journal of kufa studies center

There are maritime States whose territorial sea or exclusive economic zone is their international boundary, although the territorial sea is subject to their sovereignty, unlike the exclusive economic zone, which is not subject to it. In the event of the delimitation of the boundary between two or more States within the framework of an international treaty or convention concluded between them, legal reliance on it becomes inevitable in the event of a border dispute between those Contracting States, because such international treaties or conventions often establish an annex or protocol concerning the details of the delimitation of the boundary line through maps agreed upon between the contractors, in addition to the fact that such international treaties or conventions are binding on their contractors or parties.

The book "The Crowd of Arab Poetry" is one of the books of selections of ancient Arabic poetry, which has gained a prominent position among students of Arabic literature in the past and modern, because this book includes poems that represented a clear image of ancient Arabic poetry with its various poetic purposes.
This book is divided into seven layers - namely (al-Samut, al-Jamarat, al-Muntiyyat, al-Mutaqabat, al-Mu'ta'iyyat, al-Marathi, al-Mashubat, and al-Epic) in each layer seven poems, by poets from the pre-Islamic and Umayyad eras. A number of researchers and writers have dealt with the book of the crowd in studies from different aspects, and the research aims to study the image of the proud self in this book. The research sought to reveal it through the research plan, which was based on an introduction and three paragraphs, the first of which dealt with the concept of the self), while the second paragraph dealt with the concept of pride, while the third paragraph was devoted to the study of (the elements of pride), followed by a conclusion with the most prominent findings of the research.

In the modern era, there have been many studies on the image of the other in various types of research, including psychological, social and even political, most of which specialize in the study of the difference of nationalities and sects in the same society or between different societies, so that some literary studies in the Arabic language have specialized in the other, and most of them are in books of literary criticism and psychoanalysis of the works of writers and the other's view of them or their view of the other.
In this regard, we note the importance of the other in the life of the black poet and its impact on changing the course of his life, negatively or positively, all of which is due to the environment in which the poet lived and how he grew up. The research will focus in detail on those close to the poet who have certainly played a positive role in his life and poetry as well, starting with the woman and her influence on the poet's life, and then with the friendly man, and then the research is in the other, i.e. the others, represented by the tribe and the poet's attitude towards his tribe and the attitude of his tribe towards him.

The Middle East (Mesopotamia, the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula) is considered the cradle of the oldest human civilizations, especially the Mesopotamian Valley, because it embraced the first civilization in the world and where the initials were written by the Sumerians.
The study of manuscripts is the best way to know the ancient and authentic civilization, because it is one of the signs of civilization and it is a proof of its existence and one of its components.
The Aramaic language is one of the important Semitic languages, and its importance comes from being one of the living Semitic languages, and since its discovery it is still in circulation to the present day, despite the development it has witnessed in terms of calligraphy to simplify the writing process, as a huge product of literature, grammar and manuscripts was written in this language, which attracted me to study this subject because of the linguistic methods it contains compared to its sisters, in addition to revealing its relationship and overlap with the rest of the other Semitic languages. My choice is to study one of the manuscripts in the Berlin Library, the original which is taken from the library of the Antonine Hermesid Chaldean Order, based in the Monastery of Our Lady (Hafiza al-Zarou'a) in Al-Qosh in Mosul, and mentioned by travelers and historians.

In the last century and the twentieth century, voices called for the abandonment of classical Arabic and its replacement by its colloquial daughters, and these voices not only called for the rejection of classical Arabic in discourse, but also expanded the scope of their calls for the language of writing, and these voices called for writing in Latin script, and in the face of this script, another trend called for to support classical Arabic and to rescue it from this torrent of flux that surrounded it from the colloquialism of daily discourse, which extended to the language of media, culture, politics and education, and in this direction prominent scholars and sheikhs appeared whose concern was the victory of the language of the Holy Qur'an, and among them was Sheikh Muhammad Reda Al-Shabibi.

It is not possible to study language in isolation from literature, because literature has a great impact on the Arabic language, its development and refinement, as the literary term, through poetry and prose, has taken an active and influential role in the existence of the Arabic language and its literature, and from this point of view, I insisted on a desire in myself to study a form of Arabic literature, so that I can reveal the secrets that are unique to it, and dive into its sea of logic, seeking to show its linguistic reserves, especially from a semantic point of view.
In other words, it is a study that deals with all the words contained in the context of animal nature, and analyzes them linguistically, based on the follow-up of the linguistic meaning, and then explains the semantic development of them, and the impact of that development in determining the final meaning of the word, and then understanding the intended connotation of this term, because nature in all its manifestations surrounded the Arab man from every aspect and in every aspect of the word. Solve it and travel.

