact of digital technology on the human psyche and human relationships. By presenting the characters and their internal conflicts, this study discusses the identity crises and psychological separation that individuals suffer from in a world dominated by digital assumptions.
The study particularly examines three characters: Julien Libérat, who suffers from psychological isolation and emotional fragility, May Carpentier, who faces a conflict between her personal ambitions and her need for emotional security, and Sébastien, who represents the utilitarian side of human relationships. Furthermore, the research highlights the literary style of the writer Nathan Devers, who used innovative narrative techniques to illustrate these psychological and social conflicts.
The research aims to analyze the impact of technology on identity and human relationships, while highlighting the literary style and the cultural and social context in which the novel was written

The present study aims at analysing the rhetorical devices to investigate the way Iraqi’s image was constructed in the British news headlines after the US-led invasion of Iraq. Since such discourse comprises the gist of the whole news text. The number of samples for the current study is (15) news headlines. The corpora were extracted from two British broadsheet platforms, namely, The Independent and The Guardian. The study adopted van Dijk’s (2000) socio-cognitive model for analysing and interpreting the data under investigation. The findings of the study reveal that the Iraqi’s image is constructed through various rhetorical devices, viz. repetition, euphemism, dramatization, and metaphor. Repetition appears to be the most frequent rhetorical device; thereby, British journalists emphasized the impact of bribes and robbery on Iraq, confirming the normalization of corruption in Iraqi society. Furthermore, the study shows that the UK press depicted the suffering of children and violence against women in the aftermath of the U.S.-led invasion. Therefore, the results of the study show that the Iraqi’s image is negatively constructed in readers’ minds. Finally, the implications of the study show that the Iraqi’s image is constructed negatively due to ignorance of historical, cultural, social, and religious knowledge.

The research includes introducing the personality of Prince Hisham bin Abdul Rahman and his moral qualities, how he was able to reach the Emirate of Andalusia after the death of his father, his confrontation with the revolutions that arose against him on the internal and external levels, and the conflict over the Emirate that occurred with his brothers due to the failure to appoint a guardian for the Emirate after Abdul Rahman Al Dakhel, so he was able Hisham, with his intelligence, political acumen, and good conduct among the people, overcame his brother Suleiman, who considered himself the legitimate heir to the emirate because he was the eldest, and was able to overcome him after his monopoly in the rule of Toledo, and he was exiled with his brother Abdullah to Morocco after he gave them their share of the money, Hisham bin Abdul Rahman was also able to eliminate the revolution of Said bin Al-Hussein, the revolution of Matruh bin Suleiman, and the Berber revolution, and the great role of the Sawaifs and Shawati in protecting the emirate, leading military campaigns against the Spanish and Frankish kingdoms, and his foreign relations with the Maghreb and the Abbasid state. The impact of dark humor, a type of comedy, comes from contrasting humor with the gravity of some subjects, like death, war, or political corruption. It regularly employs irony, cynicism, and sarcasm to draw attention to the absurdity of certain situations or to push the boundaries of social acceptance to elicit ideas. Paul Grice's conversational principles were applied as a framework in the research, such as the dark humor analysis method and the implied concept. Therefore, the goal of the current study is to pragmatically explore how dark humor functions as a strategic tool to critique authority and to achieve communicative objectives in interpersonal interactions, specifically in TV talk shows. This is exemplified by examining Bassem Youssef’s interview with Piers Morgan, which showcases black humor for mocking power and engaging audiences.

This research paper investigates how properly students use referential cohesive devices in their essays and what is the frequency of using each type of these devices. Fifteen essays from second year students of the Translation Department of the College of Languages of Duhok University were collected. After collecting essays, all the cohesive devices are classified according to their three types personal pronouns, demonstratives, and comparatives. The frequency of using each cohesive device is detected by a statistic procedure. The Microsoft Word program is used to encode the data. Then the Microsoft Excel program is used to draw a chart in order to visualize the results. Generally speaking, the findings show that the frequency of using personal pronouns as a cohesive device is the highest one among all the three types of referential cohesive devices. In addition to this, a large number of students have avoided using demonstratives and comparatives. Such results show lack of familiarity of students with these referential cohesive devices which affect the organization of their essays.

Speech acts, a fundamental component of pragmatics, involve specific intentions beyond the literal meaning of words. These acts are associated with the actions conveyed through spoken words, enabling individuals to perform actions through their utterances. The statements are intrinsically linked to the actions they describe. This paper examines speech acts within Mahmoud Darwish\'s poem \"Think of the Others.\" Utilizing the qualitative description method and employing John Searle\'s (1979) classification of illocutionary acts, the paper seeks to identify the types and functions of these acts in the poem. These speech acts effectively convey the poet\'s underlying message through predominant directives supplemented by assertions and emotional expressions. They function as catalysts, prompting the audience to transcend personal preoccupations and consider others’ necessities and journeys. By emphasizing the interconnected nature of humanity, this study posits that our actions have consequences for those around us. Through an analysis of the poem, a more profound understanding emerges regarding the utilization of speech acts in poetry, elucidating their capacity to evoke empathy and compassion within the audience.