Since the emergence of textual linguistics and it attaches great importance to consistency or (textual style), especially in the last quarter of this century, when it made (text) the focus of linguistic analysis, promising it an integrated unit to be studied in its communicative and social contexts, after linguistic studies were oriented in its analysis towards (the sentence), trying to link its parts, and researchers have realized in their overall view of the text the extent of the coherence of the text and its interdependence with the synergy of a set of internal factors. and external ones, represented by the sender, the addressee, and the denominator.

Pre-Islamic poetry is still in dire need of study and research from multiple angles, with different visions, and new readings, despite the many and varied studies.
Out of pride in the enormous poetic heritage left by our ancestors, it has become a haven for Arabic lovers and literature enthusiasts, and it has become necessary - and with purely scientific motives, which have become entrenched in our souls - to work with this heritage to be a field of research, with its richness and diversity of knowledge and creativity, and we have chosen the poet (Tarfa bin Al-Abed) to be a model for study, as he was preserved by the memory of Arabic poetry before Islam, and his name remained among those greats who gave the world of poetry its glory, charm, and genius, despite its young age. He died in the violent heat of his youth and was not more than in his twenties.

The poet's emotion escalates towards things he sees in his society and in his people and ignores by others, and the poet may be divided between two dualities in his life, the duality of life and death, the duality of freedom and oppression, and for this reason the poet resorts to a special style and a usual way to express his opinions and publish his ideas, and his style is the method of rejection and rebellion against all kinds of injustice, persecution, arbitrariness, terrorism, racism, arrogance and tyranny, the poet touches on the injustice of tyrants as well as the petrification of the people of religion, the traffickers of religion, and the murderers of the forbidden soul, and the poet through this angle transports us from The depth of the inner (himself) to the depth of the outside (his society), which allows us to see what we see through his vision and loaded with his consciousness, he enters the experience voluntarily or unwillingly and finds himself in a position of responsibility for revelation.

The research deals with the study of the religious shrines in Najaf and Karbala (Imam Ali in Najaf and Imam Hussein and Abbas in Karbala) during the sixteenth century AD in the Ottoman documents issued at that time, which dealt with the details related to them in terms of administrative, economic and social issues. The documents showed the extent of the Ottoman Empire's interest in these religious places as it did not impose any direct government administration on them, but relied on local leaders from some Alawite families. The details in these documents focused on the statement of the endowments affiliated with the shrines in the cities located in and outside them, including lands, properties, houses and shops. It also paid attention to detailing the details of the population residing near the religious shrines in terms of the names of the shops and the individuals residing in them, whether married or unmarried, to the nobles and to the rest of the individuals.

After the issuance of the Sultan's Decree – from Istanbul – regarding the Iraqi tribes regarding settlement in 1859 to facilitate the task of granting the agricultural provinces to commitment, the society in Diwaniya was a tribal society, in which the tribes were distributed into clans and thighs, and it ranked first – in comparison to the population of the cities in terms of the total population, according to the patterns of living and the practice of professions. The population of Diwaniya can be divided into two parts, namely rural residents and urban residents. The rural population represents tribal communities that are usually located on the banks of rivers, or areas where water resources are available, and the city is a center for the sale of agricultural and animal crops and other human necessities such as clothing and food, and they are engaged in buying and selling and buying and some handicrafts that are directly related to their daily lives, and they are more fortunate in terms of food, and some, amenities, and safety.

If the administration does so, it is dealt with in accordance with the general rule (mostly), which is the rule of compensation adopted by all legislations, and in countries that adopt the dual judicial system, the authority to compensate is given to the administrative judiciary, and here we need to know the damage and compensation in this judiciary in order to be clear to us, and we can distinguish between it in the ordinary and administrative judiciary.

In the first centuries, Christians were subjected to various forms of persecution and torture at the hands of the Jews and Romans, and in the midst of these circumstances, a religious movement arose that was initially independent of the Church, but soon became an essential part of the Christian ecclesiastical system, which is the monastic movement, and monasticism is one of the methods used by some Christians to express their faith in Christianity, and it is mentioned that monasticism had the greatest impact on their history, thinking and behavior.

The quantitative method has become a feature of all sciences, as it makes the theoretical features more accurate and comprehensive, and leads the researcher to provide unexpected sound information or unforeseen or unexpected results, and it is also a comparison tool between theoretical objects and actual objects, specifying the extent of compatibility between them, and the field of error and correctness in their expressions.
If we acknowledge the importance of quantitative methods, we should not exaggerate them and consider them as the science that leads to the truth, ignoring some of the disadvantages of this method and leaving some gaps to the factors of chance, so it is necessary not to make these methods everything in geographical research, and to take the goal from them for themselves, as there are other methods and means that constitute alternatives in some geographical researches. Or they should be synonymous with quantitative methods in other researches, and we must always differentiate between quantitative methods that represent a trend and approach in geography and technical executive tools for applying those methods.