This research addresses a metaphysical issue—divine revelation—and serves as a scientific study of the causes of extraordinary knowledge, employing a middle-ground approach between materialists and those who adhere to myths. It provides evidence that spiritual entities exist in the universe, possessing various spiritual manifestations and extraordinary cognitive abilities in humans that transcend space and time, as well as the limitations of matter and the material senses. This is encapsulated in the phrase "spiritual manifestations in the realms of extraordinary perception."
This middle-ground perspective is illustrated through several points, including:
Clarifying the Meaning of Perception: This involves examining its definition in the principles of jurisprudence and distinguishing it from similar concepts in philosophy, rhetoric, and language in terms of generality and specificity.
Analytical Explanation of the Verse: The verse "[Say, 'None in the heavens or the earth knows the unseen except Allah'] (An-Naml: 65)" is analyzed, either by specifying the meaning of the unseen, the meaning of knowledge, or by maintaining the generality of the verse while determining who the knower is. Does this include those in the heavens and the earth or not? Listing the Causes of Extraordinary Knowledge: This includes the ranks of individuals in relation to their knowledge of the spirit, which comprises thirteen pathways. Some of these pathways are common to all people, as experienced by any fair-minded individual. The key point is that Allah cuts off the excuses of those who deny the revelations of the saints.
One of these pathways is specific to non-pious individuals, and a just person may experience a trial but will remember and not fall prey to the devil and the commanding self. Furthermore, there are pathways shared by prophets and saints that are beyond the capacity of others. Two of these pathways are exclusive to the prophets, and it has been established that one of them has only occurred with some of them.

This research is a realistic scientific debate that demonstrated the confrontation of groups of people with proof, each according to his mentality. Because returning with proof is more correct than returning with the sword. Because fear may lead its owner to be hypocritical, while the person with proof is not like that.
He confirms that the roots of the science of theology, whose goal is to defend the truths of faith in a rational and convincing way, were present in the Qur'an and desirable science, as appeared from the debate of Abraham - peace be upon him.
It gives us insight into knowing God without excessive denial or excessive comparison, but rather with a knowledge befitting His majesty that there is nothing like Him.
He uses methods of persuasion according to the classes of people, perhaps by stimulating the innate sense without using scientific terminology in reasoning. It may be by using the balance of reason and logic in an easy form, or it may be by using reason in a precise form, which is the path of philosophy or the path of the mysterious and precise rationalist.

The research dealt with the formulas that are repeated with one meaning and begin with the hamza in the dictionary Tahdheeb al-Lughah, the dictionary that was composed by the unique genius, the master of language, al-Azhari, who died in the year (372 AH), who was famous for the accuracy of his transmission with an uninterrupted scientific chain of transmission, and the abundance of his taking from the books of scholars, especially the books that were mostly lost; therefore, the dictionary became a scientific treasure and a crucible of knowledge in the rational and transmitted sciences of language. The linguistic formulas that Al-Azhari included in his dictionary were treated in terms of morphology and grammar in the places that required morphology, and they were documented with precise scientific documentation. Then the research was divided into a study and a dictionary, the study of which included two sections: The first section included something about Al-Azhari’s biography and his method in arranging the words that came with one meaning in his dictionary. The second chapter included an analytical study of some of the formulas that Al-Azhari included and came with one meaning - as he sees it - while the dictionary included the formulas that came in his dictionary with one meaning arranged alphabetically, served by scientific graduation according to the traditions of the people of investigation and morphology among the students.

This research aims to extract patterns of syntactic and grammatical parallelism in the poetry of the Abbasid poet Ali bin Jabla (Al-Akkuk), which varied between verbal and nominal structures and other structures, in addition to analyzing these patterns grammatically and semantically, and demonstrating the aesthetic functions of these parallel stylistic structures, and their impact on the cohesion of the text structure, through our examination of his poetry, we found examples of this type that match the grammatical structure completely or almost completely, whether these compounds agree in meaning or not, and it occurs on both the horizontal and vertical levels. The poet employed this type in the introduction to his praise and elegiac poems, along with many of them in his flirtatious poems.
The study was divided into three sections, in the first section: a brief about the poet's life, the second: the study of synthetic parallelism (actual), and the third: the study of synthetic parallelism (nominal) in his poetry, and in conclusion the most important findings of the study.

This research is a study of the phonetic effort of an Egyptian linguist who rose to fame in the twentieth century, appearing in his works (Introduction to Arabic Phonetics, Recitation of the Holy Quran in the Light of Modern Linguistic Studies, Introduction to the Phonetics of the Arabic Language and the Art of Quranic Performance) .
It dealt with his approach to presenting important issues and the way he dealt with them, and how to interpret, explain and justify them. It also showed the points of agreement and disagreement between some of the opinions of ancient and modern scholars, such as Al-Khalil, Sibawayh, Ibn Jinni, Ibrahim Anis and Kamal Bishr.
This research included a summary, an introduction and two sections, the first of which dealt with the articulation point in language and terminology, and the second dealt with the articulation points of sounds according to Abdul Fattah Abdul Aleem Al-Barkawi, then the conclusion .

The research titled "The Significance of Derivative Structures from the Root (Ghair) in the Holy Quran - A Morphological Study" analyzes the morphological structures derived from the root (Ghair) to clarify their significance accurately, after explaining their meaning in linguistic usage. It has been shown that each structure derived from the root (Ghair) in the Holy Quran has a different significance; for instance, the significance of (Ghair) differs from that of (Taghayyur), and the significance of the active participle (Mughayir) differs from that of the active participle (Mughayir), and so on.
The research also revealed that the significance of the root (Ghair) in linguistic usage does not deviate at all from the moment of actual transition from one state to another that completely opposes it, such as the transition from stillness to movement, or from concealment to appearance, or from weakness to strength.

This is my research entitled " The Semantic Effect of the Oath in Surat Al-Tariq ", in which the study of the Surah of Tariq dealt with a semantic study; This is to demonstrate the effect of the meaning according to four indicative levels: Lexical Level, Synthetic Level, Pure Level, Acoustic Level, and Lexical Level deals with the semantic effect that individual meanings show by what vocabulary gives in linguistic lexicons And lexicons have played a big role in producing meanings, whether real or figurative, It comes after the semantic analysis of the synthetic level and in turn studies the connotations that the meanings give to composite words and we have expanded our analysis of this level more than others; That is the capacity of the compositions and the meanings they generate, and then the semantic analysis of the pure level and this level analyses the distinctive pure connotation of the vocabulary in the Surah of Tariq, Then the semantic analysis of the vocal level and this level analyses the meaning of the sounds in the Surah al-Tariq, especially at the end of the verses Certainly, the goal of each research is to reach results that add ideas to its predecessors and enrich the research heritage old and modern and we have reached many results that we have included in our research material that we calculate.

This study dealt with an interpretation of the interpretations of the Holy Qur'an, which is the interpretation of the brief editor of Ibn Attia Al-Andalusi (d. 541 AH), and this interpretation is one of the important sources of interpretation because it relies on the grammatical and linguistic aspect clearly and clearly, and presented the views of grammarians - led by Sibawayh -. The study tried to highlight Sibawayh's opinion on the names raised, because they are prominent in his interpretation, especially since these views show the great impact of some grammar issues in directing the meaning, and the importance of this study comes in highlighting Sibawayh's opinion and efforts in the interpretation of the brief editor and Ibn Attia's follow-up.

The diversity of gemstones’ colours gave diversity in itself to the forms of living nature represented by gardens, vases, aquatic plants and monasteries, and living nature represented by birds and animals, so the influence is clear in both sources, gemstones and silent and living nature, as the coupling generated by the meeting of gemstones with the elements of nature generates in the poet inspiration and dedication to convey his voice to sources through which he can address the hearer with the most accurate phrases and signals that push the poet to express his/her poetic creativity.
The inspiration that is generated in the poet stems first from his feelings, as feelings have a great impact in dealing with issues of nature, especially silent ones. There is another factor that supports feelings in achieving creativity, which is the poetic style that lies in issues of rhetoric through metaphor, metonymy, and simile, in addition to linguistic issues in presentation, delay, and prepositions, as these rhetorical and linguistic styles and letters in general work to push the poet to be creative in his poetry and to convey that creative poetic achievement to the recipient.
From this standpoint, we studied silent and living nature through extracting gemstones in the poetry of the 3rd and 4th Abbasid era

This research examines the poem "The Iraqi Departs" by the contemporary Iraqi poet Ahmad Jarallah Yassin through a study of the stylistic structures that underpin the text. It tracks all levels of language, beginning with the smallest unit, sound, progressing through the intermediate unit, syntax, and ending with the largest unit, meaning (semantics).
The research seeks to highlight the points of stylistic deviations within the text and analyze them by uncovering the overt stylistic features on the surface and delving into the deeper structures to arrive at the resulting semantic structure.
By selecting a stylistic approach that works across all language levels in a single text, the research aims to demonstrate that phonological, syntactic, and semantic deviations combine, interlock, and integrate to produce a unified stylistic structure. Every segment of the text contains a set of stylistic features that complement each other to produce a single, cohesive text.
The research plan includes a theoretical introduction, three practical sections, and a conclusion. The introduction defines the concepts of "style" and "stylistics" as related terms with a shared origin, and then clarifies the function of each term. The first section is titled The Phonological Level, focusing on two prominent phonetic structures in the poem: repetition and antithesis. The second section is titled The Syntactic Level, which is divided into two parts: the first deals with foregrounding (placement of elements) and the second with concentration (emphasis), both of which appear more prominently in the poem than other syntactic features. The third section, The Semantic Level, addresses metaphor and simile as rhetorical devices that contribute to the overall structure of the text. The conclusion summarizes the key findings of the research.