The environment around organizations is characterized by constant change, instability, and intensification of competition, so it is necessary for organizations to develop and improve their structures, systems, management methods and activities on the one hand, and their core competencies on the other.
Entrepreneurship represents the activity that creates and manages a new organization in order to invest in an innovative and unique opportunity, and this is called external entrepreneurship, and technological, cultural and social changes globally have increased the degree of risk and uncertainty for entrepreneurial organizations in light of the intense competition between business organizations today by predicting how to achieve growth in markets and product development. This is where the differentiation strategy comes into play in achieving this, through the intrinsic merit that leads to a significant improvement in the performance of entrepreneurial organizations and enhances the capabilities and skills of its employees and entrepreneurs, as well as the business values that are of great importance in entrepreneurial organizations and the encouragement and motivation of their employees in order to provide the best products to customers, as well as social responsibility that reflects the nature of the relationships that the organization has with its customers.

The scientific movement began in the city of Kufa shortly after its establishment, and its school of jurisprudence began to emerge and expand significantly, and many factors gathered in the establishment of the city of Kufa, on top of which was the military factor, in addition to the geographical and environmental factor, and then multiple factors came together that made it the center of the travelers of men of science and knowledge, which made it abundant in science and knowledge, and took the lead in this field.

The fictional space, like any artistic space, is built in an aesthetic experience, as the space is an imaginary world that results from the confluence of the reader's imagination with the narrative text, to formulate the meaning of this space through all the components of the fictional work.
The term narrative space has been accompanied by multiple problems, which resulted in different studies and visions, each of which looks at a specific space, so that geographical space, textual space, space has a narrative vision, and space is equivalent to place.
During his study, the research tried to embody the manifestations of space in the novel (Sulphur Spot), and it was distributed in two topics and an introduction, in the introduction he focused on the problem of the term (space) and reviewed the most important opinions in it, and his study settled on the term (geographical space) in the novel, and the first topic dealt with the patterns of geographical space in the novel, while the second topic dealt with the relationship of space with description and time, then followed by the conclusion, which included the most important findings of the research. During its study, the research relied on a set of sources and references, the most important of which are the narrative space, concepts and problems by Ibrahim Jandari, the novel space of Ibrahim Jabra by the author himself, and the place and its significance in the novel "The Cities of Salt", a study by Saleh Wala'a, and others.

Modern science and its discoveries have entered every small and big part of our lives, as everything in our lives has a face and technology has a hand in it, until human life has become in the midst of this tremendous scientific development governed by machines and driven by computers, and this has been reflected in all literature and arts, so they began to derive from it what it needs to evaluate and build its intellectual and artistic structure, and because of the connection of literature to human life, it was not isolated from that influence, which produced for us a new literary color that differed in its name It is commonly used by literary dictionaries, but it has become popular and famous in the language of critics and scholars as "science fiction literature".

The sacred scene has had a great impact on the souls of human beings since ancient times, as man was in the Sumerian abysmal civilizations in Iraq, the Pharaonic in Egypt, the Romans, the Greeks, and the Hindus... Other earlier civilizations approached the gods by offering sacrifices on the altars of sacred scenes, which were mostly temples that were the seat of government and the presence of kings or gods, in order to get closer and seek to meet their needs.
Today, after knowing God Almighty and abandoning the worship of human beings and the stone, man has become His servant and has begun to get closer to Him through various means, the most important of which is not to associate with Him and to establish worship. We Muslims Allah has sent us our Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to teach us the teachings of our religion, to illuminate our lives, and to bring us out of darkness into light, he and all his pure family (peace be upon him). Those who knew them with the truth of knowledge clung to them in order to bring him closer to Allah, and they began to pray with their blessings for the healing of the sick, the fulfillment of the need, the ease of the matter, and the distress.

It is no secret to those who are proficient in the pursuit of religious sciences and ponder over their knowledge foundations that the science of the fundamentals of jurisprudence is one of the most important and useful Islamic sciences for humanity, as the jurist relies on it in the methods of deriving practical sub-Shari'ah rulings from its detailed evidences, on the difficulty of its perceptions, the accuracy of its paths, and the ruggedness of its structures, and it is a science in which the intellect and hearing have been mixed. His creativity and the development of others.