Our research is concerned with investigating and studying the topic of (subject and predicate) from the book: Al-Kafiya fi Ilm Al-Nahw (in grammatology), by Sheikh Hussein bin Abdullah Jalabi Ali Al-Adrenawi, who is considered, in addition to his grammatical leadership, one of the pillars of the Hanafi school of thought in his time. He is one of the Turkish scholars whose knowledge and work shone despite the dryness in writing and classification that prevailed during the period in which he lived, in which scholars were satisfied with marginal notes and explanations of grammatical texts. However, despite all of that, it did not prevent the emergence of renewed scholars from time to time who excelled in classification, arrangement, approximation, explanation and methodology. Our author is only one of those distinguished group who tried to restore the luster of Arabic grammar by purifying it from explanations and marginal notes, and reclassifying it in a way that brings it closer to the minds, avoiding what many grammar authors fell into, which is the increase in grammatical differences that dominated most of the grammar books that preceded his writing.

Since the emergence of Pakistan on August 15, 1947, it has faced several problems, the most important of which is the issue of its survival as an independent state and away from regional and international interventions in the presence of the conflict of the superpowers in what was known as the Cold War between the two camps, the communist eastern camp led by the Soviet Union and the capitalist western camp led by the United States of America, in addition to Indian ambitions in Pakistan, which was part of the lands of India until its independence. The Pakistani governments faced these challenges and began to lean their policies towards the capitalist camp and preferred to proceed according to its aspirations, in order to obtain economic, political and military support and to establish the entity of the new state. Due to the deterioration of Pakistan's economic and political conditions from independence until 1958, this led to the intervention of the Pakistani military establishment in the government and the coup led by General Muhammad Ayub Khan succeeded in overthrowing the civil authority and the army took over the leadership of the country. The position of the United States of America on this coup was very important to the Pakistani military establishment to continue supporting the country and to legitimize the coup. The position of the United States of America on this coup was Variable according to the prevailing international conditions and its national interest.

There are many reasons that affect the nature of relations between President George Bush Sr. and the Salvation Government in Sudan، the most prominent of which is the American interest in Sudan’s location within Africa، as it constitutes a starting point for American policy in Africa. For this reason، many American interest groups exert pressure on the American administration and Congress with the aim of imposing policies، issuing laws، or taking certain positions towards Sudan. Among these reasons are the Second Gulf War، the presence of terrorist groups، the problem of South Sudan، and finally the Sudanese oil wealth، whether in South Sudan or the north. Oil still plays a major role in making American policy، and for this reason the United States is working to calm the political situation in Sudan so that it can benefit from Sudanese wealth، especially oil.
The research was divided into an introduction، a conclusion، and two axes. The first axis dealt with the position of President George Bush Sr.’s administration regarding the Salvation Government، while the second axis included the motives for President George Bush Sr.’s interest in the Salvation Government.

The borders are among the most important sites that countries have been interested in throughout time because they form the borders between them. As soon as Muslims had a presence in the lands of the Kipchaks to the north and south, the Byzantine Empire took upon itself to adopt certain policies towards that presence, as it saw it as a threat to its northern and northeastern borders. It took care of the peoples and countries of those regions and tried to get close to them by all means and methods, to win them over to its side against the Islamic presence in the lands of the Kipchaks. Those methods were represented in trying to spread Christianity among them and unify the doctrine as much as possible, similar to the Church of Constantinople, and establishing fortifications, stirring up unrest, supporting rebellions, and forming military alliances with the countries of the north and south of the Kipchaks in order to destabilize the Islamic presence in the Kipchaks, in addition to the gifts, donations, privileges, and titles that it granted to the princes of those countries for the same purpose. The Byzantine Empire tried through that policy to push the Islamic presence and remove its threat from its northern and northeastern borders, especially After the Muslims penetrated in their conquests to the south of the Kipchak, and extended to the north of the Kipchak through peaceful means represented by the call to Islam and migration from the regions of Transoxiana (Central Asia) to the Atl River (Volga) basin, and the Mongols entered the north and south of the Kipchak and embraced the Islamic religion, and through this policy it was able to maintain its influence and political presence and delay the Islamic tide towards Anatolia and Constantinople .

The research summarizes the submission of a number of workers in the field of professional categories and organizations in Mosul in March 1931 AD with a request to the Ministry of Interior to establish the Workers' Party. Among those who signed the request were Hajj Ahmed Al-Nuh, Saad Al-Din Al-Ziyadah, Ibrahim Mahmoud Al-Jalabi and others. The objectives of the proposed party were not limited to labor activity, but the party's basic system stipulated striving to achieve Iraq's complete independence and consolidate Arab unity. The Ministry of Interior rejected the request, but Saad Al-Din Al-Ziyadah, who was a lawyer, requested to be granted a privilege for a political newspaper called Al-Amal, and this was approved and the first issue was published on September 5, 1931 AD.

The study aimed to determine the position of the African Union on the political developments after the Libyan House of Representatives assumed power in Libya following its victory in the elections of June 2014. The study ended with the signing of the Skhirat Agreement in December 2015. The study also addressed the role played by the Union and its executive authority represented by the African Peace and Security Council in order to end the political and military conflict in Libya and reach a solution that ends the suffering of the Libyan people. The study was divided into an introduction, a preface, and two requirements. The preface was devoted to providing an overview of the political situation in Libya after the collapse of the Gaddafi government in October 2011, the governments that took turns in power in Libya, and the reasons that led to resorting to armed conflict. The first requirement dealt with the position of the African Union on the political developments in Libya in 2014, which began with the appointment of a special envoy to Libya and its participation in regional and international meetings that sought a solution to the crisis in Libya. The second requirement dealt with the position of the African Union on the political developments in Libya in 2015 through the statements it issued and its participation in the meetings it attended in order to find a solution to the crisis, which ended with its welcoming of the signing of the Skhirat Agreement in December 2015.

Despite the short duration of the Zionist aggression on Lebanese territory، which lasted for approximately (16) days، its impact was significant on the political، military, and economic arenas ، due to the consequences this aggression had on the Lebanese political reality، and the military operations on its territory that resulted in heavy loss of life. As a result of the massacres committed by the Zionist forces in their attacks by land، sea and air، In addition to the losses in the Lebanese infrastructure، especially in southern Lebanon، which affected the country’s service reality، and left negative results on the Lebanese economy as a result of the disruption of Lebanese air and sea navigation. As for the global level، this aggression had a wide resonance in the countries of the Arab and international world through the positions of those countries. Of aggression between his supporters and a large majority who oppose him، These positions appeared from the first day of the aggression. The research dealt with the details of the aggression day by day، taking every detail mentioned by providing a comprehensive description of the conduct of those military operations between the two sides، whether the attacks of the Zionist forces or the response of the Lebanese resistance to those attacks. A presentation of the daily statements of the politicians of the two countries during the efforts aimed at a ceasefire by the countries surrounding Lebanon and a number of major countries، most notably France and the United States of America.

The beginning of the twentieth century, and specifically the end of the year 2010, witnessed the winds of change that affected the Arab region, and political news occurred in a number of countries, as the spark of the revolution was launched in Tunisia and its effects spread to the rest of the Arab countries until it reached Syria. Its youth went out in large demonstrations demanding change and political and economic reforms, but the Syrian regime faced this revolution with a fierce confrontation that prompted the revolutionaries to demand the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad’s rule
However, regional and international support prevented the revolution from achieving its goals, and from here the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s position on the Syrian revolution emerged by supporting them militarily and politically through the Arab League and the Gulf Cooperation Council.

Iraq suffered from a severe economic crisis after the war with Iran (1980-1988) and it emerged from this war shackled by debts due to the loans from the Gulf States during the war. When oil prices began to decline, this in turn affected the sale of the Iraqi oil at prices that would solve the debt problem, which created a state of tension in Iraq's foreign policy, especially with the Gulf States and specifically Kuwait, in addition to the oil border problems between the two countries that we are not going to talk about now. This resulted in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. This event negatively affected Iraq's international and regional position, until matters turned to the UN Security Council, which issued resolutions against Iraq that resulted in imposing an economic blockade on it and Iraq was given a period of time ending in mid-January 1991 to withdraw from Kuwait. However, as Iraq refused to withdraw, this led to the outbreak of the Second Gulf War, led by the United States of America, which led the coalition countries to force it to withdraw by force. The war ended at the end of February 1991, but Iraq entered the tunnel of the economic blockade that made it suffer from a major humanitarian problem manifested in the shortage of Medicine and food, which prompted the United Nations to deal with this problem by allowing Iraq to sell a part of oil in exchange of food and medicine, and here comes the Turkish role in this program, which had stood against Iraq alongside the coalition countries, but at the same time the cessation of pumping Iraqi oil affected its economy, so this memorandum came and Turkey invested its specific geographical location to Iraq by exporting Iraq oil through its land. So, the trade relations between them developed until they were restored in general.

The study examines the social status of scholars in Iraqi society during the Abbasid era (492 AH – 574 AH / 1098 AD – 1178 AD), considering them as people of sound judgment and opinion within the community. One of the fundamental principles of Islam is the veneration of knowledge and scholars. The scholars, including jurists and religious experts, were not a distinct class but were an integral part of Baghdad’s society, belonging to both its general and elite social groups.
Many scholars emerged during this period, playing a significant role in social life by actively participating in important matters across political, social, and intellectual fields. Their influence extended among both the general public and the elite. As a result, Baghdad produced numerous jurists and scholars in religious, rational, and transmitted sciences.
Jurists and religious scholars held a distinguished position in society, receiving special attention from the caliphs and prominent state figures. They were entrusted with high-ranking political and administrative positions alongside their religious duties.
Most scholars, jurists, hadith narrators, and Quranic reciters were also engaged in various professions and were known by occupational titles such as Al-Bazzaz (cloth merchant), Al-Dahhan (oil merchant), Al-Attar (perfumer), Al-Jassas (plasterer), Al-Saqqā (water carrier), Al-Khabbāz (baker), Al-Bannā (builder), and many others.
During the Abbasid era, jurists and scholars benefited from remarkable social services that provided them with financial, social, and healthcare support. Students of knowledge and scholars were granted special provisions to ensure their well-being in all aspects of life.

The position of the caliph or ruler was not merely an expression of a personal position on any issue or matter pertaining to the state or nation, but rather it was an official position represented by the entire state. The position of the Abbasid caliphs on the issue of the plight of the creation of the Qur’an raised by the Mu’tazila sect was considered one of the most important positions taken by the three Abbasid caliphs (Al-Ma’mun, Al-Mu’tasim, and Al-Wathiq). This matter led to a major division among the scholars of the nation, Among them were those who supported the position of these scholars and aligned themselves with them, and among them were those who believed in the creation of the Qur’an and stood up to the authority that adopted this position. At the forefront of these scholars was Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, who was subjected to various means of pressure and torture by these caliphs to force him to take a position similar to theirs. However, he wrote a great epic in steadfastness in speaking the truth until that ordeal was removed at the hands of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil Billah, who took a position contrary to the position of his previous predecessors regarding the Abbasid caliphs.

Ancient civilizations approached the concept of madness and mental disorders from a religious and spiritual perspective, as beliefs prevailed that mental illnesses were caused by mysterious forces such as evil spirits, possession by jinn, or the influence of magic and the evil eye. It was also linked to a person losing his mind as a result of the wrath of the gods, which led to the emergence of different social practices for dealing with those afflicted with these conditions, as was prevalent in Egyptian and Babylonian civilizations. These beliefs were reflected in treatment methods, which were characterized by magic, spells, and complex religious rituals. The belief in the influence of supernatural powers remained present for long periods, and with the passage of time these perceptions began to gradually decline in favor of scientific explanations, as the nature of psychological disorders was reconsidered as resulting from brain functions and not from supernatural beings, especially after Hippocrates (460-357 BC) was able to conduct a medical study separate from religion, refuting the idea of evil spirits and confirming the existence of a malfunction in the body's functions and not related to the curse of the gods. He saw that psychological illnesses, like other physical illnesses, stem from internal problems in the body and not from external influences. This shift reflected the development of human understanding of the concept of madness and its causes, and contributed to the development of more effective treatment methods based on scientific foundations, the importance of choosing the research topic lies in tracing the development of the view of madness throughout the ages, as well as understanding the extent of the influence of beliefs on the methods of treating the insane. The research in this topic relied on a historical and critical analysis of the development of concepts related to madness and mental illnesses, with a focus on reviewing the impact of those transformations that occurred on the concept of madness and on the methods of treatment and societal practices.

This study explores the biography and methodology of the English orientalist Thomas Arnold (1864–1930), who is regarded as one of the most prominent scholars in Islamic and Arabic studies. Arnold began his academic career in India, where he worked as a professor of philosophy at Aligarh Muslim University and was deeply influenced by Islamic culture during his time there. He later moved to London, where he held the position of Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of London and served as the director of the Institute of Oriental Studies.
Arnold was distinguished by his impartial approach to the study of Islam, striving to present a balanced view of the Islamic religion and civilization, free from the biases prevalent in his era. Among his most notable works is the book The Preaching of Islam, which examines the historical spread of Islam, focusing on the issue of religious tolerance in Islamic tradition. Another significant work is The Caliphate, where he traces the history of the caliphate institution from the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs to its abolition by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924.
Despite his efforts to provide a fair portrayal of Islam, Arnold's methodology was not devoid of certain biases and methodological errors, particularly in The Caliphate, where he relied heavily on orientalist sources without adequately balancing them with original Islamic sources. Nevertheless, Arnold remains one of the most influential orientalists who contributed significantly to enriching Islamic studies in the West.

Geography has been considered one of the important sciences since ancient times, particularly in the Greek and Roman civilizations. It refers to the depiction and description of the Earth and encompasses mathematical and astronomical geography, as well as physical and human geography. Travelers played a significant role in its development.
Ptolemy is considered one of the first to compile a book on geography, in which he described the Earth. There are many definitions of geography as a term, including that it is the science that studies the description of the Earth and its phenomena on its surface, whether on land or water.
Muslims were generally interested in geography, particularly in the Islamic East. This interest stemmed from the need to know about lands outside the Islamic state, a curiosity fueled by merchants and travelers who explored the edges of the world. Additionally, Ptolemy's book played an important role in stimulating geographical activity, as it became a key reference for Eastern scholars.
For instance, the scholar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (d. 232 AH/847 AD) authored a book modeled after Ptolemy's and named it Surat al-Ard (The Picture of the Earth). Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (d. 260 AH/873 AD) translated Ptolemy's Almagest into Arabic, and Thabit ibn Qurra (d. 288 AH/900 AD) also translated the Almagest, producing a better translation than that of al-Kindi.
Scholars of the Islamic East, particularly Abu Zayd al-Balkhi (d. 322 AH/934 AD), were able to present a large collection of maps in his book Surat al-Aqalim (The Picture of the Regions). The field of geography in the Islamic East can be divided into two main branches: physical geography and human geography, which are further divided into subfields.
Eastern Islamic scholars paid significant attention to these divisions, producing numerous works in every branch. The geographical studies in the Islamic East were more diverse than in other Islamic cities and regions, due to their exposure to the heritage of other nations through translations.
The research is divided into an introduction, four main sections, and a conclusion.

The aim of the Current research is to identify the effect of using the traffic signals strategy on achievement and developing self-confidence among second-year middle school students in the subject of the holy Quran and Islamic education, the research Sample was limited to second-grade middle school students at Al-Muhaimin intermediate school for boys, represented by Section (A) as an experimental group and Section (B) as the control group, for the academic year 2024-2025, the two research groups consisted of (60) students, with (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group, the researcher used the experimental design with two equivalent groups, the researcher prepared an achievement test that was compatible with the vocabulary of the subject matter for the stage, and in its final form it consisted of (35) paragraphs, The validity and reliability of the test were extracted using appropriate methods , the researcher also prepared a self-confidence scale for the intermediate stage, After presenting it to a group of arbitrators in the field of educational and psychological sciences to demonstrate the suitability of the scale, the clarity of its paragraphs, and the soundness of its wording, the scale became ready and in its final form consisted of (21) paragraphs, it varied between positive and negative paragraphs, after applying the post-test and the self-confidence scale to the research sample, the data were collected and processed statistical methods, the results showed the existence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the members of the experimental group who studied according to the traffic signals strategy and the average scores of the members of the control group in achievement, in favor of the experimental group, there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the individuals in the two groups on the self-confidence scale, in favor of the experimental group, in light of the research results, the researcher recommended: adopting the traffic signals strategy in teaching the Holy of Quran and Islamic education in the intermediate stage.

Health is a basic requirement and a strategic goal that the countries of the world, its organizations and individuals seek to achieve and work hard to achieve, for a healthy life, through which the individual contributes to the various development efforts for himself, his family and his community. Health is clearly affected by the social environment that imposes on the individual to follow certain methods in order to maintain it, and here he embodies the behaviors adopted by his social environment to become an essential part of his personality. This embodiment is evident in his adoption of healthy concepts and perceptions that contribute to maintaining the safety of his physical and psychological health. This is what makes the social environment play an important role in crystallizing the concept of health awareness among individuals and forming standard behaviors that adopt a fixed approach and vision to deal with the obstacles that stand in the way of the individual practicing his life normally. The social environment greatly affects the quality of healthy life of individuals, as social relationships, economic status, and prevailing culture affect mental and physical health. Therefore, improving the social environment by enhancing community support, health awareness, and improving economic and living conditions can contribute to improving the quality of healthy life and increasing the general well-being of society. The social environment also includes a set of factors surrounding the individual, such as family, friends, society, customs and traditions, and social institutions. These factors affect the health behavior of individuals and play a role in promoting or weakening health. Therefore, we conclude from the above that the social environment directly affects human health through social relationships, economic status, prevailing customs, and the availability of community support. Therefore, improving the social environment can lead to enhancing public health and well-being, making societies stronger and more sustainable.

This study addresses a pivotal issue in the realm of media bias, focusing on how the technologically advanced or dominant party can exploit such technology to defend its position or principles. It also examines how this party can interfere with media platforms to alter facts. Since media bias becomes more evident during conflicts, the researcher chose the Lebanese-Palestinian conflict against Israel to highlight bias in the production of designed images. Considering the widespread use of ChatGPT as a prominent media tool, it served as the subject of this study. The researcher began by asking the program for key descriptive phrases to characterize the conflict and then utilized these phrases to produce 20 images across ten themes. The analysis of each image, divided between the conflicting parties, was carried out by counting repetitions with the assistance of the program itself.
The analysis reveals that ChatGPT relied on several strategies that appear deliberate, such as emphasizing positive aspects, using cultural symbols, and downplaying negatives to present Israel as an ideal and superior entity. In contrast, the program marginalized the positive aspects of Palestinians and Lebanese, reflecting clear media bias in the produced images. The key manifestations of bias in these images include:
Overemphasis on Israel’s positives and exaggeration of Palestinian and Lebanese negatives.
Exploitation of cultural and religious symbols to Israel’s advantage, including the appropriation of Palestinian cultural and religious landmarks like Al-Aqsa Mosque to align with Israeli narratives.
Visual bias in presenting Israel as a strong, stable state capable of protecting civilians and providing humanitarian aid, while showcasing its modern weaponry and advanced military capabilities.
Negative depictions of Palestinians and Lebanese, such as portraying them as weakly armed, struggling, and embroiled in continuous conflict, thereby perpetuating a biased narrative against them.

The findings also highlight the program’s tendency to frame Al-Aqsa Mosque as a symbol defended by Israel, reflecting efforts to reframe Palestinian religious and cultural symbols to serve Israeli narratives. Additionally, there was a noticeable imbalance in portraying cultural and religious identities. While Palestinian and Lebanese cultural markers (such as the hijab and keffiyeh) were heavily emphasized, references to Jewish identity were less prominent, indicating bias in how the parties were visually represented. Key manifestations of bias were observed in:
1. Visual effects (colors, clarity, lighting).
2. Visual composition of elements.
3. Appearance of individuals or groups.

The research sought to reveal the personal information management practices of faculty members at the Southern Technical University. The descriptive approach (survey) was adopted to complete the research, and the electronic questionnaire was used to collect the research data. The research came out with a set of results, including: Most faculty members classify and index their personal information in paper form. One of the most prominent methods used by faculty members to save websites that are important to them is for the faculty member to download or keep a copy of the web page on the device/tool he uses. The method of searching saved information using keywords ranked first among the methods of retrieving and re-accessing digital personal information used by faculty members, while the method of browsing the folder structure came in second place. The research recommended a set of recommendations, including: The necessity for the Continuing Education Center at the Southern Technical University to prepare training courses for faculty members in managing and organizing the personal library and personal archive, and defining external storage media and cloud services in terms of how to use them, features, limitations, and cost.

All digitization issues are important and necessary in documentary institutions of all kinds. Digitizing manuscripts is one of the sensitive topics that are studied from time to time, with the aim of collecting and preserving them and providing access to our heritage using highly advanced methods and techniques without harming the original manuscripts when used, In addition to facilitating access to information for beneficiaries. These points and others prompted the researcher to choose this research to learn about the experience of the Digital Center for Eastern Manuscripts in digitizing manuscripts, and what are the basic operations that the center performs to preserve and digitize manuscripts. The study also aimed to identify the difficulties facing the digitization of manuscripts and to identify the methods of restoring, maintaining and preserving manuscripts in the center. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach to study the case of the center, and interviews and observation were used as basic tools to collect data about the center. The study came out with a set of results, the most prominent of which is the narrowness of the space occupied by the center compared to the volume of work it carries out and the number of manuscripts . The study also revealed that there are difficulties in indexing manuscripts in the absence of a title for the manuscript due to damage to the title page. The study also showed that there are difficulties in the process of restoring manuscripts related to the Inks used in restoration. The most important recommendation of the study is the need to prepare a database for digitized manuscripts in the center for researchers and scholars to benefit from, and to Issue indexes and indexes for the manuscripts kept by the center.

The study dealt with the subject of university libraries, covering the library of the Faculty of Science as one of the governmental libraries in the Kurdistan region. The study addressed the concept of this type of libraries and discussed their general functions and of their departments\' functions. The study also dealt with the types of academic libraries that
the university library constitutes one of them, displaying its functions and necessary elements.
The study in its scientific part covered the type of library mentioned above in terms of technical and service departments, the functions of these departments, the jobs, services, and the problems they encounter, and made a proposal of effective solutions to them with detailed reference to library collections and the total of working technical staff there.
On its theoretical and practical aspects, the study has adopted the descriptive surveying method, which represents a comprehensive survey of the library and its description in terms of sections, procedures, services and the employees as well as identifying their problems, by using information gathering tools through conducting interviews and observation as far as practical aspect and the literature review for the theoretical aspect are concerned. The study reached several conclusions, including the following:
1. The library has occupied the same building since its transfer to the current
location. This building used to be suitable. However, the expansion of the College has led to shortcomings and a lack of space in containing the library collections and the library users.
2. Most of the library\'s sections suffer from multiple problems. These problems include a lack of working staff, a lack of specialization, scarcity of financial allocations, old office furniture and other organizational matters.
The study has made several recommendations, including the following:
1. Work on reviewing the location of the current building in terms of partial expansion, replacing it with a new building or annexing more halls because the library is now suffocating in the current building, which led to withdraw lots of library collections and placing them in paper boxes.
2. To attract specialists with bachelor\'s and master\'s degrees in information and science of libraries so that to benefit from their experience in reviving the library, while working to improve the current office through making them do training courses or encourage them to obtain higher certificates in the field of information and libraries.

The study seeks to emphasize the important role of scientific publishing for both researchers and academic and research institutions, and the necessity for publishers to adhere to globally recognized publishing standards, as this has an impact on their classification among international journals with a high impact factor. Today, the value of peer-reviewed scientific journals is determined by the impact factor. The study also aims to shed light on the increasing number of predatory journals, which have caused great damage to the reputation and reliability of reputable scientific journals by highlighting the concept of predatory journals, identifying their main characteristics to help researchers understand what they are and how to avoid them, thus protecting the integrity of scientific publishing. Then, the most important sites for detecting predatory journals and their publishers available on the Internet are shown, with reference to the most important sites through which one can inquire about reputable journals. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach that is compatible with such studies. The study reached several results, the most important of which was that the two most common characteristics of predatory journals are the lack of review and evaluation of the research published in them and the imposition of high publication fees, while the respected scientific journals strictly adhere to the standards of evaluation and review of research that ensure the quality of scientific research and have clear guidelines on the fees for publishing articles. The study also suggested several proposals, including the need to raise awareness and educate researchers about publishing in predatory journals and their ethical implications, and to urge academic institutions, universities, research centers, and university libraries to publish the titles and locations of predatory journals on their websites and update them on a regular basis.